Prediction of lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in BOF steelmaking based on online sequential extreme learning machine with forgetting mechanism

The machine learning models of multiple linear regression(MLR),support vector regression(SVR),and extreme learning ma-chine(ELM)and the proposed ELM models of online sequential ELM(OS-ELM)and OS-ELM with forgetting mechanism(FOS-ELM)are applied in the prediction of the lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The ELM model exhibites the best performance compared with the models of MLR and SVR.OS-ELM and FOS-ELM are applied for sequential learning and model updating.The optimal number of samples in validity term of the FOS-ELM model is determined to be 1500,with the smallest population mean absolute relative error(MARE)value of 0.058226 for the population.The variable importance analysis reveals lime weight,initial P content,and hot metal weight as the most important variables for the lime utilization ratio.The lime utilization ratio increases with the decrease in lime weight and the increases in the initial P content and hot metal weight.A prediction system based on FOS-ELM is applied in actual industrial production for one month.The hit ratios of the predicted lime utilization ratio in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 61.16%,90.63%,and 94.11%,respectively.The coefficient of determination,MARE,and root mean square error are 0.8670,0.06823,and 1.4265,respectively.The system exhibits desirable performance for applications in actual industrial pro-duction.

Reaction mechanism of phosphorus with multi phase fluxes during hot metal dephosphorization

The formation of solid solution combined with tricalcium phosphate and dicalcium silicate could promote a considerable removal of phosphorus from liquid slag to solid during hot metal dephosphorization,and thus the dephosphorization by using multi phase fluxes could significantly decrease the consumption of lime. However,the reaction mechanism of multi phase fluxes has not been understood clearly.In the present study,the phase diagram for the CaO-SiO_2-FeO-P_2O_5 system has been measured with certain oxygen partial pressure at hot metal pretreatment temperature.Comparing with the CaO-SiO_2-FeO system,shrinkage of liquid phase area at higher FeO contents was observed at 1 673 K with oxygen partial pressure of 9.2×10^(-11) atm.

Control of Oxygen Potential and Its Effect on Dephosphorization of Ferromanganese

The relation of Lp(the ratio P content in slag to P content in ferromanganese) and L,(the ratio Mn content in slag to Mn content in ferromanganese) with C content[C]in ferromanganese were tested by means of the equilibrium experiments of P and Mn between ferromanganese and BaO-BaF-MnO slag system.The results show that there exists in ferromanganese an optimum C content[C]* corresponding to maximum Land minimum L> which is closely related to oxygen potential in the system and the activity of P in the alloy.The control limits of oxygen potential in dephosphorization of ferromanganese are then analyzed.The theoretical limits and measures to improve ferromanganese dephosphorization with BaO-based slag are studied comprehensively based on previous research.

Thermodynamic Study on BaO-CaO-CaF_2 Slags for Dephosphorization of Molten Steel

The molten steel was dephosphorized by high basic BaO-based slags (BaO-CaO-CaF_2) to achieve ultra low phosphorus level. The dephosphorization ability of the BaO-CaO-CaF_2 slags was tested. The phosphate capacity of this slag system at 1 620 ℃ varied from 10^(18.03) to 10^(19.11) with an activity coefficient of P_2O_5 ranging from 10^(-19.47) to 10^(-18.09). The effect of BaO content, initial phosphorus content and oxygen potential of molten steel on dephosphorization was discussed. The phosphorus pick-up by the BaO-based slags was studied.

Strengthening iron enrichment and dephosphorization of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite using high-temperature pretreatment

The efficient development and utilization of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite is of great strategic significance for the sustainable supply of iron-ore resources in China.In this paper,the mechanism of high-temperature pretreatment for enhancing the effect of iron enrichment and dephosphorization in the magnetization roasting–leaching process was studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD),vibration sample magnetometer(VSM),scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM–EDS).Compared with the process without high-temperature pretreatment,the iron grade of the magnetic separation concentrate after high-temperature pretreatment had increased by 0.98%,iron recovery rate had increased by 1.33%,and the phosphorus content in the leached residue had decreased by 0.12%.High-temperature pretreatment resulted in the dehydration and decomposition of hydroxyapatite,the dehydration of limonite and the thermal decomposition of siderite,which can produce pores and cracks and weaken the compactness of the ore,improve the magnetization characteristics of roasted ore,and strengthen the iron enrichment and dephosphorization during the magnetization roasting and leaching process.

