Rockburst criterion and evaluation method for potential rockburst pit depth considering excavation damage effect

Excavation-induced disturbances in deep tunnels will lead to deterioration of rock properties and formation of excavation damaged zone(EDZ).This excavation damage effect may affect the potential rockburst pit depth.Taking two diversion tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station for example,the relationship between rockburst pit depth and excavation damage effect is first surveyed.The results indicate that the rockburst pit depth in tunnels with severe damage to rock masses is relatively large.Subsequently,the excavation-induced damage effect is characterized by disturbance factor D based on the Hoek-Brown criterion and wave velocity method.It is found that the EDZ could be further divided into a high-damage zone(HDZ)with D=1 and weak-damage zone(WDZ),and D decays from one to zero linearly.For this,a quantitative evaluation method for potential rockburst pit depth is established by presenting a three-element rockburst criterion considering rock strength,geostress and disturbance factor.The evaluation results obtained by this method match well with actual observations.In addition,the weakening of rock mass strength promotes the formation and expansion of potential rockburst pits.The potential rockburst pit depth is positively correlated with HDZ and WDZ depths,and the HDZ depth has a significant contribution to the potential rockburst pit depth.

Numerical analyses of influence of overlying pit excavation on existing tunnels

The response of existing tunnel due to overlying excavation was studied using 2D FEM (Finite element method). Three typical locations of tunnel with respect to excavation, namely at the central line under the excavation bottom, directly under the base of diaphragm wall and outside of diaphragm, were considered. The variation of tunnel response with the change of location of tunnel was analyzed. The stress path of soil surrounding tunnel during the process of excavation was compared. Numerical analysis results indicate that the underlying tunnels at different locations under the excavation will experience convergence and divergence due to overlying excavation. Moreover, the tunnel located below base of diaphragm wall will experience distortion. The deformation is mainly due to the uneven changes of ground contact pressure on tunnel linings. Both the vertical and horizontal displacement of the tunnel decrease with the increase of the tunnel embedded depth beneath the formation of excavation.

Deformation Control of Deep Excavation Pit and Numerical Simulation with Finite Element Method

The authors firstly introduce deformation control of deep excavation pit indetail, and then put forward new conceptions such as: effective coefficient of excavation pit,effective area, ineffective area and critical line, and also put forward the referential criteria ofdeformation control. The System of Optimization Design with Deformation Control of Deep ExcavationPit and Numerical Simulation with Finite Element Method (SDCDEFEM) is also briefly introduced.Factors influencing deformation of excavation pit are analyzed by the system. The measured andsimulated data of maximum deformations (settlement, displacement and upheaval) and their positionsare analyzed and discussed. The statistic formula estimating maximum deformations and theirpositions was gained, and economical-effective measures of deformation control were brought forward.

Construction Technology and Safety Risk Control Measures of Deep Foundation Pit Excavation

Deep foundation pit excavation is a basic and key step involved in modern building construction.In order to ensure the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits,this paper takes a project as an example to analyze deep foundation pit excavation technology,including the nature of this construction project,the main technical measures in the construction of deep foundation pit,and the analysis of the safety risk prevention and control measures.The purpose of this analysis is to provide scientific reference for the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits.

Deep Foundation Pit Excavations Adjacent to Disconnected Piled Rafts: A Review on Risk Control Practice

Foundation pit excavation engineering is an old subject full of decision making. Yet, it still deserves further research due to the associated high failure cost and the complexity of the geological conditions and/or the surrounding existing infrastructure around it. This article overviews the risk control practice of foundation pit excavation projects in close proximity to existing disconnected piled raft. More focus is given to geotechnical aspects. The review begins with achievements to ensure excavation performance requirements, and follows to discuss the complex soil structure interaction involved among the fundamental components: the retaining wall, mat, piles, cushion, and the soil. After bringing consensus points to practicing engineers and decision makers, it then suggests possible future research directions.

