Effects of Deep Fluids on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins

Deep fluids in a petroliferous basin generally come from the deep crust or mantle beneath the basin basement, and they transport deep substances（gases and aqueous solutions） as well as heat to sedimentary strata through deep faults. These deep fluids not only lead to large-scale accumulations of CO2, CH4, H2, He and other gases, but also significantly impact hydrocarbon generation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interactions. With the development of deep faults and magmatic-volcanic activities in different periods, most Chinese petroliferous basins have experienced strong impacts associated with deep fluid activity. In the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Northern Jiangsu, Sanshui, Yinggehai and Pearl Mouth Basins in China, a series of CO2 reservoirs have been discovered. The CO2 content is up to 99%, with δ-（13）C（CO2） values ranging from-4.1‰ to-0.37‰ and -3He/-4He ratios of up to 5.5 Ra. The abiogenic hydrocarbon gas reservoirs with commercial reserves, such as the Changde, Wanjinta, Zhaozhou, and Chaoyanggou reservoirs, are mainly distributed in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin. The δ-（13）CCH4 values of the abiogenic alkane gases are generally -30‰ and exhibit an inverse carbon isotope sequence of δ-（13）C（CH4）δ-（13）C（C2H6）δ-（13）C（C3H8）δ-（13）C（C4H10）. According to laboratory experiments, introducing external H2 can improve the rate of hydrocarbon generation by up to 147% through the kerogen hydrogenation process. During the migration from deep to shallow depth, CO2 can significantly alter reservoir rocks. In clastic reservoirs, feldspar is easily altered by CO2-rich fluids, leading to the formation of dawsonite, a typical mineral in high CO2 partial pressure environments, as well as the creation of secondary porosity. In carbonate reservoirs, CO2-rich fluids predominately cause dissolution or precipitation of carbonate minerals. The minerals, e.g., calcite and dolomite, show some typical features, such as higher homogenization temperatures than the burial temperature, relatively high concentrations of Fe and Mn, positive Eu anomalies, depletion of 18 O and enrichment of radiogenic -（87）Sr. Due to CO2-rich fluids, the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs is extended to deep strata. For example, the Well TS1 in the northern Tarim Basin revealed a high-quality Cambrian dolomite reservoir with a porosity of 9.1% at 8408 m, and the Well ZS1 C in the central Tarim Basin revealed a large petroleum reserve in a Cambrian dolomite reservoir at -6900 m. During the upward migration from deep to shallow basin strata, large volumes of supercritical CO2 may extract petroleum components from hydrocarbon source rocks or deep reservoirs and facilitate their migration to shallow reservoirs, where the petroleum accumulates with the CO2. Many reservoirs containing both supercritical CO2 and petroleum have been discovered in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, Northern Jiangsu, Pearl River Mouth and Yinggehai Basins. The components of the petroleum trapped with CO2 are dominated by low molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons.

Process and Mechanisms of Deep Fluid Effects on Hydrocarbon Generation and Pore Space in Shale:A Case Study from the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation in the Zhaojiashan Section

Heat carried by deep fluid might greatly affect hydrocarbon generation and pore space in shale.Dyke intrusion carrying high levels of heat may be a means by which to explore the influence of deep fluid on shale reservoirs.This study evaluates hydrocarbon generation and analyzed the evolution of shale storage space in the third member of the Xiamaling Formation in the Zhaojiashan section,Hebei Province,based on experimental data such as TOC,SEM,VRo,low-temperature N_(2)adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection.The results show that the dyke intrusion reduced the shale TOC content drastically―by up to 77%―and also induced instantaneous hydrocarbon generation over a range about 1.4 times the thickness of the intrusion.Furthermore,the dyke intrusion might transform organic pores in surrounding shales into inorganic pores.There were two shale porosity peaks:one appeared when VRo=2.0%,caused by the increase of organic pores as thermal maturity increased,the other occurred when the VRo value was between 3%and 4%,caused by the increase of inorganic mineral pores.It can be concluded that dyke intrusion can be an effective tool with which to study how deep fluid affects instantaneous hydrocarbon generation and pore space in shale.