The Effect on Activated Sludge of Chemical Coagulants Applied in Synchronization Dephosphorization

Combined with the practical experience of wastewater treatment plant, the chemical coagulants have inhibition effects on microorganism activity, with the influence degree of PAC (polyaluminium chloride) > AlCl3> Fe2(SO4)3. In synchronization dephosphorization, the inhibition rates of PAC in 10 ppm and 20 ppm are 11.9% and 33% respectively;while the inhibition rates of AlCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3 in 20 ppm are 15.8% and 8.5% respectively, compared with 9.6% and 5.4% in 10 ppm. Backwash wastewater from sand filter after adding coagulants has no direct inhibition effect on microorganism, but it results in inorganic components increase in active sludge. By taking North STP as an example, the VSS/SS ratio reduced from 0.65 after coagulants application to 0.54.

Slag formation path during dephosphorization process in a converter

The slag formation path is important for efficient dephosphorization in steelmaking processes. The phosphorus capacity and the melting properties of the slag are critical parameters for optimizing the slag formation path. Regarding these two factors, the phosphorus partition ratio was calculated using the regular solution model （RSM）, whereas the liquidus diagrams of the slag systems were estimated using the FactSage thermodynamic package. A slag formation path that satisfies the different requirements of dephosphorization at different stages of dephosphorization in a converter was thus established through a combination of these two aspects. The composition of the initial slag was considered to be approximately 15wt%CaO-44wt% SiOz-41wt%FeO. During the dephosphorization process, a slag formation path that follows a high-iron route would facilitate efficient dephosphorization. The composition of the final dephosphorization slag should be approximately 53wt%CaO-25.Swt% SiO2-21.5wt%FeO. The composition of the final solid slag after dephosphorization is approximately 63.6wt%CaO-30.3wt%SiO2-6. 1wt%FeO.

Structure Characterization and Dephosphorization Effect Analysis of Oyster Shell-silica Micropowder Waste Water Dephosphorization Materials

In this work,the effects of pH value of waste water and initial concentration of phosphorus on dephosphorization materials were investigated.The materials were prepared by shaping,sintering and hydrothermal reshaping oyster shell and silica micro-powder.Different concentrations of phosphorus-contained waste water were simulated with potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution,the effect of dephosphorization was tested with phosphomolybdenum blue spectrophotometer method,and the crystal phase and microstructure of materials were characterized by XRD and SEM methods. It was indicated that dephosphorization was completed in 6 h when the initial phosphorus concentration in waste water was lower than 15 mg/L, and the dephosphorization time prolonged as the increase of phosphorus concentration. It was observed that the pH value of waste water influenced dephosphorization significantly, and neutral subalkalic environment favored dephosphorization. When the pH value was 11, the efficiency of dephosphozation was the greatest. For waste water with an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, the dephosphozation rate is close to 100% in8 h.

Behavior of phosphorus enrichment in dephosphorization slag at low temperature and low basicity

At low basicity and low temperature, the dephosphorization behavior and phosphorus distribution ratio(LP) between slag and molten steel in the double slag and remaining slag process were studied with a 180 t basic oxygen furnace industrial experiment.The dephosphorization slags with different basicities were quantitatively analyzed.At the lower basicity range of 0.9–2.59, both LP and dephosphorization ratio were increased as the basicity of dephosphorization slag increased.Dephosphorization slag consisted of dark gray P-rich, light gray liquid slag,and white Fe-rich phases.With increasing basicity, not only did the morphologies of different phases in the dephosphorization slag change greatly, but the area fractions and P2O5 content of the P-rich phase also increased.The transfer route of P during dephosphorization can be deduced as hot metal → liquid slag phase + Fe-rich phase → P-rich phase.

Vacuum Treatment for Simultaneous Desulphurization and Dephosphorization of Hot Metal and Molten Steel

The vacuum treatment for simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization of hot metal and molten steel with pre-melted CaO-based slag was carried out.For pre-treatment of hot metal,both desulphurization and dephosphorization are improved with the increase of CaO in slag,but deteriorated with the increase of CaF2 in slag.The average desulphurization and dephosphorization rate is 68.83 % and 78.46 %,respectively.For molten steel,the substitution of BaO for CaO in slag has minor effect on simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization.The desulphurization and dephosphorization rate is higher than 90% and 50% respectively with the lowest final sulfur and phosphorus mass percent being 0.001 2% and 0.010%,respectively.The overall effect of simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization of molten steel is better than that of hot metal.

