Previous studies have demonstrated that reactions to unfair offers in the ultimatum game are correlated with negative emotion. However, little is known about the difference in neural activity between a proposer's dec...Previous studies have demonstrated that reactions to unfair offers in the ultimatum game are correlated with negative emotion. However, little is known about the difference in neural activity between a proposer's decision-making in the ultimatum game compared with the dictator game. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that proposing fair offers in the dictator game elicited greater activation in the right supramarginal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and left anterior cingulate cortex compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game in 23 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students from Beijing Normal University in China. However, greater activation was found in the right superior temporal gyrus and left cingulate gyrus for the reverse contrast. "The results indicate that proposing fair offers in the dictator game is more strongly associated with cognitive control and conflicting information processing compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game.展开更多
With the development of big data and social computing,large-scale group decisionmaking(LGDM)is nowmerging with social networks.Using social network analysis(SNA),this study proposes an LGDM consensus model that consid...With the development of big data and social computing,large-scale group decisionmaking(LGDM)is nowmerging with social networks.Using social network analysis(SNA),this study proposes an LGDM consensus model that considers the trust relationship among decisionmakers(DMs).In the process of consensusmeasurement:the social network is constructed according to the social relationship among DMs,and the Louvain method is introduced to classify social networks to form subgroups.In this study,the weights of each decision maker and each subgroup are computed by comprehensive network weights and trust weights.In the process of consensus improvement:A feedback mechanism with four identification and two direction rules is designed to guide the consensus of the improvement process.Based on the trust relationship among DMs,the preferences are modified,and the corresponding social network is updated to accelerate the consensus.Compared with the previous research,the proposedmodel not only allows the subgroups to be reconstructed and updated during the adjustment process,but also improves the accuracy of the adjustment by the feedbackmechanism.Finally,an example analysis is conducted to verify the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method.Moreover,compared with previous studies,the superiority of the proposed method in solving the LGDM problem is highlighted.展开更多
In the past 70 years, Israel has not only realized the self-sufficiency of agricultural products, but also make its way to becoming one of leading exporters of agricultural products in the world rapidly. Undoubtedly, ...In the past 70 years, Israel has not only realized the self-sufficiency of agricultural products, but also make its way to becoming one of leading exporters of agricultural products in the world rapidly. Undoubtedly, there are many reasons for this world famous "Miracle of Negev Desert" [1], but we consider the decision making mechanism as one of the most important reasons, because such a perfect integrated system consisting of researching system, experimental system and extension system is well organized and it booms the development of agriculture in Israel.展开更多
Background: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a key strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as ...Background: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a key strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as Zambia. However, the lack of capacity to understand and value research evidence by policy and decision makers makes it difficult for them to find and use research evidence in a timely manner even when motivated to do so. This study aimed to establish the views, attitudes and practices of policy makers on the use of research evidence in policy and decision-making process in Zambia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia among selected public health decision and policy making institutions. A purposive sample of 21 consenting policy makers who were working in different positions in the Ministry of Health Headquarters, Provincial and District Health Offices, Health Professions Regulatory Bodies, United Nations Agencies, International Non-Governmental Organizations and University Deans from the University of Zambia participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The IBM? SPSS? Statistics for Windows Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The concept of Evidence Informed Health Policy was not well understood such that only less than half (47.5%) of the participants reported having heard specifically about Evidence Informed Health Policy meanwhile almost two thirds (61.9%) reported that they used research evidence in decision making and policy formulation. Similar discrepancy was expressed in the understanding of and use of rapid response mechanisms such that although (47.6%) of the participants reported having heard about it, (57%) had never used rapid response mechanisms for deci-sion-making. With regard to the sources of information, about half (52.3) of the participants reported scholarly articles as their main source of evidence. Con-clusion and Recommendations: There is need for more sensitization and ca-pacity building among the decision and policy makers on the importance of using research evidence in decision and policy making process as incorporation of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health policy making pro-cess is a key strategy for improving health systems.展开更多