Genetic source,migration and accumulation of helium under deep thermal fluid activities:A case study of Ledong diapir area in Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

Based on the geochemical parameters and analytical data,the heat conservation equation,mass balance law,Rayleigh fractionation model and other methods were used to quantify the in-situ yield and external flux of crust-derived helium,and the initial He concentration and thermal driving mechanism of mantle-derived helium,in the Ledong Diapir area,the Yinggehai Basin,in order to understand the genetic source,migration and accumulation mechanisms of helium under deep thermal fluid activities.The average content of mantle-derived He is only 0.0014%,the ^(3)He/^(4)He value is(0.002–2.190)×10^(−6),and the R/Ra value ranges from 0.01 to 1.52,indicating the contribution of mantle-derived He is 0.09%–19.84%,while the proportion of crust-derived helium can reach over 80%.Quantitative analysis indicates that the crust-derived helium is dominated by external input,followed by in-situ production,in the Ledong diapir area.The crust-derived helium exhibits an in-situ 4 He yield rate of(7.66–7.95)×10^(−13)cm^(3)/(a·g),an in-situ 4 He yield of(4.10–4.25)×10^(−4)cm^(3)/g,and an external 4 He influx of(5.84–9.06)×10^(−2)cm^(3)/g.These results may be related to atmospheric recharge into formation fluid and deep rock-water interactions.The ratio of initial mole volume of 3 He to enthalpy(W)is(0.004–0.018)×10^(−11) cm^(3)/J,and the heat contribution from the deep mantle(X_(M))accounts for 7.63%–36.18%,indicating that deep hot fluid activities drive the migration of mantle-derived 3 He.The primary helium migration depends on advection,while the secondary migration is controlled by hydrothermal degassing and gas-liquid separation.From deep to shallow layers,the CO_(2/3) He value rises from 1.34×10^(9)to 486×10^(9),indicating large amount of CO_(2)has escaped.Under the influence of deep thermal fluid,helium migration and accumulation mechanisms include:deep heat driven diffusion,advection release,vertical hydrothermal degassing,shallow lateral migration,accumulation in traps far from faults,partial pressure balance and sealing capability.

Step-over of strike-slip faults and overpressure fluid favor occurrence of foreshocks:Insights from the 1975 Haicheng fore-main-aftershock sequence,China

This study analyzed and summarized in detail the spatial and temporal distributions of earthquakes,tidal responses,focal mechanisms,and stress field characteristics for the M 7.3 Haicheng earthquake sequence in February 1975.The foreshocks are related to the main fault and the conjugate faults surrounding the extension step-over in the middle.The initiation timing of the foreshock clusters and the original time of the mainshock were clearly modulated by the Earth's tidal force and coincided with the peak of dilational volumetric tidal strain.As a plausible and testable hypothesis,we proposed a fluid-driven foreshock model,by which all observed seismicity features can be more reasonably interpreted with respect to the results of existing models.Together with some other known examples,the widely existing step-over along strike-slip faults and associated conjugate faults,especially for extensional ones in the presence of deep fluids,favor the occurrence of short-term foreshocks.Although clustered seismicity with characteristics similar to those of the studied case is not a sufficient and necessary condition for large earthquakes to occur under similar tectonic conditions,it undoubtedly has a warning significance for the criticality of the main fault.Subsequent testing would require quantification of true/false positives/negatives.

