Gas-solid coupling laws for deep high-gas coal seams

A better understanding of gas-solid coupling laws for deep, gassy coal seams is vital for preventing the compound dynamic disasters such as rock burst and gas outburst. In this paper, a gas-solid coupling theoretical model under the influence of ground stress, gas pressure, and mining depth is established and simulated by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Research results indicate that under the influence of factors such as high ground stress and gas pressure, the mutual coupling interaction between coal and gas is much more significant, which leads to the emergence of new characteristics of gas compound dynamic disasters. Reducing the ground stress concentration in front of the working face can not only minimize the possibility of rock burst accidents, which are mainly caused by ground stress, but also can weaken the role of ground stress as a barrier to gas, thereby decreasing the number of outburst accidents whose dominant factor is gas. The results have a great theoretical and practical significance in terms of accident prevention, enhanced mine safety, disaster prevention system design, and improved accident emergency plans.

Soft–strong supporting mechanism of gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst

When gob-side entry retaining is implemented in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst, the cementbased supporting body beside roadway will bear greater roof pressure and strong impact load. Then the supporting body may easily deform and fail because of its low strength in the early stage. This paper established the roadside support mechanical model of gob-side entry retaining. Based on this model,we proposed and used the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support in the gob-side entry retaining. In the early stage of roof movement, the soft–strong supporting body has a better compressibility, which can not only relieve roof pressure and strong impact load, but also reduce the supporting resistance and prevent the supporting body from being crushed. In the later stage, with the increase of the strength of the supporting body, it can better support the overlying roof. The numerical simulation results and industrial test show that the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support can be better applied into the gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst.

Gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams and its application

In order to obtain a gas seepage law of deep mined coal seams, according to the properties of coalbed methane seepage in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields, the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams with the Klinkenberg effect was obtained by confirming the coalbed methane permeability in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields. Aimed at the condition in which the coal seams have or do not have an outcrop and outlet on the ground, the application of the gas seepage equa- tion of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields on the gas pressure calculation of deep mined coal seams was investigated. The comparison between calculated and measured results indicates that the calculation method of gas pressure, based on the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields can accu- rately be identical with the measured values and theoretically perfect the calculation method of gas pressure of deep mined coal seams.

Application of deep borehole blasting on fully mechanized hard top-coal pre-splitting and gas extraction in the special thick seam

In order to solve the problems of top-coal inadequate destruction and large amounts of gas emission in mining extra thick and hard coal seam,this study investigated the pre-splitting for deep borehole blasting and gas pre-draining technologies on top coal.The mechanism of the technologies was systematically expounded based on hard top-coal cracks development obtained by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis.The results show that explosive blasting in the hard rock results in a large number of cracks and large displacement in the rock mass due to the effect of explosion stress.Meanwhile,the thick top-coal caves,and desorbing gas flows along the cracks improve gas extraction.Finally,the pre-splitting for deep borehole blasting and gas pre-draining technologies was applied in No.3802 working face of Shui Liandong Coal Mine,which increases monthly output in the face to 67.34 kt and the drained gas concentration to 86.2%.The drained gas average concentration from each borehole reaches 40%,and the effect is remarkable.

Numerical simulation and experiment analysis of improving permeability by deep-hole presplitting explosion in high gassy and low permeability coal seam

Created a new damage model for explosive for LS-DYNA3D,taking advantageof the Taylor method aimed at the high gassy and low permeability coal seam,and numericallysimulated and analyzed the deep-hole presplitting explosion.The entire processof explosion was represented,including cracks caused by dynamic pressure,transmissionand vibration superposition of stress waves,as well as cracks growth driven by gas generatedby explosion.The influence of the cracks generated in the process of explosion andthe performance of improving permeability caused by the difference of interval between.explosive holes were analyzed.A reasonable interval between explosive holes of deepholepresplitting explosions in high gassy and low permeability coal seams was proposed,and the resolution of gas drainage in high gassy and low permeability coal seam was putforward.