Effects of oxygen potential and flux composition on dephosphorization and rephosphorization of molten steel

The dephosphorization experiments of low phosphorus containing steel by CaO-based and BaO-based fluxes were carried out. The effects of the oxygen potential in molten steel and the BaO content in the slag on dephosphorization and rephosphorization of molten steel were analyzed. The results showed that the dephosphorization ratio of more than 50% and the ultra-low phosphorus content of less than 0.005% in steel were obtained by the three kinds of dephosphorization fluxes as the oxygen potential of molten steel higher than 400×10^-6. Rephosphorization of molten steel was serious as the oxygen content of molten steel lower than 10×10^-6. BaO-based fluxes can improve the dephosphorization effect and reduce the phosphorus pick-up effectively under the condition of weak deoxidization of molten steel （the oxygen potential is about 100×10^-6）, but can not prevent rephosphorization under the condition of deep deoxidization of molten steel （the oxygen potential less than 10×10^-6）.

Dephosphorization mechanism of prolonged sludge age SBBR treating saline and high-phosphorus wastewater

Prolonged sludge age sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) without sludge discharge appears high performance phosphorus removal in treating saline and high-phosphorus wastewater,which cannot be explained by traditional biological dephosphorization theory. The new path and mechanism of phosphorus removal was discussed on the phosphorus balance of phosphorus removal system without sludge discharge. Phosphorus balance in sludge was studied on 26 running cycles of the phosphorus reduction system. The results show that there is only 0.12 mg/g poly-P in sludge at the end of each reaction period,not phosphorus uptake by polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). It is found that 41.8 mg/L of external phosphorus gets lost per day averagely,and 155 mg of internal phosphorus in sludge gets lost. The matrix bound phosphine in sludge achieves 36.04 mg/kg measured by alkaline digestion,and there is 18.44 mg/kg in +1 valence state,a intermediate,in sludge. This implies that the phosphorus removal system of prolonged sludge age SBBR without sludge discharge is a phosphate reduction,and the path of dephosphorization is phosphate→hypophosphite→phosphine.

Investigation on Dephosphorization of Stainless Steel

The principle of the dephosphorization for stainless steels differs from that of other low alloy steels, which should not only decrease phosphorous content efficiently but also keep the concentration of Cr almost lossless. In these cases, two techniques can be selected. The strategy for oxidational dephosphorization is illustrated in terms of “the selective oxidation among elements ［Cr］, ［P］ and ［C］. So there are two critical W［C］ values. If the real W［C］ locates between these two critical values, the dephosphorization process will be optimized. The optimized region deduced theoretically coincides with the reported range very well. The experiment of reductional dephosphorization was carried out in a sealed reactor. The dephosphorization degree reached 55.4 %—78.0 % when the original phosphorous content was 0.04 %—0.05 %. The processing parameters and the way to avoid pollution were suggested. So this process seems to be possibly adopted in industrial scale.

Kinetic study on deep dephosphorization treatment of liquid steel by BaO-based fluxes

Laboratory study was carried out on deep dephosphorization of liquid steel byBaO-based fluxes at 1600°C to achieve ultra low phosphorus level in the steel. A dynamic model ofdephosphorization of Liquid steel by BaO-based fluxes was established. According to the model, thecontrolling step of dephosphorization by BaO-based fluxes was the mass-transfer of phosphorus insteel phase under the condition of low phosphorus liquid steel. It is estimated that the apparentrate constant of dephosphorization by BaO-based fluxes was 0.4xl0^(-3)-8.2xl0^(-3) g/(cm^2 centre tos) and the mass-transfer coefficient of phosphorus in bulk steel was 0.025-0.04 cm/s.

High temperature dephosphorization behavior of monazite concentrate with charred coal

Dephosphorization behavior of monazite concentrate with charred coal at high temperature was investigated.It is found that the roast temperature is the main factor for the dephosphorization of the monazite.The high dephosphorization efficiency can be reached at the temperatures ranging from 1 200 to 1 400°C.When the monazite pellets,made by pressing mixture of the monazite,charred coal and water into mould,were roasted at 1 400°C for 2 h,98%of phosphorus was removed from the monazite pellets.The roast time has little effect on the dephosphorization efficiency.Meanwhile,the particle size of the charred coal also has great influence on the dephosphorization efficiency of the monazite,and it is better to control particle size around 150μm,while Fe and Fe2O3 have neglectable effect on the dephosphorization of the monazite.