Connection between earthquakes and deep fluids revealed by magnetotelluric imaging in Songyuan,China

Songyuan is the most earthquake prone area in northeast China.Since 2006,earthquakes have occurred in the area in the form of swarms,with a maximum magnitude of M_L5.8.There is much controversy about the cause of the Songyuan earthquakes.We attempted to determine the cause using a three-dimensional electrical conductivity structure inverted from a regional network of magnetotelluric data in the Songyuan area.The L-BFGS inversion method was applied,with a fullimpedance tensor data set used as the inversion input.Combined with an evaluation of the earthquake locations,the resistivity model revealed a northeast-oriented hidden fault running through the Songyuan earthquake area(SEA),which was speculated to be the preexisting Fuyu-Zhaodong Fault(FZF).Our resistivity model also found an apparent lithospheric low-resistivity anomaly beneath the earthquake area,which breached the high-resistivity lithospheric mantle and stalled at the base of the crust.A petrophysical analysis showed that this lower crustal low-resistivity anomaly was most likely attributed to hydrated partial melting,which could release water into the lower crust during later magma emplacements.While weakening the strength of the FZF,these ascending fluids also increased the pore pressure in the fault,further reducing the shear strength of the fault.Shear stress action(a fault strike component of the east-west regional compress),together with possible near-surface disturbances,may drive the fault to slip and trigger the earthquakes in Songyuan.It is possible that the continuous replenishment of fluids from the deeper mantle forces the Songyuan earthquakes into the form of swarms.We infer that the Songyuan earthquakes could be attributed to a combination of preexisting faults,regional stress,and deep fluids associated with plate subduction,and near surface disturbances might induce the earthquakes in advance.The Songyuan earthquakes are inherently induced earthquakes,fed by deep fluids.

The scientific connotation of oil and gas formations under deep fluids and organic-inorganic interaction

As a relatively stable craton block in the earth system, the petroliferous basin is influenced by the evolution of the earth system from the early development environment of source rocks, hydrocarbon formation, and reservoir dissolution to hydrocarbon accumulation or destruction. As a link between the internal and external factors of the basin, deep fluids run through the whole process of hydrocarbon formation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interaction. The nutrients carried by deep fluids promote the bloom of hydrocarbon-generating organisms and extra addition of carbon and hydrogen source, which are beneficial to the development of high-quality source rock and enhancement of the hydrocarbon generation potential. The energy carried by the deep fluid promotes the early maturation of the source rock and facilitates the hydrocarbon generation by activation and hydrogenation in high-mature hydrocarbon sources. The dissolution alteration of carbonate rocks and clastic reservoirs by CO_2-rich deep fluids improves the deep reservoir space, thus extending the oil and gas reservoir space into greater depth. The extraction of deeply retained crude oil by deep supercritical CO_2 and the displacement of CH_4 in shale have both improved the hydrocarbon fluidity in deep and tight reservoirs. Simultaneously, the energy and material carried by deep fluids(C, H, and catalytic substances) not only induce inorganic CH_4 formation by Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) synthesis and "hydrothermal petroleum" generation from organic matter by thermal activity but also cause the hydrothermal alteration of crude oil from organic sources. Therefore, from the perspective of the interaction of the earth's sphere, deep fluids not only input a significant amount of exogenous C and H into sedimentary basins but also improve the reservoir space for oil and gas, as well as their enrichment and accumulation efficiencies.

Origin of the deep fluids in the paleosubduction zones in western Tianshan:Evidence from Pb-and Sr-isotope compositions of high-pressure veins and host rocks