Expert system plays an important role in port machine diagnosis, which aims at automatic equipment test for higher availability and efficiency of port operations. In this study, a port machine diagnosis expert system ...Expert system plays an important role in port machine diagnosis, which aims at automatic equipment test for higher availability and efficiency of port operations. In this study, a port machine diagnosis expert system is proposed based on multi-reasoning mechanism. Relying on the knowledge acquired from the experienced experts in the port machine engineering, the system builds a library of relative experience and a set of rules of reasoning and estimating. Multi-reasoning mechanism that simulates the decision-making process of domain experts is employed to achieve reliable diagnosis results. The reasoning machine integrates artificial neural network, uncertain decision making and decision tree, which complements each other by sustainable growing voting mechanism. The effect of this multi-reasoning mechanism is evaluated and validated by means of Matthew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC). The system incorporating the mechanism is successfully designed, implemented and applied in Shanghai Port.展开更多
Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words: hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, al...Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words: hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, although many materials for which infrastructure is not an integral factor are also strongly hierarchical. Plants can therefore be modelled using recursive computer programs which add structures as the size increases. However, problems with mechanical stability also increase as the structure grows, so the plant changes from deriving stiffness from intevaal pressure to cross-linking the cell wall components permanently. However, this compromises the ability of the plant to grow and repair itself.展开更多
Feedback mechanism is a specific feature of control systems, however, the similarity has been found in decision support systems. Just because of this, the DSS can provide a flexible learning and thinking environment, ...Feedback mechanism is a specific feature of control systems, however, the similarity has been found in decision support systems. Just because of this, the DSS can provide a flexible learning and thinking environment, and help decision maker to solve semistructured and unstructured problems actively and creatively. In this paper, the role and type of the feedback in decision making are discussed from different point of view. This is also true in DSS because it supports decision making. The feedback design, especially the feedback interface design, is described through a case of practice DSS. Based on these points, the feedback mechanism is an important feature of DSS, and it is one of the differences between DSS and MIS.展开更多
Bone modeling and remodeling are governed by distinct biochemical processes that may hold unique opportunities for optimizing bone mass[1,2].Remodeling refers to the coupled resorption and subsequent formation on the ...Bone modeling and remodeling are governed by distinct biochemical processes that may hold unique opportunities for optimizing bone mass[1,2].Remodeling refers to the coupled resorption and subsequent formation on the bone surface,while modeling represents uncoupled formation or resorption.Mechanical loading is known to improve bone mass,though whether this occurs through modeling or remodeling(or by some combination)is unclear.Dynamic in vivo morphometry utilizing high resolution micro-CT and image registration has only recently become feasible and thus holds an untapped and expanding potential for understanding bone metabolism by quantifying and localizing formation/resorption and modeling/remodeling events.16-week-old mice were given 2 baseline weekly micro-CT scans of both tibiae prior to the initiation of daily unilateral loading(contralateral limb for nonloaded control).Weekly scanning and daily loading continued for 5 weeks.Registered images for each mouse in a global coordinate system revealed the time course of each voxel,and changes in bone mass were quantified as modeling or remodeling starting at the onset of loading.In cortical bone,after an initial response to loading in both regimes,modeling emerged as the dominant response.Loading effects were largest in areas of mechanical significance.For example,anabolic modeling on the periosteal surface of the half of the tibia in compression under axial load presented a strong effect of loading,whereas the same measure on the endosteal surface in the area in tension showed no difference.Similarly,in trabecular bone anabolic modeling was significantly increased with loading on trabecular plates but not rods(plates have been shown to be the major contributor to overall bone strength).The catabolic modeling response on the endosteal surface showed an interesting transition over time.Loading initially led to a significant suppression of catabolic modeling,but over time increased it to levels significantly beyond that of nonloaded controls.展开更多