The Second Pit of Qinshihnang's Terra-cotta Army Undergoes Excavation

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基坑开挖对管桩竖向承载性状影响研究

针对基坑开挖引起管桩挤土效应的弱化,以及挤土效应弱化对管桩承载性质影响问题,开展了室内模型试验,并通过对模型试验进行数值建模,验证了数值模型的可靠性。在此基础上,从桩长、桩间距、桩侧摩阻力系数对开挖卸荷影响下管桩基础承载性状的影响展开研究。结果表明:开挖卸荷对管桩承载特性造成较大影响,极限承载力对应桩顶沉降量提高54.5%;数值计算发现,卸载前后极限荷载所对应最大沉降差率为9.52%,满足工程精度要求,验证了所提数值模型的可靠性;数值计算结果表明,随桩长提高,最大桩身轴力位置不断上升,而中性点位置却不断下降;桩间距越小,开挖卸荷对桩身轴力影响越大,而对负摩阻力影响越小;摩阻力系数为0.3时,摩阻力系数对桩身轴力及桩侧摩阻力发挥敏感度最高。

Stability analysis of open-pit gold mine slopes and optimization of mining scheme in Inner Mongolia,China

The geological structure of the Changshanhao open-pit mine in Urad Middle Banner,Inner Mongolia,China is extremely complicated,and slope instability has frequently occurred in various forms,such as wedge sliding,bedding sliding,and toppling failure.In order to study the failure mechanisms of these slopes,the geological structure and mechanical rock properties were investigated based on field investigations and laboratory tests.Numerical models for the present mining area and final mining area of the original scheme were established to analyze slope stability.The results showed that the unique geomorphological characteristics of the mining area were generated by geological tectonism,and the north side of the stope is an anti-dip layered rock slope and the south side is a dip layered rock slope.Slope failure is the consequence of endogenic and exogenic integration,including physical and mechanical properties of the rock mass,geological structures such as faults and joints,and human-caused factors such as blasting and excavation disturbances.Then the original excavation scheme was redesigned mainly by optimizing the slope angle and decreasing the final mining depth to maintain slope stability.Finally,the Monte Carlo method was used to analyze the reliability of the slope angle optimization scheme.The open-pit mine excavation plan that meets the stability requirements was obtained eventually.

软土地区基坑前排倾斜双排桩支护现场试验及工作机理

基坑倾斜桩支护大幅提高了无支撑支护结构的适用深度,具有造价低、施工便捷、绿色低碳、变形控制好等特点,然而目前研究多集中在单排倾斜桩,对前排倾斜双排桩支护的试验、理论与应用的研究均较少。针对前排倾斜双排桩支护基坑开展了现场试验,同时采用有限元方法分别从前排斜桩、桩顶连梁及桩间土体作用3个方面深入探究了前排倾斜双排桩支护的工作机理,进一步分析了直斜桩长度和排距对前排倾斜双排桩支护结构受力变形性能的影响。结果表明,相比传统竖直双排桩,前排倾斜双排桩支护结构的支护性能显著提升,前排斜桩主要发挥“斜撑”作用,连梁主要起到将直斜桩及冠梁连接成一个空间刚架的作用,桩间土体能够提高桩土摩阻力,进而有效减小前排倾斜双排桩变形。研究成果有助于前排倾斜双排桩的推广和应用。

开挖顺序及内支撑早期刚度对软土基坑稳定性影响规律

深基坑开挖变形控制是软土基坑工程的难题,工程中常采用密集的混凝土内支撑来提高支撑刚度,然而实际工程中未能合理考虑软土深基坑的开挖顺序和混凝土内支撑早期刚度影响,往往导致基坑实际变形远大于设计值。结合珠三角水资源配置工程的软土深基坑,利用验证后的数值模拟方法研究了不同开挖顺序及混凝土内支撑早期刚度对基坑受力和变形特性的影响规律,得出了分层分区非对称开挖和对称开挖对地连墙水平位移和地表沉降的影响规律。结果表明:尽管非对称开挖会造成基坑两侧的地连墙位移和地表沉降差异,但是密集内支撑条件下非对称开挖比对称开挖对于基坑周围地表沉降和地连墙水平位移影响更小并能够大量节约工期;受混凝土内支撑早期刚度影响,施作内支撑后越早进入下一步开挖,地连墙水平位移和周围地表沉降越大;考虑内支撑早期刚度影响时基坑上部的内支撑轴力会增大,而下部的内支撑轴力会减小,早期刚度越小,这种趋势越明显;现场施工时难以实时动态监测混凝土的弹性模量,极易造成内支撑轴力的早期监测数据失真,甚至给工程带来错误决策。