Prediction and control of rock burst of coal seam contacting gas in deep mining

By analyzing the characteristics and the production mechanism of rock burstthat goes with abnormal gas emission in deep coal seams,the essential method of eliminatingabnormal gas emission by eliminating the occurrence of rock burst or depressingthe magnitude of rock burst was considered.The No.237 working face was selected asthe typical working face contacting gas in deep mining;aimed at this working face,a systemof rock burst prediction and control for coal seam contacting gas in deep mining wasestablished.This system includes three parts:① regional prediction of rock burst hazardbefore mining,② local prediction of rock burst hazard during mining,and ③ rock burstcontrol.

Analysis and Design Innovation on Underground Gasifier for Medium-Deep Coal Seam

Over the past 80 years,dozens of underground coal gasification(UCG)mine field tests have been carried out around the world.However,in the early days,only a small number of shallow UCG projects in the former Soviet Union achieved commercialised production.In this century,a few pilot projects in Australia also achieved short-term small-scale commercialised production using modern UCG technology.However,the commercialisation of UCG,especially medium-deep UCG projects with good development prospects but difficult underground engineering conditions,has not progressed smoothly around the world.Considering investment economy,a single gasifier must realise a high daily output and accumulated output,as well as hold a long gasification tunnel to control a large number of coal resources.However,a long gasification tunnel can easily be affected by blockages and failure,for which the remedial solutions are difficult and expensive,which greatly restricts the investment economy.The design of the underground gasifier determines the success or failure of UCG projects,and it also requires the related petroleum engineering technology.Combining the advantages of the linear horizontal well(L-CRIP)and parallel horizontal well(P-CRIP),this paper proposes a new design scheme for an“inclined ladder”underground gasifier.That is to say,the combination of the main shaft of paired P-CRIP and multiple branch horizontal well gasification tunnels is adopted to realise the control of a large number of coal resources in a single gasifier.The completion of the main shaft by well cementation is beneficial for maintaining the integrity of the main shaft and the stability of the main structure.The branch horizontal well is used as the gasification tunnel,but the length and number of retracting injection points are limited,effectively reducing the probability of blockage or failure.The branch horizontal well spacing can be adjusted flexibly to avoid minor faults and large cracks,which is conducive to increasing the resource utilisation rate.In addition,for multi-layer thin coal seams or ultra-thick coal seams,a multi-layer gasifier sharing vertical well sections can be deployed,thereby saving investment on the vertical well sections.Through preliminary analysis,this gasifier design scheme can be realised in engineering,making it suitable for largescale deployment where it can increase the resource utilisation rate and ensure stable and controllable operations.The new gasifier has outstanding advantages in investment economy,and good prospects for application in the commercial UCG projects of medium-deep coal seams.

Application of A New Anchor Cable Mounting Rod in the Lower Soft Coal Seam of Splitting and Merging Coal

To obtain the deep displacement of the coal seam in the working face,multi-point displacements were installed in the coal seam, but the installation of multi-point displacement is differen tunder different geological conditions. This paper is based on the splitting and merging of 7_1 coal and 7_2 coal in Huaibei Mining(Group) Co., Ltd., and analyzes properties of the roof andcoal in the 7_2 coal of the lower coal seam of bifurcation area, and calculates the damage depth of the floor in the process of 7_1 coal mining. The multi-point displacement meter installation is often challenged by hole collapse, stuck pole and broken installation rod in 7_2 coal of the soft coal seam of bifurcation area, as a result, the base points can't be installed in the specified location. In view of this, this paper adopts a new anchor cable mounting rod which can install the whole base points to the specified location without stuck pole or broken mounting stem. All the basic displacement data can be obtained, and the law of mine pressure appearance in stope and tunnel can be accurately controlled, which can be used to maintain the stability of roadway and the safety of stope.