This paper proposes a mathod of subjective trade-off rate which describles decision-maker's preferince in multiobjective decision-making. Decision-maker can arbitrarity determine his subjective trade-off rate,but ...This paper proposes a mathod of subjective trade-off rate which describles decision-maker's preferince in multiobjective decision-making. Decision-maker can arbitrarity determine his subjective trade-off rate,but it is not sure to be effective.The paper finds aft effective upper bound of subjective trade-off rate,which is the KuhnThcker multiplier of some mathematical programming.For the anbjective trade-off rate not being larger than the upper bonnd,the solving method and properties of the optimal solution corresponding tile trade-off rate are discussed.The paper lastly develops the process of solving multiobjective decision-making with the subjective trade-off rate method.展开更多
This paper proposes an integration mechanism to help the owners and designers to integrate sustainability issues into design process, communicate with stakeholders and achieve consensus. Literature concerning engineer...This paper proposes an integration mechanism to help the owners and designers to integrate sustainability issues into design process, communicate with stakeholders and achieve consensus. Literature concerning engineering design, decision making and environment assessment were reviewed. Sustainability disputes in construction projects were analyzed and owners and designers were interviewed to understand the evolvement of these issues. Key success factors of other successful integration projects were also referenced. An integration mechanism including procedures was established along with traditional design process. Four integration steps were developed: organize integration team, propose integration issues, determine acceptance criteria, and evaluate alternatives; and four integration dimensions were also identified: appeals, decision making and execution, stakeholders, and experts. A matrix was formed by the four integration steps and four dimensions. A rigor index was proposed to measure the quality of the integration process. Finally, the mechanism was tested on a construction project with sustainability controversy to check its validity. The study results show that the integration mechanism can help incorporate sustainability issues and achieve consensus if followed rigorously. The integration matrix systematically examines the eight key integration factors under the four dimensions. The rigor index can explain the quality in integrating sustainability issues into engineering design. The mechanism provides a useful tool for the owners and designers to cope with the sustainability decision making difficulties.展开更多
Zhejiang’s machine-building industryhas made sustained efforts to increase itsexports through the combination ofindustry and trade. In the past decade,Zhejiang’s export volume of mechanicaland electrical products ha...Zhejiang’s machine-building industryhas made sustained efforts to increase itsexports through the combination ofindustry and trade. In the past decade,Zhejiang’s export volume of mechanicaland electrical products has increased over 10times, becoming the leading exports fromthe province. Zhejiang has thereforebecome an important province exportingmachinery in China.展开更多
Translation process is a process of information processing, and also a process of translators' thinking activity. During the process of translation or bilingual communication, translators or bilingual users employ...Translation process is a process of information processing, and also a process of translators' thinking activity. During the process of translation or bilingual communication, translators or bilingual users employ mental translation. To expound how beginners communicate or translate in the bilingual environment, the model of mechanism of mental translation, i.e. match-making mechanism of mental translation, is theoretically constructed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning at Beijing Normal University (the 973 program),No. 2010CB8339004the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 30970911+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities,No.SWJTU11BR192the Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China,No. 12YJC630317
文摘Previous studies have demonstrated that reactions to unfair offers in the ultimatum game are correlated with negative emotion. However, little is known about the difference in neural activity between a proposer's decision-making in the ultimatum game compared with the dictator game. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that proposing fair offers in the dictator game elicited greater activation in the right supramarginal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and left anterior cingulate cortex compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game in 23 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students from Beijing Normal University in China. However, greater activation was found in the right superior temporal gyrus and left cingulate gyrus for the reverse contrast. "The results indicate that proposing fair offers in the dictator game is more strongly associated with cognitive control and conflicting information processing compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game.
基金The work was supported by Humanities and Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Education(No.22YJA630119)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71971051)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.G2021501004).