Fluids in the deep subduction zones play an important role in crust-mantle ex-change related to the subduction process. Identification of fluids origin, internal or external, can help us to evaluate the contribution of crust materials to mantle during this process. High-pressure veins, which developed in the western Tianshan HP-metamorphic belt extensively, are the direct products of the fluids in subduction zones. In western Tianshan, high-pressure veins and host rocks have overall Pb- and Sr-isotope compositions. At t = 340 Ma, the high-pressure metamorphic time, the ratios of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb and 87Sr/86Sr of high pressure veins are 17.122―18.431, 15.477―15.611, 37.432―38.689 and 0.70529―0.70705, and are 17.605―17.834, 15.508―15.564, 37.080―38.145 and 0.70522―0.70685 for host rocks. However, high-pressure veins show a much larger variation in Pb-isotope composi-tions than host rocks. Plots of samples are distributed roughly along a line parallel to and far away from the Northern Hemisphere reference line (NHRL) on the plot of 206Pb/204Pb vs 207Pb/204Pb. On the plot of 206Pb/204Pb vs 208Pb/204Pb, plots of data are distributed nearby mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORB) area or along a line parallel to and not far away from NHRL, which shows that the data plots are farther away from MORB and ocean island basalts (OIB) areas on the plot of 206Pb/204Pb vs 207Pb/204Pb than on the plot of 206Pb/204Pb vs 208Pb/204Pb. The compositions of Pb- and Sr-isotopes of these high-pressure metamorphic rocks are between that of enriched mantle 1(EMI) and of sediments or upper crust. A notable characteristic can be seen from plots of Pb-isotope ratio vs Pb-isotope ratio and 206Pb/204Pb vs 87Sr/86Sr that array of plots shows an evident tendency of mixture of two end members. Ratios of Rb/Ba, Ce/Pb, Nb/U and Ta/U of high-pressure veins and host rocks are between that of OIB or MORB and that of conti-nental crust, which indicates that continental crust materials probably have been incorporated into the rocks. The fluids in the paleosubduction zones in western Tianshan are mixtures of two sources, one originating from the devolatilzation of the host rocks with protolithes similar to ocean basalts from enriched mantle 1 (EMI), the other from the dehydration of subducted sediments.

Hydrocarbon accumulation in deep fluid modified carbonate rock in the Tarim Basin

The activities of deep fluid are regionalized in the Tarim Basin. By analyzing the REE in core samples and crude oil, carbon isotope of carbon dioxide and inclusion temperature measurement in the west of the Tazhong Uplift in the western Tarim Basin, all the evidence confirms the existence of deep fluid. The deep fluid below the basin floor moved up into the basin through discordogenic fault and volcanicity to cause corrosion and metasomatosis of carbonate rock by exchange of matter and energy. The pore structure and permeability of the carbonate reservoirs were improved, making the carbonate reservoirs an excellent type of deeply buried modification. The fluorite ore belts discovered along the large fault and the volcanic area in the west of the Tazhong Uplift are the outcome of deep fluid action. Such carbonate reservoirs are the main type of reservoirs in the Tazhong 45 oilfield. The carbonate reservoirs in well YM 7 are improved obviously by thermal fluid dolomitization. The origin and territory of deep fluid are associated with the discordogenic fault and volcanicity in the basin. The discordogenic fault and volcanic area may be the pointer of looking for the deep fluid modified reservoirs. The primary characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in deep fluid reconstructed carbonate rock are summarized as accumulation near the large fault and volcano passage, late-period hydrocarbon accumulation after volcanic activity, and subtle trap reservoirs controlled by lithology.

Theoretical Calculation Model of Heat Transfer for Deep-derived Supercritical Fluids with a Case Study

Based on a set of equations established by Duan et al. (1992, 1996) for a geofluid system H2O-CO2-CH4(-N2), a formula is obtained to calculate the heat changes. Combining the geological T-P conditions (geothermal gradients and lithostatic and hydrostatic pressures), the enthalpy of some typical geofluids is figured out. Then the principles of heat transfer of deep-derived supercritical fluids are discussed. The result shows that deep-derived geofluids can bring a large amount of thermal heat and release most heat to the shallow surroundings as they move up, because the molar enthalpies vary very greatly from the deep to shallow, increasing with the increases of T and P. Generally, more than tens of kilojoules heat per molar can be released. Furthermore, the molar enthalpy is affected by the compositions of the geofluids, and the molar enthalpy of CO2, CH4, or N2 is greater than that of H2O, being twice, more than twice, and about 140% of H2O, respectively. Finally, a case study is conducted by investigating a source rock sequence affected hydrothermally by magmatic fluids in the Huimin depression of Shengli Oilfield. The thermal heat calculated theoretically of the fluids related to a diabase intrusion is quite large, which can increase the temperature near the diabase to about 300℃, and that can, to some extent, account for the abnormal rise of the vitrinite reflectance, with the highest of about 3.8% (Ro).