铁水包脱磷工艺及自动化模型研究

针对某不锈钢厂铁水包脱磷工艺脱磷率低、物料消耗波动大、自动化程度低等问题,本文开发了铁水包脱磷模型。模型直接读取PLC现场设备工艺参数,并通过二级平台读取计划、钢种标准及化验成分等信息,实现铁水脱磷工艺操作参数下达、生产设备状态和工艺参数显示、生产数据存储和历史数据报表查询等功能。采用脱磷模型的炉次平均脱磷率为93.2%,脱磷模型P成分命中误差区间在±0.015%的离线验证,在线验证命中率分别为94.2%和90%,基本达到工艺生产需求。

矿源比对自养反硝化深度脱氮除磷性能的影响

针对自养反硝化技术常规滤料出水中SO_(4)^(2-)浓度高、不能同步除磷的问题,通过批次实验探究复合矿源滤料自养反硝化(MSAD)的脱氮除磷性能。对矿源滤料硫铁矿(FeS_(2))和菱铁矿(FeCO_(3))在不同质量配比下脱氮除磷效果进行分析。结果表明,相比于单一FeS_(2)为电子供体,复合矿源(FeS_(2)和FeCO_(3))表现出更高的NO_(3)^(-)-N去除速率、较低的硫酸盐浓度和稳定的pH。在驯化结束后稳定运行的第4天,m(FeS_(2))∶m(FeCO_(3))=2∶1系统脱氮性能最佳,NO_(3)^(-)-N的去除率为93%;TN的去除率为86%;m(FeS_(2))∶m(FeCO_(3))=1∶1系统总磷去除效果达到最优(65%)。物种分析证明复合矿源中硫自养反硝化的微生物种类占主导地位。

高磷赤铁矿直接还原过程中不同添加剂脱磷的性能对比及分子动力学模拟研究

通过试验对比了高磷赤铁矿直接还原焙烧过程中不同添加剂CaCO_(3)、Na_(2)CO_(3)、CaF_(2)的脱磷性能,结果表明,Na_(2)CO_(3)的脱磷性能更好,CaCO_(3)次之。利用分子动力学模拟统计计算使用3种不同添加剂后体系在焙烧过程中的桥氧分布和氧原子均方位移,查明了高磷赤铁矿直接还原过程中CaCO_(3)、Na_(2)CO_(3)、CaF_(2)的脱磷机制,结果表明,添加剂脱磷的作用机制是提高体系中自由氧含量或提高体系中氧原子的均方位移,减少体系中Si、P共用氧原子,从而抑制磷灰石的还原;添加剂脱磷性能与体系中氧原子均方位移呈正相关的规律。

转炉碳磷氧化转折温度的热力学模型

高碳出钢对于提高钢液洁净度十分有利,但同时也给转炉脱磷带来了严峻挑战。针对高碳出钢时脱磷时间缩短、冶炼中后期发生回磷现象等问题,建立了基于离子分子共存理论(IMCT)的转炉碳磷氧化转折温度的热力学模型。通过该模型预测了最佳一次倒渣温度区间。为了避免冶炼中后期发生回磷现象,应在合适的倒渣温度区间内倒渣,同时实现转炉双渣吹炼一次倒渣高效脱磷。结合现场生产数据及脱磷热力学,重点分析当一倒渣碱度、一倒渣中MgO含量、一倒渣中FeO含量等参数变化时对各组元活度的影响,从而判断出对最佳一倒温度区间的影响,找到碳磷发生选择性氧化的最佳温度区间。

脱磷渣中有价元素在不同有机酸溶液中的浸出行为

脱磷渣中含有大量CaO、SiO_(2)、FeO、P_(2)O_(5)等有价组元,具有作为土壤改良剂和肥料的潜力。为了推动脱磷渣在农业中的应用,有必要了解其在有机酸溶液中的浸出行为。考察了pH和有机酸类型对脱磷渣中各有价元素浸出率的影响规律。结果表明:脱磷渣中的主要矿物相为富铁相(RO相)、CaFeSiO_(4)基体相和C_(2)S-C_(3)P固溶体;渣中Ca、Si元素主要分布在含磷固溶体和基体相中,P元素富集在C_(2)S-C_(3)P相中,Fe元素主要分布在RO相中;pH降低可明显促进脱磷渣溶解,大部分脱磷渣能在枸橼酸溶液中溶解;在pH=5时,Ca、Si、Mg元素浸出率约为90%,P浸出率达68.84%,实现了有价元素的浸出。