鄂尔多斯盆地神木–佳县区块深部煤层气地质特征及勘探开发潜力

我国深部(以下均指埋深大于2000 m)煤层气资源丰富,勘探开发潜力巨大。与中浅部相比,深部煤层气在富集成藏规律与开发方式方面均具有显著的差异性,急需针对重点区块开展解剖性分析研究。神木–佳县区块位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部,目前尚处于深部煤层气勘探的起步阶段,深部煤层气富集特征及开发潜力等尚不明确。基于研究区近期实施的地震资料、300余口井的测井资料和4口取心井的参数资料等,系统分析煤储层基础地质特征,总结煤层气富集主控因素与富集规律,类比剖析研究区深部煤层气勘探开发潜力。研究区深8号煤的镜质体反射率介于0.7%~1.8%,大部分区域煤层演化已处于热解生气高峰,区域上煤层净煤厚度高达7~8 m,煤层发育稳定,构造相对简单、水动力封闭性较强、顶底板封盖条件较好,为煤层气大面积连续成藏提供了优越条件,其中佳县南区的煤层气资源条件最好。与鄂尔多斯盆地东部其他区块深部煤层相比,研究区煤层中游离气占比明显更高(15.21%~46.47%),煤层中吸附气主要受吸附压力封存控制,而游离气受毛管力封闭与浮力重力分异双重控制,两种封存机制共同决定了深部煤层含气量的垂向分带与平面分区,以佳县南部为例总结了吸附气吸附压力主控、游离气毛管压力封闭与重力分异耦合控制的典型深部煤层气富集模式。与临兴区块和大宁–吉县区块类比分析结果表明,神木–佳县区块具有较好的煤层气资源基础、储层改造条件和高产潜力,预示了此区块深部煤层气规模化开发的美好前景。此外,大宁–吉县区块深部属典型的高煤阶煤,而神木–佳县深部为中煤阶煤,因此,该研究认识进一步丰富完善了深部煤层气富集理论,对于全国深部煤层气勘探开发实践有重要指示意义。

煤炭原位开发地质保障

“双碳”目标下,面对“缺油、少气、相对富煤”的资源禀赋特征,煤炭在一段时期内仍占据中国的主体能源地位,但煤炭的低碳、清洁开发转型势在必行。地下原位热解、气化、干馏、制氢等方式有望成为未来煤炭开发的重要抓手。当前对煤炭原位开发已有较多探索,但地质选址和开发过程的地质安全性、可靠性和环保性仍是制约其规模化和商业化的科学难题。因此,煤炭原位开发地质保障的理论和技术研究亟待深入。秉持“安全、经济、环保、可持续”原则,从煤炭资源禀赋特征和地质条件出发,分析了煤炭原位开发研究现状;基于煤炭开发全生命周期的科学理念,提出了“煤炭原位开发地质保障”的科学内涵;在查明采前地质条件的基础上,从物理机制角度揭示深部原位开发过程中围岩地质体响应特征和损害规律,阐明原位开发中岩体工程地质力学行为,构建原位开发地质条件动态评价模型,形成原位开发减损保障策略和方法,提出原位开发空间的再利用途径,并以煤炭地下气化和地下热解2种开发模式为例阐述了原位开发阶段性,明确了原位开发区设计的地质条件要素,强调开发过程中实时动态监测和评价围岩地质体响应保证开发区密封性与安全性,实现地质条件时空演化的评价及地质风险可控性,此外注重协同开发深部热能与共伴生资源,实现残余资源利用和地下空间再利用。煤炭原位地质保障研究体现了资源赋存条件、地质环境约束、原位开发技术、地质风险防控、资源协同开发等层面的要求,突出了原位扰动条件下的地质条件变化,强调开发扰动与地质体结构的整体研究,理解原位开发时空效应范畴的多相场耦合损伤机制,从多圈层角度揭示原位开发扰动效应下地质风险模式,破解资源开发与地质环境制约之间矛盾,对于推动未来煤炭低碳开发,实现煤炭工业高质量发展具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。