Hydrophobic silica nanoparticle-stabilized invert emulsion as drilling fluid for deep drilling

An oil-based drilling fluid should be stable and tolerant to high temperatures for use in deep drilling. An invert emulsion of water in oil is a good choice as an oil- based drilling fluid which is a mixture of a solid phase and two immiscible liquid phases stabilized by a polymeric surfactant. In deep drilling, due to high temperatures, the polymeric surfactant degrades and a phase separation occurs. Here, octadecyltrimethoxysilane-modified silica nanoparticles were used to form a stable invert emulsion of water in oil for the drilling fluid model which resulted in a milky fluid with the formation of 60 gm water droplets. In addition, rheological study showed that using hydrophobic silica nanoparticles resulted in a stable water in oil invert emulsion with desired properties for a drilling fluid that can be modified by adjusting the nanoparticle nature and content. Aging experiments at 120 ℃ indicated that they also have good stability at high temperatures for challenging drilling operations.

The petrographical and isotope geochemical tracers for deep ore-forming fluids from the Laowangzhai gold depoist in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains

Based on the petrological studies of wall rocks, mineralized rocks, ores and veins from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, it is discovered that with the development of silification, carbonation and sulfidation, a kind of black opaque ultracrystalline material runs through the space between grains and amphibole cleavages, which is the product of fast condensing consolidation with magma mantle fluids turning into hydrothermal crustal fluids in the process of mineralization and alteration. It is thought that the water in ore-forming fluids mainly derived from magmatic water through research on H-O isotopes, and C as well as S isotopic compositions, has clear mantle-derived characteristics, and rock (mine) stones contain high 87Sr/86 Sr ratios, low 143Nd/144 Nd ratios and high 206Pb/204 Pb ratios, which also reflects the ore-forming fluids were derived from the metasomatically enriched mantle. In combination with the features of H-O-C-S isotopes and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes described above, the ore-forming fluids of the Laowangzhai gold deposit in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains were derived mainly from the deep interior of the mantle, and their properties were transformed from magma fluids to hydrothermal fluids in the course of metasomatism and alteration, which initiated crust-mantle contamination simultaneously to be in favor of mineralization.

Fault Zone Fluid Deep-penetrating Techniques for Potash Deposit Prediction in Lanping-Simao Basin,Yunnan,South China

In China,the strategic resource potash is suffering from severe shortages,and the ancient marine solid potash locating is still a problem of long impregnability.Till now,only the Mengyejing Potash Deposit was found

Assortment of Deep Mantle Fluids and Their Products in Kimberlites from China

Based on studies of petrography, mineralogy and mineral chemistry, deep mantle fluids and their products in kimberlites and diamonds can be assorted into the ultradeep fluid-transmitted minerals with an oxygen-free feature, the deep fluid metasomatized-minerals characterized by enrichment in TiO2, K2O, BaO, REE and Fe3+, and the deep fluid-reformed minerals. The three types show a successive descent in fluid origin depth and metasomatism strength, and they have brought forth a series of corresponding metasomatic products.

