A Study of the Method for the Recognition of Anomalies in Geochemical Hydrocarbon Exploration

The greatest difficulties in recognizing geochemical hydrocarbon anomalies are: (1) how to objectively and accurately separate anomalies from background; (2) how to distinguish hydrocarbon pool related apical anomalies from lateral anomalies controlled by faults; and (3) how to eliminate interferences. These uncertainties are serious obstacles for the wide acceptance and use of geochemical techniques in hydrocarbon exploration. In this paper, the features of hydrocarbon anomalies were analyzed based on the micro migration mechanisms. In most cases, there are two anomalous populations or point groups, which are produced by two distinct mechanisms: (1) a population that directly reflects oil and gas fields, and (2) one that is related to structures such as faults. Statistical studies show that background anomalous populations and the boundaries between them can be described by the population means, prior probabilities, which are the proportions of population sizes, and covariance matrices, when background and anomalous populations have normal distributions. When this normality condition is met, a series of formulas can be derived. The method is designed on the basis of these allows: (1) univariate anomaly recognition, (2) elimination of interferences, (3) multivariate anomaly recognition, and (4) multivariate anomaly combination which depicts a more representative picture of morphology of the anomalous target than individual anomalies. The univariate and multivariate anomaly recognition can not only separate anomalies from background objectively, but also simultaneously distinguish the two types of anomalies objectively. This method was applied to the hydrocarbon data in Yangshuiwu region, Hebei Province. The interferences from regional variation of background were eliminated, and the interpretation uncertainty was reduced greatly as the anomalous populations were separated. The method was also used in Daxing region within the confines of Beijing City, and Aershan and Jiergalangtu regions in Inner Mongolia.

Application of fractal content-gradient method for delineating geochemical anomalies associated with copper occurrences in the Yangla ore field,China

Fractal and multi-fractal content area method finds application in a wide variety of geological,geochemical and geophysical fields.In this study,the fractal content-gradient method was used on1：10,000 scale to delineate geochemical anomalies associated with copper mineralization.Analysis of geochemical data from the Yangla super large Cu-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore district using the fractal content-gradient method,combined with other geological data from this area,indicates that oreprospecting in the ore district should focus on Cu as the main metal and Pb-Zn and Au as the auxiliary metals.The types of deposits include（in chronological order） re-formed sedimentary exhalative（SEDEX）,skarns,porphyries,and hydrothermal vein-type deposits.Three ore-prospecting targets are divided on a S-N basis：（1） the Qulong exploration area,in which the targets are porphyry-type Cu deposits;（2） the Zongya exploration area,where the targets are porphyry-type Cu and hydrothermal vein-type Cu-Pb polymetallic deposits;and（3） the Zarelongma exploration area,characterized mainly skarn-type ＂Yangla-style＂ massive sulfide Cu-Pb deposits.Our study demonstrates that the fractal content-gradient method is convenient,simple,rapid,and direct for delineating geochemical anomalies and for outlining potential exploration targets.

Research and Application of New Methods to Oil-Gas Geochemical Exploration

Based on the results of researches and applications for many years, it has been discovered that new methods and techniques for geochemical exploration of oil and gas such as δC, altered carbonate, Hg in absorption phase, Ks, Fe2+, δ13C, fluorescence in two and three dimensions, and N2 and O2 in heat release can give full play in the following five fields: (1) optimization of the favourable target or hollow zones and structural zones in a region; (2) evaluation of oil traps and delineation of prospective oil and gas areas; (3) prediction of deep-seated oil-bearing horizons; (4) evaluation of the genesis of oil and gas geochemical anomalies and determination of the types of oil and gas accumulations; (5) forecast of the burial depths of oil and gas pools.

Comparison of U-spatial Statistics Method with Classical Statistics Results in the Determination of Geochemical Anomalies of Epithermal Gold in Khoshnameh Area, Hashtjin, Iran

In this study,methods based on the distribution model(with and without personal opinion)were used for the separation of anomalous zones,which include two different methods of U-spatial statistics and mean plus values of standard deviation(X+nS).The primary purpose is to compare the results of these methods with each other.To increase the accuracy of comparison,regional geochemical data were used where occurrences and mineralization zones of epithermal gold have been introduced.The study area is part of the Hashtjin geological map,which is structurally part of the folded and thrust belt and part of the Alborz Tertiary magmatic complex.Samples were taken from secondary lithogeochemical environments.Au element data concerning epithermal gold reserves were used to investigate the efficacy of these two methods.In the U-spatial statistics method,and criteria were used to determine the threshold,and in the method,the element enrichment index of the region rock units was obtained with grouping these units.The anomalous areas were identified by,and criteria.Comparison of methods was made considering the position of discovered occurrences and the occurrences obtained from these methods,the flexibility of the methods in separating the anomalous zones,and the two-dimensional spatial correlation of the three elements As,Pb,and Ag with Au element.The ability of two methods to identify potential areas is acceptable.Among these methods,it seems the method with criteria has a high degree of flexibility in separating anomalous regions in the case of epithermal type gold deposits.

