Performance of PI controller for control of active and reactive power in DFIG operating in a grid-connected variable speed wind energy conversion system

Due to several factors, wind energy becomes an essential type of electricity generation. The share of this type of energy in the network is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this work is to present the modeling and control strategy of a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator （DFIG） driven by the rotor. This paper is to present the complete modeling and simulation of a wind turbine driven DFIG in the second mode of operating （the wind turbine pitch control is deactivated）. It will introduce the vector control, which makes it possible to control independently the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the generator and the grid, based on vector control concept （with stator flux or voltage orientation） with classical PI controllers. Various simula- tion tests are conducted to observe the system behavior and evaluate the performance of the control for some optimization criteria （energy efficiency and the robustness of the control）. It is also interesting to play on the quality of electric power by controlling the reactive power exchanged with the grid, which will facilitate making a local correction of power factor.

High performance decoupled active and reactive power control for three-phase grid-tied inverters using model predictive control

Finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is employed in this paper to control the operation of a three-phase grid-connected string inverter based on a direct PQ control scheme. The main objective is to achieve high-performance decoupled control of the active and reactive powers injected to the grid from distributed energy resources (DER).The FCS-MPC scheme instantaneously searches for and applies the optimum inverter switching state that can achieve certain goals, such as minimum deviation between reference and actual power;so that both power components (P and Q) are well controlled to their reference values.In addition, an effective method to attenuate undesired cross coupling between the P and Q control loops, which occurs only during transient operation, is investigated. The proposed method is based on the variation of the weight factors of the terms of the FCS-MPC cost function, so a higher weight factor is assigned to the cost function term that is exposed to greater disturbance. Empirical formulae of optimum weight factors as functions of the reference active and reactive power signals are proposed and mathematically derived. The investigated FCS-MPC control scheme is incorporated with the LVRT function to support the grid voltage in fulfilling and accomplishing the up-to-date grid codes. The LVRT algorithm is based on a modification of the references of active and reactive powers as functions of the instantaneous grid voltage such that suitable values of P and Q are injected to the grid during voltage sag.The performance of the elaborated FCS-MPC PQ scheme is studied under various operating scenarios, including steady-state and transient conditions. Results demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed scheme with regard to the achievement of high-performance operation and quick response of grid-tied inverters during normal and fault modes.

Vibration control of the finite L-shaped beam structures based on the active and reactive power flow

This paper analyzes the physical meaning of the active and reactive power flow in the finite L-shaped beams and studies the active vibration control of the structures based on the active and reactive power flow.The traveling wave approach is used to calculate the structural dynamic responses.Because the error of control force is inevitable in practical applications,the effects of the error of control force on the control results are studied.The study indicates that the error of control force has pronounced influence on the control results of the acceleration and reactive power flow.It is obvious that the reactive power flow can represent the vibration strength component of the complex intensity,and the active power flow strongly depends on the structural damping of the finite beams.

Analysis of the Load Flow Problem in Power System Planning Studies

Load flow is an important tool used by power engineers for planning, to determine the best operation for a power system and exchange of power between utility companies. In order to have an efficient operating power system, it is necessary to determine which method is suitable and efficient for the system’s load flow analysis. A power flow analysis method may take a long time and therefore prevent achieving an accurate result to a power flow solution because of continuous changes in power demand and generations. This paper presents analysis of the load flow problem in power system planning studies. The numerical methods: Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson and Fast Decoupled methods were compared for a power flow analysis solution. Simulation is carried out using Matlab for test cases of IEEE 9-Bus, IEEE 30-Bus and IEEE 57-Bus system. The simulation results were compared for number of iteration, computational time, tolerance value and convergence. The compared results show that Newton-Raphson is the most reliable method because it has the least number of iteration and converges faster.

基于数据驱动的配电网无功优化

传统无功电压控制由于分布式电源、储能以及柔性负荷的接入面临计算速度和精度上的挑战。该文提出了一种基于数据驱动的配电网无功电压优化方法,通过跟踪实际系统的运行参数,实现无功电压的主动控制。在极限学习机中引入自动编码器构建深度学习机制,利用自动编码器建立极限学习机输入-输出的直接耦合关系,实现无监督学习和有监督学习有机结合,缩短训练模型的迭代过程;利用蒙特卡洛法基于分布式电源、负荷预测信息构建配电网运行场景,利用深度极限学习机挖掘运行场景优化运行与无功调压设备状态间的内在联系,建立电网运行场景与系统无功调压策略的映射关系。该文提出的基于数据驱动的无功优化方法不依赖实际系统潮流计算,能够实现配电网运行状态的跟踪和无功调节设备的优化调度,为配电网无功电压的主动控制打下基础。

