Fundamental Issues in Networked Control Systems

Abstract--This paper provides a survey on modeling and theories of networked control systems （NCS）. In the first part, modeling of the different types of imperfections that affect NCS is discussed. These imperfections are quantization errors, packet dropouts, variable sampling/transmission intervals, vari- able transmission delays, and communication constraints. Then follows in the second part a presentation of several theories that have been applied for controlling networked systems. These theories include： input delay system approach, Markovian system approach, switched system approach, stochastic system approach, impulsive system approach, and predictive control approach. In the last part, some advanced issues in NCS including decentral- ized and distributed NCS, cloud control system, and co-design of NCS are reviewed. Index Terms--Decentralized networked control systems （NCS）, distributed networked control systems, network constraints, net- worked control system, quantization, time delays.

Crowd Energy Management: New Paradigm for Electricity Market

The traditionally centralized approach of electricity networks is progressively undergoing a shift towards a decentralized, distributed structure. The local and crowd-based principle is transforming the existing supply chain and related activities into a value network （VN）. Previous researches on crowd value network concepts focus on the activities of infrastructure and load management and neglect activities that generate collaboration. Collaboration with and within crowds particularly demands a different mindset and management of sharing values, information, benefit, and risks. Furthermore, these concepts must integrate technical, processual, and social aspects. Thus, this article proposes a holistic framework of electricity VN management for crowd energy. It redefines VN activities for infrastructure and load management while appending VN activities for social electricity handling. Additionally, the framework illustrates the interactions among these three elements and concludes with an adaption cycle for the crowd value network.

OpenKG Chain:A Blockchain Infrastructure for Open Knowledge Graphs

The early concept of knowledge graph originates from the idea of the semantic Web,which aims at using structured graphs to model the knowledge of the world and record the relationships that exist between things.Currently publishing knowledge bases as open data on the Web has gained significant attention.In China,Chinese Information Processing Society of China(CIPS)launched the OpenKG in 2015 to foster the development of Chinese Open Knowledge Graphs.Unlike existing open knowledge-based programs,OpenKG chain is envisioned as a blockchain-based open knowledge infrastructure.This article introduces the first attempt at the implementation of sharing knowledge graphs on OpenKG chain,a blockchain-based trust network.We have completed the test of the underlying blockchain platform,and the on-chain test of OpenKG’s data set and tool set sharing as well as fine-grained knowledge crowdsourcing at the triple level.We have also proposed novel definitions:K-Point and OpenKG Token,which can be considered to be a measurement of knowledge value and user value.1,033 knowledge contributors have been involved in two months of testing on the blockchain,and the cumulative number of on-chain recordings triggered by real knowledge consumers has reached 550,000 with an average daily peak value of more than 10,000.For the first time,we have tested and realized on-chain sharing of knowledge at entity/triple granularity level.At present,all operations on the data sets and tool sets at OpenKG.CN,as well as the triplets at OpenBase,are recorded on the chain,and corresponding value will also be generated and assigned in a trusted mode.Via this effort,OpenKG chain looks forward to providing a more credible and traceable knowledge-sharing platform for the knowledge graph community.