Integrating Geochemical and Geophysical Method in Coexistence of Oil and Potassium to Identify K-rich Brine:Research and Application in Southwestern Sichuan

Lithology of Triassic in southwestern Sichuan is consistent with the whole basin,and there is no discussion about stratum division,the difference is stratum denudation which is made by the uplifting of Luzhou uplift,especially

The Study of Area-Concentration Fractal Method in Litho-Geochemical Data in Tanurjeh Area, Khorasan Province

Given the scientific progresses as well as the invention of new methods in exploration, it is necessary to conduct some re-investigations in several exploration zones. So, in the present research, geochemical data on Tanurjeh exploration zone, (located in Northern Neishaboor, Khorasane Razavi province) is studied by using some modern statistical methods. Fractal methods are appropriated to study and separate the grades societies in deposits. In this article, litho-geochemical analysis results (ICP) are processed by concentration area fractal method (CA). The distribution diagrams related to the statistical populations are drawn, and anomaly populations of Copper, Gold and Molybdenum are determined besides previous studies (petrography and alteration), the results of statistic methods (CA) and aid presence of the porphyry system in depth.

Comparison of results analyzed by Chinese and European laboratories for FOREGS geochemical baselines mapping samples

Geochemical subsoil data obtained from China and European laboratories have been compared in this study. 787 C horizon subsoil samples from FOREGS （Forum of European Geological Surveys） geochemical baselines mapping project were sent to China＇s IGGE （Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration） laboratory and composited to 190 samples according to the 160 kin x 160 km GNT （Global Terrestrial Network） cells. In addition to the FOREGS elemental analysis package, Au, Pt, Pd, B, Ge, Br, CI, Se, N, Li and F were also analyzed by using the IGGE＇s 76 element analytical scheme. Geochemical data statistics, scatter plotting, and geochemical map compilation tech- niques have been employed to investigate differences between FOREGS and IGGE analytical results. The results of two datasets, the IGGE＇s analysis data for composited samples, and the FOREGS average data of samples in each GNT cell, agree extremely well lor about 23 elements, viz： SiO2, St, Al2O3, Zr, Ba, Fe2O3, Ti, Rb, Mn, Gd, CaO, Ga, MgO, P, Pb, Na2O, Y, Th, As, U Sc, Cr, and Co. There are slight differences between-laboratory biases shown as proportional errors between the datasets for Ni, K2O, Tb, Tl, Cu, S, Sin, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Ho, Er, Tin, Yb, Lu, Ta, Nb, HE and Dy. For Cd, Cs, Be, Sb, In, Mo, I, Sn, and Te, the correlation of the two datasets and the similarity of the geochemical maps are fairly good, but obvious biases exist between the two datasets at values near detection limits.

A New Geochemical Reaction Model for Groundwater Systems

Through a survey of the literature on geology, hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry, this paper presents a hydrogeochemical model for the groundwater system in a dross-dumping area of the Shandong Aluminium Plant. It is considered that the groundwater-bearing medium is a mineral aggregate and that the interactions between groundwater and the groundwater-bearing medium can be described as a series of geochemical reactions. On that basis, the principle of minimum energy and the equations of mass balance, electron balance and electric neutrality are applied to construct a linear programming mathematical model for the calculation of mass transfer between water and rock with the simplex method.

Unconventional Geochemical Exploration for Gold Deposits

Conventional geochemical exploration for gold deposits has not always been very satisfactory, especially for buried and blind ones. New considerations and methodology in sampling, analysis and interpretation have been developed in China during the past decade. Important considerations for unconventional gold exploration in this paper are that (1) gold is active in surface environments; (2) gold occurs not only as discrete grains, but also as ultrafine particles (submicron?to nanometer-sized particles of gold) and other complex forms; (3) regional low anomalies and superimposed anomalies over buried gold deposits are produced by ultrafine gold grains and other complex forms of gold. The methodology based on these considerations has been developed both in regional and in local geochemical exploration for gold. Examples of the preliminary application of these methods in two areas covered by transported overburden are given.