有源缓冲型逆变器功率解耦技术研究

为实现单级单相升压逆变并能有效抑制直流侧二次纹波电流,提出一种带有源缓冲的电流型逆变器电路拓扑,研究该逆变器的6种电路模态并提出其两模态调制策略和三模态调制策略,设计2种调制策略下的模型预测控制策略,提供主电路参数设计准则。从储能电感电流的最大脉动量与二次纹波含量两方面对2种调制策略进行对比分析,得出了三模态调制策略具有更好纹波抑制效果的结论。对2种调制策略下的逆变器进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明,三模态调制下电路的输出电压总谐波失真率、电感电流相对脉动量与二倍频含量均低于两模态调制下的数据。设计并搭建500VA 48VDC/220V50HzAC有源缓冲型单级单相升压逆变器实验装置,给出了三模态调制下基于模型预测控制的逆变器实验波形,进一步证实了所提研究方案在实现单级升压逆变的同时具有二次纹波抑制能力。

基于谱聚类的主动配电网多时间尺度无功优化策略

高比例分布式光伏接入配电网后,传统优化方案无法有效平抑电压波动,分布式光伏逆变器的无功调控能力难以充分利用。为此,提出一种基于谱聚类的主动配电网多时间尺度无功优化策略,该方法分为日前优化和日内实时优化两个阶段。首先,对离散设备的时间耦合性进行解耦,以配电网网损、平均电压偏差、电压波动严重程度为目标函数,建立基于社交网络搜索算法的日前无功优化模型,确定离散设备静态最优档位序列;其次,通过谱聚类的方法进行耦合,确定离散设备动态最优档位序列,结合改进的分布式光伏逆变器就地控制策略,建立日内实时优化模型,从而抑制日前预测数据偏差导致的电压波动;最后,基于改进后的IEEE33节点系统进行仿真实验。仿真结果表明,所提策略可以有效降低运算难度、提高求解效率,验证了该策略的有效性和优越性。

有源电力滤波器补偿的PI解耦控制技术研究

电网中电压和电流波形的失真会产生谐波,导致电网功率因数降低,并影响电力系统的稳定性和可靠性。为了确保电力系统的正常工作,研究了基于有源电力滤波器补偿的比例积分(PI)解耦控制技术。设计了基于二极管钳位式的有源电力滤波器模型。结合基尔霍博电压法,降低控制谐波和解除部分变量耦合。针对设备非线性产生的谐波,分析有源电力滤波器的可逆性,获得输入雅可比矩阵,以实现滤波器旋转坐标的线性化。利用变换矩阵转换转动角速向量,输入谐波的幅度,输出电流取样延迟,完成无差PI解耦控制。试验结果表明,所提技术能够有效解耦滤波器的谐波电流成分,从而补偿电网中的失真电流。该技术可以减少谐波对电力系统的整体影响,保证设备的正常运行。

ADMM-based Distributed Active and Reactive Power Control for Regional AC Power Grid with Wind Farms

A distributed active and reactive power control(DARPC)strategy based on the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM)is proposed for regional AC transmission system(TS)with wind farms(WFs).The proposed DARPC strategy optimizes the power distribution among the WFs to minimize the power losses of the AC TS while tracking the active power reference from the transmission system operator(TSO),and minimizes the voltage deviation of the buses inside the WF from the rated voltage as well as the power losses of the WF collection system.The optimal power flow(OPF)of the TS is relaxed by using the semidefinite programming(SDP)relaxation while the branch flow model is used to model the WF collection system.In the DARPC strategy,the large-scale strongly-coupled optimization problem is decomposed by using the ADMM,which is solved in the regional TS controller and WF controllers in parallel without loss of the global optimality.The boundary information is exchanged between the regional TS controller and WF controllers.Compared with the conventional OPF method of the TS with WFs,the optimality and accuracy of the system operation can be improved.Moreover,the proposed strategy efficiently reduces the computation burden of the TS controller and eliminates the need of a central controller.The protection of the information privacy can be enhanced.A modified IEEE 9-bus system with two WFs consisting of 64 wind turbines(WTs)is used to validate the proposed DARPC strategy.