基于Midas GTS的某近海深基坑开挖三维有限元数值模拟分析

为研究近海深基坑在桩锚支护体系下土体开挖变形规律,考虑水流渗透作用,运用Midas GTS对某深基坑开挖过程进行模拟,并结合已有资料进行分析。结果表明:该深基坑开挖后的第一步为最危险施工步,桩顶土体最大位移为13.97 mm,越往下开挖支护体系越完善,位移变化越小,实际监测最大位移值为15.36 mm;整个等效地连墙在钢腰梁与锚索位置处向基坑内部变形收缩程度最大,为6.6 mm,符合实际变形规律。Midas GTS能有针对性地指导现实施工阶段,可为基坑监测布置设置点提供参考价值。

Assessment of the Safety Impacts of a Pit Construction on the Neighboring Subway

In order to study the impact of pit excavation on the adjacent existing subway structure,the safety impact assessment of a project was carried out using project under construction near the subway as the engineering background.The results show that the new pit construction will produce some additional deformation on the existing subway interval structure,the deformation values are within the permissible range for safe operation.Through analysis of the results,the risk point rating of the pit adjacent to the interval is level 2.In general,the impacts of the pit construction on the neighboring subway structure are less than the specification limits.

软土地层临近地铁基坑施工影响控制研究

随着城市地铁沿线地下空间的持续开发,基坑施工对临近地铁变形影响控制越来越受到关注。以上海某邻近地铁的基坑工程为例,通过实测分析和数值计算的方法研究了基坑开挖和拆撑对临近隧道变形的影响,并对伺服系统控制临近隧道变形进行定量分析。结果表明:覆存于软土地层中的隧道对临近施工扰动非常敏感,尽管大区基坑与隧道间距超过2.5倍开挖深度,隧道变形仍超过了监护要求的控制值;大区地下结构施工时拆撑对隧道收敛变形影响超过开挖影响的50%;应力伺服支撑系统对控制临近隧道变形比较有效,适当的“负位移”可以对隧道变形产生有利效果。

天津地铁某车站基坑开挖前降水试验研究

为了验证基坑围护结构的隔水能力,预判降水施工对周边环境的影响,通过天津地铁某车站基坑开挖之前的降水试验,明确造成潜水层和第一承压水层水位下降的主要原因;对该车站基坑地下连续墙水平位移、地表沉降、附近建筑物沉降情况进行了分析,认为提高地下连续墙施工质量和避免一次性降水深度过大能有效控制降水对周边环境的影响。

基坑开挖对在建道路的影响及加固措施

目的 分析基坑开挖对围护结构和在建道路的影响,探究保证基坑和道路结构稳定的加固措施。方法 以杭州市某基坑与在建道路交叉施工为工程背景,进行三维有限元建模,对基坑开挖和道路振动施工全过程进行模拟。结果 在道路振动施工作用下,基坑围护结构最大水平位移为5.26 mm;基坑开挖完成后,基坑围护结构的水平变形和道路的竖向变形均较大,须采用加固措施控制围护结构和道路的变形。结论 在基坑全部卸荷后,采用斜撑和增加支撑预应力综合加固措施与未采用加固措施相比,CX20监测点的最大水平位移和道路最大沉降分别减小了28.97%和35.34%,变形控制效果显著。

基坑开挖卸荷对下卧隧道压力拱的影响研究

城市地下空间的开发与利用日益增多,运营的城市隧道周边不可避免地需要开挖,而隧道上方基坑的开挖卸荷对既有隧道压力拱的形成存在较大影响。针对前人研究,总结了基坑开挖3种卸荷比模型,并依据压力拱内外边界判别方法,通过数值模拟研究了基坑开挖卸荷对下卧隧道压力拱形成的影响作用。结果表明:隧道拱顶岩土体受到上方基坑两侧岩土体侧压力的综合作用,相较于一维卸荷比N 1,二维卸荷比N 2与压力拱边界的相关性更为显著。基于基坑开挖对下卧隧道压力拱形成的影响分析,提出了基坑开挖卸荷的工程影响分区,即一般影响区、次要影响区、显著影响区、强烈影响区;基坑开挖宽度L不大于D且基坑开挖深度h小于0.15H时,视为一般影响区;基坑开挖宽度L不大于D且基坑开挖深度h介于0.15H与0.225H之间时,视为显著影响区;基坑开挖宽度L大于D且其二维卸荷比N 2小于0.33时,视为次要影响区;基坑开挖的二维卸荷比N 2不小于0.33时,视为强烈影响区。