Log identification method in complex sand reservoirs

In order to obtain effective parameters for complex sand reservoirs,a log evaluation method for relevant reservoir parameters is established based on an analysis in the gas-bearing sandstone with high porosity and low permeability,low porosity and permeability and on various characteristics of log responses to reservoir lithologies and physical properties in the Neopleozoic sand reservoir of the Ordos basin.This log evaluation method covers the Cook method that is used to evaluate the porosity and oiliness in high porosity and low permeability reservoirs and another method in which the mineral content,derived from geochemical logs,is used to identify formation lithologies.Some areas have high calcium and low silt content,not uniformly distributed,the results of which show up in the complex formation lithologies and conventional log responses with great deviation.The reliability of the method is verified by comparison with conventional log data and core analyses.The calculation results coincide with the core analytical data and gas tests,which indicate that this log evaluation method is available,provides novel ideas for study of similar complex reservoir lithologies and has some reference value.

The invention of an automatic measurement and data recording method of a fluorescence spectrophotometer

1.Objectives The laboratory of Xi’an Center,China Geological Survey has long been engaged in the testing of oil and gas geochemical samples.Among the different indexes,the measurement of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon needs to be completed by the fluorescence spectrophotometer which is made in PE Company.According to the standard method,the fluorescence intensity values of three emission wavelengths under a certain excitation wavelength should be provided.

坦桑尼亚恩泽加地区覆盖区选区评价及综合找矿方法研究

恩泽加(Nzega)绿岩带为坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖八大绿岩带之一,为坦桑尼亚重要的产金区域之一。由于其地表覆盖程度较高,地质调查和勘查工作程度较低,虽然针对隐伏型金矿床尚具备一定的找矿潜力,但同时也面临选区评价和找矿困难的问题。研究表明:在选区评价中,针对太古界尼安萨群条带状铁建造的区域航磁异常解译和研究区地球化学金异常分析是最主要的;而在采用地物化综合找矿方法开展勘查工作中,磁法和激电法结合对于寻找覆盖区下的含铁建造内部或接触带附近或剪切带内的金矿床效果较好。该地区首次使用了取样钻施工采样,对覆盖层下发育的含金矿化蚀变带进行了地质工程揭露,取得了一定的找矿成果,先后发现了伊博罗格罗(Iborogo)、卢素(Lusu)和乔马(Choma)等多个金矿床(点)。

沉积盆地古水深恢复方法与研究进展

古水深分析对古环境重建、盆地分析、层序地层学研究、古地貌恢复以及生、储、盖层条件的评价都有重要意义。古水深分析通常有古生物法、沉积学法、地球物理法、地球化学法及数字模拟法,各种方法优缺点并存,尽管某些方法在特定地质条件下存在优势,但在恢复同一环境的古水深时,不同方法还是存在其偏差;这些方法多以定性为主,许多方法易受自然条件限制,且对样品可靠性要求高,一定程度上限制了古水深研究。古水深恢复建议综合考虑地质背景、环境演化、研究地质体特征及地质资料情况等多种因素,多方法研究相互约束,以期更客观地再现古水深变化规律。

胶东大尹格庄金矿床后疃矿区深部矿体定位预测

后疃矿区位于大尹格庄金矿床主矿区外围,属于深边部找矿区段。采用多元信息找矿策略,通过构造地球化学法-伽玛能谱法-多极化电磁测深技术组合,开展后疃矿区深边部成矿预测。完成地表构造地球化学与伽玛能谱测量面积12 km^(2),结合因子分析,厘定后疃矿区构造地球化学找矿标志为Au-Ag-As-Sb组合异常。同时,采用MPMT-18多极化电磁测深系统,完成了L108测线—L136及L80测线多极化电磁测深和异常反演,确定了后疃矿区深部招平断裂的位置。根据构造地球化学测量、伽玛能谱测量与大地电磁测深的异常特征、分布与关联性,结合钻探工程验证的有利程度,共圈定找矿靶区8处。其中,A-1、B-1、B-3、C-2和C-3找矿靶区经钻探工程验证并见矿。