文摘With the development of big data and social computing,large-scale group decisionmaking(LGDM)is nowmerging with social networks.Using social network analysis(SNA),this study proposes an LGDM consensus model that considers the trust relationship among decisionmakers(DMs).In the process of consensusmeasurement:the social network is constructed according to the social relationship among DMs,and the Louvain method is introduced to classify social networks to form subgroups.In this study,the weights of each decision maker and each subgroup are computed by comprehensive network weights and trust weights.In the process of consensus improvement:A feedback mechanism with four identification and two direction rules is designed to guide the consensus of the improvement process.Based on the trust relationship among DMs,the preferences are modified,and the corresponding social network is updated to accelerate the consensus.Compared with the previous research,the proposedmodel not only allows the subgroups to be reconstructed and updated during the adjustment process,but also improves the accuracy of the adjustment by the feedbackmechanism.Finally,an example analysis is conducted to verify the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method.Moreover,compared with previous studies,the superiority of the proposed method in solving the LGDM problem is highlighted.
文摘In the past 70 years, Israel has not only realized the self-sufficiency of agricultural products, but also make its way to becoming one of leading exporters of agricultural products in the world rapidly. Undoubtedly, there are many reasons for this world famous "Miracle of Negev Desert" [1], but we consider the decision making mechanism as one of the most important reasons, because such a perfect integrated system consisting of researching system, experimental system and extension system is well organized and it booms the development of agriculture in Israel.
文摘Background: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a key strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as Zambia. However, the lack of capacity to understand and value research evidence by policy and decision makers makes it difficult for them to find and use research evidence in a timely manner even when motivated to do so. This study aimed to establish the views, attitudes and practices of policy makers on the use of research evidence in policy and decision-making process in Zambia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia among selected public health decision and policy making institutions. A purposive sample of 21 consenting policy makers who were working in different positions in the Ministry of Health Headquarters, Provincial and District Health Offices, Health Professions Regulatory Bodies, United Nations Agencies, International Non-Governmental Organizations and University Deans from the University of Zambia participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The IBM? SPSS? Statistics for Windows Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The concept of Evidence Informed Health Policy was not well understood such that only less than half (47.5%) of the participants reported having heard specifically about Evidence Informed Health Policy meanwhile almost two thirds (61.9%) reported that they used research evidence in decision making and policy formulation. Similar discrepancy was expressed in the understanding of and use of rapid response mechanisms such that although (47.6%) of the participants reported having heard about it, (57%) had never used rapid response mechanisms for deci-sion-making. With regard to the sources of information, about half (52.3) of the participants reported scholarly articles as their main source of evidence. Con-clusion and Recommendations: There is need for more sensitization and ca-pacity building among the decision and policy makers on the importance of using research evidence in decision and policy making process as incorporation of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health policy making pro-cess is a key strategy for improving health systems.
文摘Expert system plays an important role in port machine diagnosis, which aims at automatic equipment test for higher availability and efficiency of port operations. In this study, a port machine diagnosis expert system is proposed based on multi-reasoning mechanism. Relying on the knowledge acquired from the experienced experts in the port machine engineering, the system builds a library of relative experience and a set of rules of reasoning and estimating. Multi-reasoning mechanism that simulates the decision-making process of domain experts is employed to achieve reliable diagnosis results. The reasoning machine integrates artificial neural network, uncertain decision making and decision tree, which complements each other by sustainable growing voting mechanism. The effect of this multi-reasoning mechanism is evaluated and validated by means of Matthew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC). The system incorporating the mechanism is successfully designed, implemented and applied in Shanghai Port.
文摘Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words: hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, although many materials for which infrastructure is not an integral factor are also strongly hierarchical. Plants can therefore be modelled using recursive computer programs which add structures as the size increases. However, problems with mechanical stability also increase as the structure grows, so the plant changes from deriving stiffness from intevaal pressure to cross-linking the cell wall components permanently. However, this compromises the ability of the plant to grow and repair itself.
文摘Feedback mechanism is a specific feature of control systems, however, the similarity has been found in decision support systems. Just because of this, the DSS can provide a flexible learning and thinking environment, and help decision maker to solve semistructured and unstructured problems actively and creatively. In this paper, the role and type of the feedback in decision making are discussed from different point of view. This is also true in DSS because it supports decision making. The feedback design, especially the feedback interface design, is described through a case of practice DSS. Based on these points, the feedback mechanism is an important feature of DSS, and it is one of the differences between DSS and MIS.