深部煤层地下气化选址研究——以东胜气田J148地区为例

从地质构造、水文地质、煤层气化适用性等角度,系统研究了东胜气田J148地区中生界侏罗系中下统延安组延9煤层地下气化的可行性,并探讨了利用深部煤层气化燃空区孔隙层、含水层及该区致密气层进行碳封存的前景。研究结果表明,该区延9煤层埋深1 264~1 285 m、倾角小于1°,煤层稳定性好。气化目标选区内地层断层、节理裂隙不发育,偶有裂隙但断面新鲜、闭合,煤层气化后空腔有较好的密闭性,对煤炭地下气化影响小,有利于气化炉的建设和扩展,可满足规模化煤炭地下气化项目实施。延9煤层顶底板存在连续的隔水层,能阻截地下水对煤层直接充水,有利于地下气化炉布置;顶板隔水层厚度小于导水裂隙带高度,存在垮落导通顶板含水层间接充水的风险,但顶板含水层属弱富水含水层,涌水量小,风险可控;底板隔水层厚度大于隔水层的安全厚度,能有效阻截煤层底板含水层对煤层直接充水的风险。总体而言,延9煤层厚度适中、夹矸少,属低灰、低硫、高热值不黏煤,煤焦反应活性高,具有良好开发前景。针对深部煤层规模化气化开采产生大量的CO_(2)排放,初步探讨了利用煤层燃空区、顶底板含水层和下部致密天然气层进行CO_(2)安全封存可行性。分析认为,在延9煤层气化燃空区孔隙层和顶底板含水层中,可封存煤层气化产生的CO_(2)的60.8%~88.2%;若结合东胜气田上古生界致密天然气开发,用煤气化产生CO_(2)进行天然气驱替与封存,有望实现深部煤层气化开采过程近零碳排放。

深部煤层近井激光热裂机理及工艺参数优化

中国深部煤层气资源丰富,是煤层气进一步开发的重要领域,但深部煤层气地质条件复杂,具有低孔、超低渗特征。在钻井过程中,钻井液进入储层易造成近井污染,常规水力压裂技术趋于在最大水平主应力方向造缝,全井眼的解堵困难。激光热裂技术具有短时间破裂岩石、同时通过机械设备调控能自由改变激光照射角度,形成径向裂缝、解决近井污染等优势。使用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立激光热裂煤层模型,探讨激光热裂机理及激光工艺参数的影响。分析裂缝长度与数量的变化规律,优选出解决现场近井污染区域的最佳激光参数。结果表明:(1)激光照射热裂煤层是使煤层表面存在温差而产生热应力导致煤层破裂。(2)裂缝数量与激光功率、激光照射煤层的时间呈正相关,激光功率由400 W增大到1000 W时,裂缝数量由10条增加到37条;激光功率600 W时,照射时间由1 s增至15 s,裂缝数量由24条增至36条;裂缝数量与激光频率呈负相关,随着激光照射煤层距离增大先增大后减小,照射距离为10 cm时产生裂缝数量最多。(3)裂缝长度与激光功率、照射煤层时间以及激光频率呈正相关,与照射煤层距离呈负相关,其中激光照射时间影响最明显,照射时间1 s时裂缝长度为1.52 mm,照射时间增加到5 s时裂缝长度激增为57.6 mm。以陕西韩城深部取心样品为例,激光热裂深部煤层2 m范围内的近井污染最佳激光功率为20 kW,最佳激光照射时间为2280 s。相较于水力压裂,激光热裂煤层能形成更加复杂的裂缝,但形成的裂缝长度较小,实际应用中,建议将水力压裂技术与激光热裂技术相结合,以实现解堵和增渗的目的。

深埋倾斜特厚煤层窄煤柱护巷机理与围岩控制

我国中东部地区采深大、巷道变形和冲击风险大,窄煤柱沿空掘巷技术可改善巷道围岩环境。为掌握窄煤柱护巷机理并形成针对性围岩控制技术体系,以800 m埋深倾斜特厚煤层3 m窄煤柱沿空掘巷为背景,开展了理论分析、现场实测及数值模拟研究,结果表明:①该巷围岩破碎程度及变形煤柱侧比实体煤侧严重,煤柱破碎程度及变形采空区侧比巷道侧大,尽管埋深大,但已稳定采空区承担较大覆岩载荷,高应力已充分向深部岩体分流;②巷道变形非对称,实体煤侧顶板下沉量比煤柱侧大,巷帮以浅部变形为主,煤柱帮上部和实体煤帮中部变形较大;③采空区是掘巷卸荷后主要的形变通道,利于形变能向采空区缓释、降低冲击风险;④卸压区形状由掘巷前三角形扩展为掘巷后平行四边形,掘巷后应力集中区转移至实体煤帮右上方实体煤岩体中;⑤窄煤柱一次和二次剪切破坏的交界面及掘巷右上方实体高应力区为围岩关键控制区,据此提出基于煤柱多重塑性破坏区发育规律的煤柱加固和高应力区精准卸压联合的围岩控制技术体系。研究可为邻近工作面以及其他类似深埋倾斜特厚煤层开采提供理论支撑和科学依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘深煤层用一体化变黏压裂液研究及应用