增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液技术的研究与应用

针对深井超深井钻井过程中钻遇高温高压、井壁失稳及井下复杂情况的难题,基于仿生学、超分子化学以及岩石表面润湿性理论,通过优选仿生增效剂、仿生提切剂及仿生降滤失剂,配套相关处理剂,最终形成了一套适用于深井、超深井地层钻探的增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液体系。研究发现,建立的增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液体系可抗220℃高温,配制密度为2.4 g/cm^(3),破乳电压大于400 V,高温高压滤失量为3.2 mL,人造岩心在该体系中220℃下老化后的抗压强度达到7.1 MPa,平均渗透率恢复值为93.9%。现场应用情况表明,体系流变性能稳定,平均机械钻速比邻井提高16%,平均井径扩大率仅为1.25%,可有效解决深井超深井钻井过程中出现的井壁失稳难题,为我国深井超深井的钻探提供了技术保障。

深水气田长距离混输模式下水相运动规律研究

陵水25-1深水气田混输管道距离长、管道爬坡段坡度大,初始投产阶段混输流体水相到达平台的时间长且预测困难,给管道安全运行带来风险。基于多相流计算模型,运用LedaFlow软件,对陵水25-1深水气田初始投产阶段的水相运动规律进行研究,并深入分析含水率、油量、气量、油水相间摩擦系数等因素对水相运行的影响。结果表明:初始投产阶段水相在爬坡段分离和积聚,形成长时间的停滞,管道坡度越大,水相波动越剧烈;含水率越高的物流,水相在爬坡段聚集时间越短;气量增大则会降低水相滞液程度,提高水相运行速度,有助于水相爬坡;油量变化对水相运行速度的影响较小,油水相间摩擦系数对爬坡段水相运动有直接影响,油水相间摩擦系数修正拟合,对实际管道运行有重要指导意义。研究结果可为深水气田开发研究提供借鉴。

准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树凹陷超深层构造演化与油气成藏过程

准噶尔盆地南缘下组合近年取得了重要勘探突破,随着勘探持续深化,在工业油气流圈闭附近的构造却钻探失利,下组合区域差异较大,成藏过程复杂。通过对高泉地区构造进行平衡地质剖面恢复,结合流体包裹体、埋藏史、热史和油气运聚数值模拟研究,揭示了高泉地区下组合的构造演化与成藏过程,并分析了部分井失利的原因。结果表明,高泉构造在前侏罗纪已经存在,为一宽缓古隆起,新生代早期受喜马拉雅造山运动影响,分割为若干断块构造,分割后的圈闭成藏过程具有差异性。高泉构造总体经历了3期油气充注和晚期的调整改造:第一期为中新统塔西河组沉积时期(约16 Ma)的低熟原油充注,对应包裹体荧光为黄色;第二期为独山子组沉积中期的成熟原油充注(约7 Ma),对应的是石英颗粒愈合缝内蓝色、蓝白色荧光油包裹体;第三期为上新世(约3 Ma)以来的天然气充注,天然气来源主要为四棵树凹陷,高泉地区本地烃源岩主体并未进入生气阶段。四棵树凹陷近端和远端圈闭成藏潜力和勘探远景具有较大差别,凹陷周边圈闭晚期多经历改造和调整,近端圈闭具有距离油源近、供烃充足等优势,应作为优先勘探目标,远端圈闭改造后油气源补充不足,具有较大勘探风险。

考虑分段流变模式的深井井筒压力精确预测模型

超深井、特深井井筒温度和压力分布范围宽,钻井液流变性受超高温超高压影响显著,基于常规流变模式的井筒压力预测误差较大,文章通过开展温度为20~220℃、压力为0.1~200 MPa的水基钻井液和油基钻井液流变性测试实验,提出了不同温度和压力范围内的钻井液分段流变模式优选方法,建立了考虑多因素综合影响的钻井井筒压力精确预测模型。研究结果表明,随着温度和压力的变化,钻井液流变曲线的变化规律不一致,单一流变模式无法完全表征钻井液的流变特性;赫巴流变模式对100℃以下的水基钻井液和140℃以下的油基钻井液的流变性适用性更好,其他温度范围内罗斯流变模式的适用性更好;分段流变模式对井底压力的影响较为明显。将模型的计算结果与实测数据进行对比,发现井底压力预测误差在0.3 MPa以内,立管压力预测误差小于0.6 MPa;相对于油基钻井液,水基钻井液中的井筒压力预测误差更小。研究结果能够为超深井、特深井井筒压力精确预测奠定理论基础。