基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网电压协同控制策略

整县分布式光伏电源的大量开发与利用及分布式电源规模化并网对实现“碳达峰、碳中和”与“乡村振兴”两大国家战略具有重要的现实意义。由于分布式电源发电尖峰和低谷阶段与负荷峰谷时常不同步,进而导致配电系统过/欠电压问题,严重影响了电能质量,甚至威胁系统安全。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网层级式电压协同控制策略。首先,建立基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网层级式电压协同控制框架。其次,结合多微电网节点注入电流与电压的方程与功率–电压灵敏度分析,根据多节点电压越限程度,提出一种基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的多智能体协同调节策略,该策略先通过无功补偿器进行无功调节,当电压尚未得到有效治理时,再采用多微电网进行有功调节。再次,为了进一步满足各节点微电网有功功率调节需求,并考虑电网内部源–荷–储运行成本与污染排放,提出一种基于多目标优化的微电网内部分布式源–荷–储优化协调功率控制策略。最后,在MATLAB平台中设计了3种仿真场景以及IEEE测试系统模型对所提控制策略进行了验证。结果表明,所提出的电压协同控制方法在最经济的情况下可以实现各节点电压的综合高效治理,同时,所提出的微电网优化协调功率控制策略能使源–荷–储在绿色经济的供电模式下实时精准地满足电压治理目标下微电网有功调节的需求。仿真实验结果验证了本文所提控制策略的有效性。

模块化解耦电路的协同控制策略

有源功率解耦技术是解决单相变换器中低频二次脉动功率的有效方法。模块化电路具有标准化、独立性和通用性等优点,发展模块化的解耦电路是有源功率解耦技术的重要方向。现有控制策略仅针对单个解耦电路提出,没有考虑多个解耦模块共同工作时的协同控制问题。对此,该文提出一种基于虚拟阻抗的多解耦模块协同控制策略,通过控制解耦模块模拟无源RLC电路的阻抗特性,实现单个解耦模块的即插即用和多个解耦模块的协同功率分配。所提出的控制无需解耦模块与主电路交互电网电压和电流信息,也无需解耦模块间的相互通信,避免了集中的中央控制器和昂贵实时通信的使用。实验以两个解耦模块的功率协同控制为例验证了所提控制策略有效可行性。

基于线性自抗扰的无刷双馈电机功率解耦控制策略研究

针对抽水蓄能机组工作环境复杂、温度等扰动较为突出、传统矢量控制对于无刷双馈电机控制精度不足的问题,研究了一种基于线性自抗扰控制的无刷双馈电机功率解耦控制策略,用来降低电机扰动并提高控制精度,提升其运行特性,进而提高其在抽水蓄能系统中的能量转换效率。建立了无刷双馈电机统一坐标系下两相旋转坐标系的数学模型,采用功率绕组定向的方法确定坐标系,推导了功率绕组定向下的电流关系并据此使用控制绕组控制功率绕组的有功和无功,从而实现了功率解耦控制。为提高控制性能,重写转速环和电流环,分析扰动,列写状态方程,设计扩张状态观测器,采用自抗扰技术提升了电机控制性能。进行谐波分析,基于控制绕组电流在同步坐标系下主要谐波为6次谐波的结论,采用重复控制器进行特定频次谐波的抑制。通过Simulink仿真,观察动态响应和d轴绕组电流傅里叶分析,并在电网电压阶跃变化和系统存在白噪声两种状态下与传统PI控制的效果进行对比,验证了所提自抗扰功率解耦控制方法及谐波抑制方法的有效性。

高压级联SVG电流PR控制策略

对SVG在出现无功阶跃扰动时的补偿控制进行深入研究。SVG在无功功率调节时,如果出现阶跃扰动,无功功率的调节会直接影响有功功率的调节,这是因为传统的旋转坐标系控制方法对于有功功率和无功功率的控制环路之间存在耦合关系。为此,文中引入了有功和无功的解耦控制。另外,无功的阶跃信号会引起直流母线电压的突变,故将直流分量引入装置侧输出电流的值,并将这个直流分量滤除,保证控制的稳定性。最后在仿真的基础上,以光伏电站为背景对所提方法进行现场验证,结果充分证明了该算法的有效性。

基于均值-方差-偏度的配电网有功-无功随机模型预测控制

针对高比例具有不确定性的可再生能源接入对配电网安全经济运行带来的挑战,提出一种基于均值-方差-偏度的有功-无功随机模型预测控制协调优化策略。首先,在综合考虑有功和无功成本的基础上,基于Fish⁃er-z变换的拉丁超立方采样生成可再生能源出力场景集,进而构建表征不确定性下收益的期望-偏度模型和表征不确定性风险的方差模型。然后,建立权衡收益和风险的三阶近似矩效用函数,提出基于均值-方差-偏度的有功-无功随机模型预测控制协调优化框架。最后,基于线性化潮流方法对所提模型进行线性化处理,在改进的IEEE-37节点系统进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提策略能够有效应对可再生能源不确定性对配电网经济运行与电压质量的影响。