结合深煤层大规模压裂开发工艺要求,研发了一套一体化变黏压裂液体系,该压裂液体系由乳液稠化剂、多功能添加剂等组成,可通过调整乳液稠化剂的浓度实时调整为低黏-中黏-高黏滑溜水体系。实验测试表明,该压裂液体系在速溶、增黏、降阻、耐剪切性等方面表现优异:速溶时间20~30 s;在剪切速率为1 s^(-1)→1000 s^(-1)→1 s^(-1)下表观黏度基本不变;流动剪切下降阻率>70%且变化不大。此外,该体系具有较低的表面张力和较好的防膨性能,表现为对煤岩具有较小的岩心伤害率。配合体积改造压裂工艺,在在鄂尔多斯盆地深煤层压裂开发中得到规模化应用,增产效果良好。

可变粘压裂液研究及在深煤层中应用

针对深煤层压裂开发需要,研发一套可变粘压裂液体系,通过粘度、降阻率、表面张力、界面张力等指标优选构建了低粘-中粘-高粘滑溜水体系,并对体系滤失性能、破胶性能和岩心伤害性能进行了评价。实验结果表明:随着体系粘度增加,降阻率先增加后降低;高粘度有助于降低滤失。通过调节破胶剂用量实现破胶可控,对煤岩具有较小的岩心伤害率。配合体积改造压裂工艺,可有效助力深煤层开发。优选的可变粘压裂液具有较好的推广和应用前景。

深煤层气井低伤害完井液分析

深煤层气井的开采通常是采用水敏损害的完井液,但这类完井液存在着严重的伤害问题,对煤层气井的开采效率有着不利影响。在煤层气开采过程中,需要不断向井底注入液体,在注入过程中不可避免地会对煤层造成一定的伤害。从深煤层气井开采过程中出现的问题出发,对煤层气井中常见的完井液进行了分析和讨论,并在此基础上提出了相应的低伤害完井液方案。分析结果表明:低伤害完井液能有效降低深井煤层气开采过程中出现的问题。

中国海油低渗及非常规油气藏储层改造技术进展及展望

中国海上低渗及非常规油气开发存在产能低、投资大、操作费用高、收益较低及单井经济任务重等问题。经过技术攻关,中国海油形成了平台压裂、钻井船压裂和拖轮压裂等海上储层改造作业模式,研发出集海上低渗储层改造液体系、海上控水支撑剂技术、低渗储层压裂管柱设计和海上储层改造监测技术为一体的海上低渗储层改造技术,以及适用于陆上深煤层大规模压裂技术。本文综述了中国海上低渗油气储层改造技术及陆上深煤层大规模压裂技术研究进展,展望了未来储层改造重点发展方向,对推动中国海油低渗及非常规油气开发技术进步有重要指导意义。

深部特厚煤层综放沿空掘巷煤柱优化及巷道支护

为研究深部大采高综放工作面窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道矿压控制问题,以国能宁煤集团枣泉煤矿2^(-2)特厚煤层130203大采高综放工作面回风巷道为背景,基于实用矿山压力理论,建立了巷道围岩内、外应力场动态结构力学模型,运用理论计算和数值计算针对不同尺寸煤柱煤体应力对比分析,将原留设15 m护巷煤柱缩小至5 m进行了煤柱优化。结果表明:在稳定的内应力场掘巷有利于巷道的稳定性,避免了顶板事故及冲击地压相关灾害的发生,现场5 m小煤柱护巷工程应用中,130203回风巷道小煤柱侧变形量为1050 mm,实体煤帮变形量为400 mm,两帮呈现不对称性变形,底板局部底鼓量为1400 mm;深部特厚煤层综放开采沿空掘巷采用5 m小煤柱护巷方案设计正确,极大改善了巷道围岩的应力环境,整体设计满足生产要求,现场应用良好。130203工作面小煤柱沿空掘巷技术成功应用,为矿井开采提供了可靠的科学依据。