基于离心机和数值模拟的深基坑开挖支护结构受力和变形研究

依据实际基坑开挖和支护结构工程特性进行模型概化,得出适合的离心模型试验方案,采用离心模型试验分析超深基坑开挖过程支护结构工程的受力和变形分布规律特征。同时建立三维有限元模型对圆形基坑开挖过程中支护结构的变形进行数值模拟,并将试验和数值计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:支护结构水平位移模式为两头小,中间大的“涨肚型变形”;并且随着基坑深度的加深,地下连续墙水平位移最大值点逐渐下移;地表沉降呈凹槽形沉降形式,随着开挖的进行,沉降槽底部向着远离基坑的方向发展;地连墙背后土压力变化值呈非线性,开挖初期,土压力沿深度变化很小,但随着开挖的进行,土压力变化量逐渐增大;数值分析与离心模型试验的开挖支护结构变形特征结果较相近。研究成果可为基坑开挖设计切实有效的支护结构提供科学依据。

基于非极限土压力的基坑开挖引起隧道变形的计算方法

由于基坑开挖引起邻近隧道变形,继而影响地铁在隧道中的安全运行,因此如何准确预测邻近隧道变形是个值得研究的问题。根据非极限土压力计算方法,计算基坑开挖卸荷坑壁上的土压力,利用Mindlin求解公式,获得基坑开挖阶段旁侧隧道上的附加荷载,将隧道结构看作Winkler地基梁上的Euler梁,建立弹性地基梁微分方程,给出隧道水平位移变形的解析方法。基于该方法分析了基坑开挖引起邻近隧道的水平位移。研究结果表明:随着基坑开挖深度的增加,隧道水平位移相应增加;考虑非极限土压力计算得到的隧道水平位移结果与实测值较为接近,误差总体保持在20%以内;相较于传统隧道水平位移求解方法,笔者方法更加符合实际。

基坑开挖对下卧地铁隧道结构的扰动效应分析

为准确评估基坑开挖对正下方地铁隧道结构的扰动效应,依托某高速公路明挖基坑与地铁盾构隧道交叉工程,建立三维精细化有限元模型分析基坑开挖不同阶段对地铁隧道结构变形与受力的扰动特征,并结合现场监测结果对比验证“MJS工法+三轴水泥搅拌桩”地基加固、钻孔灌注桩联合水泥土挡墙、门式加固+抗浮板+反压箱和盆式开挖等组合加固措施的变形控制效果。结果表明:(1)基坑底部中间部位的“卸荷效应”最显著,是基坑开挖变形控制的关键部位;地铁隧道纵向中间断面的隆起变形量最大可达4.55 mm,靠近基坑开挖边缘位置的隧道结构隆起变形量一般为1~2 mm,处于基坑开挖边界以外的地铁隧道隆起变形不到1 mm;(2)受MJS工法、围护桩、立柱桩等施工扰动,基坑加固阶段地铁隧道结构产生微小隆起变形,随着后续基坑开挖的持续卸荷,地铁隧道结构隆起变形不断增大;隧道纵断面隆起变形呈对称分布,隧道横断面隆起变形呈“M”形分布,不同测线的变形曲线形态有所差别,这与隧道轴线与基坑开挖边界斜交角度有一定的关系;(3)左线、右线盾构隧道现场实测隆起变形最大值分别为5.35 mm和5.16 mm,核心影响区隧道水平收敛表现为向内收缩,非核心影响区隧道水平收敛表现为向外扩张;同时现场巡查未发现地铁隧道出现结构病害,表明采取的基坑变形控制加固措施是合理可行的。研究结果对于基坑开挖近接既有隧道结构的变形控制与加固措施的选择具有重要的参考价值。

盖挖法地铁基坑施工对围护结构及其与立柱差异沉降影响

本文依托武汉地铁12号线中一路站基坑工程,采用Plaxis3D有限元软件建立数值模型,研究不同施工阶段地连墙水平位移、地表沉降和地连墙与立柱差异沉降的影响及变化规律;与明挖法相比,采用主体结构多次分段浇筑并架设内支撑方法对原方案进行优化分析。结果表明:随着基坑的开挖,地连墙水平位移和地表沉降逐渐增大,而地连墙与立柱的差异沉降呈现波动变化;与明挖法进行对比,盖挖法可有效控制基坑变形和降低对周边环境的影响;随着分段浇筑的层数和支撑道数的增加,基坑变形有减小的趋势,地连墙与立柱的差异沉降依旧呈现波动变化,当每个楼板间分3层浇筑且中间架设两道撑时,地连墙最大水平位移可减少22.47%左右,最大地表沉降可减少19.01%左右,本文得到的结论可为类似工程的设计和施工提供参考。