单相级联H桥整流器电压平衡与纹波抑制策略研究

对传统单相级联H桥整流器主电路加以改进,增加了功率解耦桥臂,建立了数学模型,并对电压平衡和纹波抑制策略进行了研究。首先,整体回路采用双闭环控制,通过二阶广义积分方法优化了基波信号的提取方案;其次,对系统功率平衡关系进行推导,建立网侧电流和电容电压平方的一次关系模型,并引入可变比例环节,有效提升系统抵御参数变化的鲁棒性;然后,采用独立式Buck型有源功率解耦控制策略,通过运算实时分配解耦桥臂开关管占空比,设计自适应选频器分离二次纹波信号,实现对直流母线二次纹波电压脉动的抑制。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink软件进行试验验证,所提方法能够有效地解决电压平衡和二次纹波功率抑制问题。

基于自抗扰解耦的电力电子牵引变压器整流级直接功率控制

【目的】为改善电力电子牵引变压器(PETT)整流级在传统dq电流解耦双闭环控制下抗干扰能力差、对参数变化敏感、谐波含量高等问题。【方法】通过对直接功率控制(DPC)的解耦方式进行改进,提出了一种无需系统角频率和电感参数基于自抗扰控制(ADRC)的功率解耦控制器。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建模型进行不同工况的仿真分析。【结果】仿真结果表明新型控制策略较传统控制策略网侧电流THD值减少5.38%,等效电感突变时电压跌落值减少48 V,电压频率偏移时电压跌落值减少14 V,新型控制策略在负载突变和负载不平衡工况下具有较好的平衡控制效果。【结论】该控制器通过解耦实现了有功功率和无功功率精确且独立的控制。仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的合理性与有效性。

紧凑型多功能单级磁阀式立体磁控变压器研究

电缆的规模化使用造成电力系统中容性无功功率平衡需求增加,此外高比例新能源接入也会带来无功功率波动问题。现有无功功率补偿及无功功率发生装置占地面积较大、成本较高。通过磁控电抗器与变压器一体化结合提出了一种紧凑型多功能单级磁阀式立体磁控变压器,同时具备传统电力变压器升降压基础功能与灵活调节无功功率的能力,尤其适用于空间有限的城市变电站。对所述磁控变压器进行了有限元仿真,验证了其运行有效性。结果表明该磁控变压器的无功功率调节容量可以达到94.5 kvar,最大变比偏移量为0.439%,谐波含量仅有3.8%,节约占地面积20%,总体性能优异,可以很好地满足城市配电网无功功率补偿的需求。

考虑运行经济性与安全性的风电场功率模型预测优化控制

首先介绍风电场功率控制构架及功率控制过程,基于风电场各控制对象动态特性分析,构建模型预测控制用风电场功率控制线性化模型。在此基础上,以风电机组传动链机械载荷、场站功率跟踪偏差和损耗最小为优化目标,提出一种风电场有功/无功模型预测协调优化控制方法,设计目标函数及约束条件。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中建立风电场仿真模型,仿真结果表明所提控制策略能够在准确跟随电网调度下发的发电任务和电压指令的同时,可减小风电场有功和无功损耗、降低各机组传动链疲劳载荷,可提升风电运行安全性与经济性。

直接电压控制构网型变流器控制参数暂态稳定影响分析

目前针对直接电压控制构网型变流器暂态失稳模式的演化和控制参数对暂态稳定的影响机理尚需进一步深入研究。首先,分析了两种常见电流限幅策略对变流器暂态稳定性的影响,归纳总结出3种暂态失稳演化路径。其次,通过极限切除时间、极限切除角揭示了变流器有功环节不同参数对暂态稳定的影响规律,并针对直接电压控制构网型变流器的内电势和并网点电压之间的非线性关系,使用变流器临界势能为指标,揭示了变流器无功环节不同参数对稳定性的影响规律。在此基础上,解释了不同控制环节参数对变流器暂态稳定性的影响出现反常规律的机理。最后,在PSCAD仿真平台上通过算例验证了理论分析的正确性。

基于Boost型APD的角接SVG直流侧电压纹波抑制方法

在级联H桥多电平静止无功发生器(Static Var Generator,SVG)中,H桥固有的结构特性使得角形级联SVG直流侧电容电压存在二倍频纹波,电压波动影响电能质量补偿效果甚至导致系统失调。为抑制角形级联SVG的H桥直流侧二倍频电压纹波,文中提出了基于Boost型有源功率解耦(Active Power Decoupling,APD)的角形级联H桥多电平SVG的设计方案。有源功率解耦电路将波动功率和稳定功率相互分离,采用储能元件吸收波动功率,从而削弱了H桥直流侧电压波动。利用MATLAB/Simulink搭建仿真平台进行仿真,结果表明基于Boost型有源功率解耦的角形级联H桥多电平SVG能够有效抑制直流侧电容电压的二倍频纹波。