基金supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases ( R01 AR069148)
文摘Bone modeling and remodeling are governed by distinct biochemical processes that may hold unique opportunities for optimizing bone mass[1,2].Remodeling refers to the coupled resorption and subsequent formation on the bone surface,while modeling represents uncoupled formation or resorption.Mechanical loading is known to improve bone mass,though whether this occurs through modeling or remodeling(or by some combination)is unclear.Dynamic in vivo morphometry utilizing high resolution micro-CT and image registration has only recently become feasible and thus holds an untapped and expanding potential for understanding bone metabolism by quantifying and localizing formation/resorption and modeling/remodeling events.16-week-old mice were given 2 baseline weekly micro-CT scans of both tibiae prior to the initiation of daily unilateral loading(contralateral limb for nonloaded control).Weekly scanning and daily loading continued for 5 weeks.Registered images for each mouse in a global coordinate system revealed the time course of each voxel,and changes in bone mass were quantified as modeling or remodeling starting at the onset of loading.In cortical bone,after an initial response to loading in both regimes,modeling emerged as the dominant response.Loading effects were largest in areas of mechanical significance.For example,anabolic modeling on the periosteal surface of the half of the tibia in compression under axial load presented a strong effect of loading,whereas the same measure on the endosteal surface in the area in tension showed no difference.Similarly,in trabecular bone anabolic modeling was significantly increased with loading on trabecular plates but not rods(plates have been shown to be the major contributor to overall bone strength).The catabolic modeling response on the endosteal surface showed an interesting transition over time.Loading initially led to a significant suppression of catabolic modeling,but over time increased it to levels significantly beyond that of nonloaded controls.
文摘This paper proposes a mathod of subjective trade-off rate which describles decision-maker's preferince in multiobjective decision-making. Decision-maker can arbitrarity determine his subjective trade-off rate,but it is not sure to be effective.The paper finds aft effective upper bound of subjective trade-off rate,which is the KuhnThcker multiplier of some mathematical programming.For the anbjective trade-off rate not being larger than the upper bonnd,the solving method and properties of the optimal solution corresponding tile trade-off rate are discussed.The paper lastly develops the process of solving multiobjective decision-making with the subjective trade-off rate method.
文摘This paper proposes an integration mechanism to help the owners and designers to integrate sustainability issues into design process, communicate with stakeholders and achieve consensus. Literature concerning engineering design, decision making and environment assessment were reviewed. Sustainability disputes in construction projects were analyzed and owners and designers were interviewed to understand the evolvement of these issues. Key success factors of other successful integration projects were also referenced. An integration mechanism including procedures was established along with traditional design process. Four integration steps were developed: organize integration team, propose integration issues, determine acceptance criteria, and evaluate alternatives; and four integration dimensions were also identified: appeals, decision making and execution, stakeholders, and experts. A matrix was formed by the four integration steps and four dimensions. A rigor index was proposed to measure the quality of the integration process. Finally, the mechanism was tested on a construction project with sustainability controversy to check its validity. The study results show that the integration mechanism can help incorporate sustainability issues and achieve consensus if followed rigorously. The integration matrix systematically examines the eight key integration factors under the four dimensions. The rigor index can explain the quality in integrating sustainability issues into engineering design. The mechanism provides a useful tool for the owners and designers to cope with the sustainability decision making difficulties.
文摘Zhejiang’s machine-building industryhas made sustained efforts to increase itsexports through the combination ofindustry and trade. In the past decade,Zhejiang’s export volume of mechanicaland electrical products has increased over 10times, becoming the leading exports fromthe province. Zhejiang has thereforebecome an important province exportingmachinery in China.
文摘Translation process is a process of information processing, and also a process of translators' thinking activity. During the process of translation or bilingual communication, translators or bilingual users employ mental translation. To expound how beginners communicate or translate in the bilingual environment, the model of mechanism of mental translation, i.e. match-making mechanism of mental translation, is theoretically constructed.