THE OPTIMAL DEDUCTIBLE AND COVERAGE IN INSURANCE CONTRACTS AND EQUILIBRIUM RISK SHARING POLICIES

In this paper, we consider the optimal risk sharing problem between two parties in the insurance business: the insurer and the insured. The risk is allocated between the insurer and the insured by setting a deductible and coverage in the insurance contract. We obtain the optimal deductible and coverage by considering the expected product of the two parties' utilities of terminal wealth according to stochastic optimal control theory. An equilibrium policy is also derived for when there are both a deductible and coverage;this is done by modelling the problem as a stochastic game in a continuous-time framework. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the results of the paper.

Tree of Fermat-Pramanik Series and Solution of AM +B2 =C2 with Integers Produces a New Series of (C12- B12)=(C22- B22)=(C32- B32)=Others

The Fermat–Pramanik series are like below: .The mathematical principle has been established by factorization principle. The Fermat-Pramanik tree can be grown. It produces branched Fermat-Pramanik series using same principle making Fermat-Pramanik chain. Branched chain can be propagated at any point of the main chain with indefinite length using factorization principle as follows: Same principle is applicable for integer solutions of AM+B2=C2which produces series of the type . It has been shown that this equation is solvable with N{A, B, C, M}. where , , M=M1+M2 and M1>M2. Subsequently, it has been shown that using M= M1+M2+M3+... The combinations of Ms should be taken so that the values of both the parts (Cn+Bn) and (Cn-Bn) should be even or odd for obtaining Z{B,C}. Hence, it has been shown that the Fermat triple can generate a) Fermat-Pramanik multiplate, b) Fermat-Pramanik Branched multiplate and c) Fermat-Pramanik deductive series. All these formalisms are useful for development of new principle of cryptography. .

Reflections on the Three Controversies in Economic Methodology by Virtue of the Philosophy of Science

The philosophical foundation of the mainstream neoclassical economics is empirical philosophy.The controversies of economic methodology over inductive and deductive methods,over verificationistic and falsificationistic approaches,and over positive and normative analyses in the evolution of economics are associated with those in the philosophy of science.The evolution of philosophy of science suggests that the above-mentioned pairs of economic methodologies should be appropriately combined when used in economics.It is not sensible to overemphasize either one inside each pair of economic methodologies.

A Comparison between Deductive and Inductive Approaches for Teaching EFL Grammar to High School Students

This study had the purpose of testingtwo methods for teaching grammar in Englishasa Foreign Language(EFL)class:the deductive and inductive approaches in terms of effectiveness and rapport.This research was conducted in a public high school in Ecuador.Seventy students enrolled in the second year of senior high school participated.One in-service teacher taught the EFL classes during the process of intervention(10 weeks),and two EFL teachers observed all of these classes and recorded the information by filling in observation sheets.The students were administered grammar pretests and post-tests in order to assess their grammar knowledge.The results of the tests showed a significant difference in the scores in favor of the inductive approach.After the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the tests and observation sheets,we concluded that the inductive approach is more effective for teaching grammar in the EFL classroom in terms of instruction and rapport.

F-fuzzy Calculus System

A formalized calculus system called F_fuzzy calculus system, which is a symbol deduction system to formalize fuzzy inference, is constructed in this paper. The fuzzy modus ponens was completely formalized in this calculus system.

Effects of Selective Contracting with Positive Incentives on the Choices of Dutch Consumers for Health Care Options: Results of an Experiment

Since the introduction of the Health Insurance Act in the Netherlands in 2006, insurers are incen-tivized to compete on price for basic health insurance, and on price and quality for supplementary insurance. It is possible for health insurers to implement a differentiated deductible since the first of January 2009. This paper describes an experiment. It is designed to study this differentiated deductible as a financial policy instrument. It focuses on the effect of selective contracting with positive incentives on the choice-behaviour of the insured. The goal of this study is to gain insight in the working mechanism of this financial policy instrument that is meant to reduce healthcare costs. The study is designed as a vignette study. The vignettes are presented in pairs of two to the respondents. The vignettes contain various elements including premium costs, deductible, degree of selective contracting and availability of quality-information (CQI). As the respondents in the design of this choice experiment have to choose between confronting health plans, it is understandable that they value these policies on their characteristics (so-called attributes). Subsequently, a statement can be formulated on the relative value assigned to these attributes by the respondents, clearly preferring one health plan over the other. Finally 99 respondents were included in our study. Logistic regression analysis was performed. This study shows that the deducti-ble as choice-influencing instrument has less influence as age increases. The proclaimed cost savings of this deductible might be lower than expected. Generally, it can be concluded that healthier people are less likely to choose the extensive health plan. However, this effect reverses when the most extensive and less extensive are presented to the participants. The results thus show a clear demarcation in the preferences of consumers. A similar demarcation also has been found in the data concerning travel distance. When contracted care is within 30 minutes, this health plan is preferred over the more extensive and expensive one. However, this study also shows that this effect reverses when the travel distance increases to 45 minutes. Consumers in this situation are reluctant to choose selective care and choose for the extensive and expensive option. Premium costs have a negative effect. A health plan becomes less attractive when the price increases. In addition, an increase in the availability of CQI makes a health plan more attractive. It can be concluded from this study that the deductible as choice-influencing instrument seems to work for young and healthy people, provided that they do not have to travel more that 30 minutes.

Functional Orientation and Practice of Inductive and Deductive Approaches to Grammar Teaching in EFL

To solve the ambiguous understanding of Grammar Teaching position,based on explicit grammatical knowledge,this paper discusses the grammar position in EFL,compares both its pros and cons between deductive and inductive approaches,and indicates that grammar teaching by either approach alone has disadvantages,should adopt a combination technique.