2018年9月8日墨江5.9级地震云南普洱大寨流体异常特征及机理

文中梳理了2004年以来普洱大寨井连续观测的水化学离子和井-含水层渗透性异常特征。研究发现,在观测井周边250km范围内5.5级以上地震发生前,多次出现过可重复、可类比的异常变化,对地震具有较好的异常指示和预测意义。但相比以往震例,墨江5.9级地震发生前,无论是化学离子还是物理参数均出现了观测以来幅度最大的变化,异常状态较以往强烈很多,但发震的震级只有5.9级。为了研究这一现象产生的原因和机理,文中尝试从区域深部物质活动和区域应力水平2个方面对墨江5.9级地震前的异常演化过程开展讨论,得到以下认识:墨江5.9级地震前,流体异常整体呈现出较为显著的从深部到浅部、从背景到短期微观异常再到临震宏观异常的演化过程;墨江5.9级地震前,普洱大寨连续观测的水化学离子浓度异常和井-含水层渗透性的改变是由于区域内垂向剪切应力持续增强引起的含水层受挤压,从而形成了垂向的流体补给,最终引起不同含水层水体发生交替混合而产生的结果;本次异常形成初期还伴随深部物质剧烈活动的现象,较为显著的由深部到浅部的耦合作用过程可能是导致墨江5.9级地震前出现自观测以来地下流体异常幅度最显著的原因。因此,流体活动从深部开始,随着区域应力不断积累,不断向地表传递的演变过程是墨江5.9级地震前流体异常演化的本质特征;区域应力的作用方式和深部物质活动程度不同,是引起墨江5.9级地震前异常特征与研究区其他历史震例前明显不同的根本原因。文中研究为全面认识普洱大寨井地下流体异常的预测意义和地震前流体异常的深浅耦合演化过程提供了一定参考。

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Deep Water Synthetic Based Drilling Fluid System

With the enhancement of environmental protection awareness, the requirements on drilling fluid are increasingly strict, and the use of ordinary oil-based drilling fluid has been strictly restricted. In order to solve the environmental protection and oil-gas reservoir protection problems of offshore oil drilling, a new synthetic basic drilling fluid system is developed. The basic formula is as follows: a basic fluid (80% Linear a-olefin + 20% Simulated seawater) + 2.5% nano organobentonite + 3.5% emulsifier RHJ-5# + 2.5% fluid loss agent SDJ-1 + 1.5% CaO + the right amount of oil wetting barite to adjust the density, and a multifunctional oil and gas formation protective agent YRZ has been developed. The performance was evaluated using a high-low-high-temperature rheometer, a high-temperature and high-pressure demulsification voltage tester, and a high-temperature and high-pressure dynamic fluid loss meter. The results show that the developed synthetic based drilling fluid has good rheological property, demulsification voltage ≥ 500 V, temperature resistance up to 160°C, high temperature and high pressure filtration loss < 3.5 mL. After adding 2% - 5% YRZ into the basic formula of synthetic based drilling fluid, the permeability recovery value exceeds 90% and the reservoir protection effect is excellent. The new synthetic deepwater drilling fluid is expected to have a good application prospect in offshore deepwater drilling.

深海多金属结核集矿装置水力输送流场分析与试验

对深海多金属结核集矿装置水力输送流场进行了理论计算,得到了多金属结核粒径与输送通道最小输送速度的关系;仿真分析了喷嘴射流速度分别为15、20、25 m/s时输送通道内水流流态分布,给出了流道下表面30 mm处的流速。在实验室进行了输送喷嘴不同射流速度的采集试验,实验结果与理论计算及仿真分析结果相符。