An Analysis of Modal Verbs in Language Teaching

Through classifying modal verbs from the semantic aspect and the pragmatic aspect, this paper discusses difficulties that students may encounter in modal verb learning. It indicates that modal verbs have complicacy, and a deductive approach and inductive approach should intermingle as an appropriate method to improve students' accuracy in use of modal verbs.

Application of CPD in Analyzing EM Field in Stratified Media with an Uniform Plane Wave Slanted Through

The Counter-Propagation Deduction (CPD) method suggested by the authors is a new one for analyzing electromagnetic (EM) field in stratified media. The mechanism or the method is briefly introduced, and the rield in a layered medium in the presence or slant incidence of a perpendicularly or parallelly polarized electric wave is investigated. Some illustrative examples show that the method is capable of providing the direct mathematic expressions of the fields in an arbitrary layer, and is convenient for numerical evaluation through an unified program, irrespective of the number of medium layers.

A Worsted Yarn Virtual Production System Based on BP Neural Network

Back-Propagation (BP) neural network and its modified algorithm are introduced. Two series of BP neural network models have been established to predict yarn properties and to deduce wool fiber qualities. The results from these two series of models have been compared with the measured values respectively, proving that the accuracy in both the prediction model and the deduction model is high. The experimental results and the corresponding analysis show that the BP neural network is an efficient technique for the quality prediction and has wide prospect in the application of worsted yarn production system.

A Practical Approach to Constructing a Knowledge Graph for Cybersecurity

Cyberattack forms are complex and varied, and the detection and prediction of dynamic types of attack are always challenging tasks. Research on knowledge graphs is becoming increasingly mature in many fields. At present, it is very significant that certain scholars have combined the concept of the knowledge graph with cybersecurity in order to construct a cybersecurity knowledge base. This paper presents a cybersecurity knowledge base and deduction rules based on a quintuple model. Using machine learning, we extract entities and build ontology to obtain a cybersecurity knowledge base. New rules are then deduced by calculating formulas and using the path-ranking algorithm. The Stanford named entity rec- ognizer （NER） is also used to train an extractor to extract useful information. Experimental results show that the Stanford NER provides many features and the useGazettes parameter may be used to train a rec- ognizer in the cybersecurity domain in preparation for future work.

Coronavirus and Gordon Life Science Institute

The impacts of coronavirus to our planet are unprecedented;i.e., they are going to eliminate the entire mankind. Driven by such horrible situation, some philosophical viewpoints have naturally happened. Whether the “World End” must come? If yes, when? During this waiting period, the best way to do science is via the Internet Institute, such as “Gordon Life Science Institute”, and the results thus achieved will be most rewarding.

Formal Inferring the Law of Conservation of Energy from Assuming A-Priori-ness of Knowledge in a Formal Axiomatic Epistemology System Sigma

The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.

Presenting New Grammar

More and more researchers have now agreed upon the necessity of teaching grammar, but it still remains controversial ashow to teach the forms, with the central consideration of not to harm the meaning-focused communicative teaching method. In thisessay, one of the issues in grammar teaching will be discussed as how to present new grammar to learners, through evaluating andmodifying a particular presentation activity in a grammar-teaching textbook.

An Analysis of Benefits and Drawbacks of PPP in Grammar Teaching

Class as the basic of teaching provides language learners knowledge and ways to improve their abilities. Therefore,teaching methods in class can be an affective factor. Through observing the video of foreign language teachers using traditional PPP grammar teaching model, analyzing the advantages and drawbacks of PPP model and providing recommendations of PPP model, teachers can be inspired and improve their teaching method. This illustrates positive factors for English language teaching.

Evaluation of Trial Tests

An evaluation method of trial tests will be presented which is based on propeller characteristic functions provided by open water tests.Main reference quantity is the rate of revolutions which is constant during one trial double run and reliably to measure and,furthermore,the basic quantity of the mathematical adjustment of the hydrodynamically coupled test quantities by means of regression analysis.Using this physical plausible analysis of the trial test data and the propeller open water diagram an evaluation of current speed and ship’s speed through the water is possible.Assumed that thrust deduction fraction and relative rotative efficiency are scale independent,speed and power under contract conditions may be calculated at constant propeller speed where the results are corrected with respect to wind and waves using the linear dependance of speed and power at moderate differences of propeller load.

ENTITY-ROLES MODEL AND OBJECT-ORIENTED KNOWLEDGE/DATA BASES

A Model, called 'Entity-Roles' is proposed in this paper in which the world of Interest is viewed as some mathematical structure. With respect to this structure, a First order (three-valued) Logic Language is constructured.Any world to be modelled can be logically specified in this Language. The integrity constraints on the database and the deducing rules within the Database world are derived from the proper axioms of the world being modelled.

FIRST ORDER LANGUAGE FOR ENTITY-ROLES MODEL^+

With respect to the mathematical structure supposed by theEntity-Roles Model. a first order (three--valued) logic language is constructured. A world to be modelled can be logically specified in this language. The integrity constraints on the database and

DEDUCTION OF CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS IN THE CALIBRATION OF STEREO-VISION SYSTEN

In the test-field calibration,multi-azimuth stereo image pairs areproduced of the outdoor large control-field by the stereo-vision system under cali-bration.While in the analytical processing,the relationship between image pairsis adopted as a constraint condition,which ensures the stability and quality of thecalibration results.This paper introduces the deduction process of the constraintconditions.