中纬度造山带地区的长期化学风化——中亚和北美的对比研究

长期化学风化速率(LCWR)和化学风化剥蚀率(CDF)是表征区域化学风化程度和揭示地貌和气候系统演变的重要依据。全球尺度上,中纬度地区的长期化学风化研究远比低纬地区争议更多,原因之一是其风化机制在理论认识上仍存在不确定性,特别是造山带地区的长期化学风化与物理侵蚀、构造、气候之间的关系等。本文利用地球化学质量平衡方法,针对北半球中纬度典型造山带(中亚黑河流域和北美内华达山脉)开展了相关数据和资料的系统整理与再分析,估算了黑河流域的LCWR值和物理侵蚀速率(E)值并与内华达山脉进行了对比研究。分析结果表明,黑河流域、内华达山脉的LCWR分别为17.4~895t/km^(2)/a、1~173t/km^(2)/a,CDF分别为0.17~0.81、0.02~0.61,LCWR与E均显著正相关,与海拔高度、年均温度、年均降水量等仅局部相关。研究区的长期化学风化主要表现为“供应受限型”风化,但黑河流域局部地区已处于“供应受限”与“动力学受限”过渡的风化阶段。结合回归分析结果和已有成果的综合分析,中纬度造山带地区的长期化学风化速率受到地质、气候等因素的协同影响,但主控因素为地质因素,而化学风化剥蚀率则主要受控于其他因素。

地质找矿勘查中的物化探方法应用研究

本文深入分析了物化探技术在地质找矿勘查中的应用,结合物理勘探与化学勘探的多种方法以提高勘查精度和效率。通过使用重力、磁性和化学分析等手段,本文旨在减少传统勘查误差,精确预测矿产资源分布,并尽量减少环境干扰。研究结果表明,这些技术的综合应用显著提升了难以接触地区的找矿成功率,同时揭示了现代化勘查技术对专业人才的需求以及未来技术和方法的持续改进的必要性。这不仅提高了勘查技术的实用性,也推动了地质勘查技术的进步和发展。

内蒙古四子王旗哈布其亥地区物化探异常特征及找矿效果

内蒙古四子王旗哈布其亥地区位于半干旱草原区,地表出露较差,地质找矿标志不明显,在找矿过程中综合物化探方法对发现矿体起到了重要作用。化探测量发现研究区主要成矿元素Cu、Pb、Zn,伴生元素As、Sb、Sn、Bi异常分布面积大,综合异常复杂,浓度分带明显。通过激电中梯测量确定矿体赋存在断裂构造中;通过综合剖面异常查证,主要成矿元素异常重现性较好;通过钻探工程对物化探异常进行验证,在深部发现了锌铜多金属矿体;因此物化探异常成为研究区的重要找矿标志。总结该矿床的地质、物化探特征,提出对半干旱草原区的找矿方法,为本地区的进一步找矿工作提供借鉴。

地化录井技术在油气勘探中的应用探讨

通过阐述地化录井技术的基本内涵,深入分析地化录井的影响因素,再根据实际情况提出地化录井技术在油气勘探中的应用路径,为油气勘探与开发提供技术支撑,从而有效提升油气开发的经济收益。

水系沉积物地球化学“弱小”异常研究——以嵩县幅Au元素异常为例

传统的化探数据处理方法全区常采用统一异常下限圈定异常,存在将异常扩大或者忽略“弱小”异常的缺点,笔者在河南省嵩县地区采用统一的异常下限圈定1∶5万水系沉积物测量综合异常,发现区内Au异常弱小、零散、规律性差。通过采用地质子区异常下限衬值法对区内化探数据重新处理,发现在研究区内存在多个“弱小”异常,这些异常沿主构造方向大致断续分布,具有一定的规律性。通过对“弱小”异常开展查证工作,最终在坡根、七峰山等地发现了多个金矿(化)体。证明在高背景地球化学异常地区采用地质子区异常下限衬值法圈定化探异常并指导找矿具有良好效果,研究成果可为下一步地质找矿工作提供依据。

物化遥综合找矿方法在西藏隆子县拉九地区的应用

西藏隆子县拉九地区成矿地质条件优越,寻找金多金属矿的潜力较大。在综合分析区域地质背景的前提下,通过遥感地质解译研判成矿有利部位,确定拉九地区为成矿预测Ⅳ区,利用1/5万水系沉积物测量进行扫面,圈定了多处化探综合异常。选择在拉九异常(HS-13-B2)内,开展1/1万土壤地球化学剖面测量、壤中1/1万汞气测量及激电中梯测量等大比例尺化探物探工作,初步圈定了2处化探综合异常,发现3个极化体和2处视极化率异常,优选其中有利的成矿靶区,经异常查证和槽探工程揭露,发现3条金矿矿化蚀变带,实现了找矿新发现。基于物化遥综合找矿信息初步建立了以矿床地质—地球化学—地球物理—遥感特征为标志的综合信息找矿模型。实践证明,运用物化遥综合找矿方法可极大地提高找矿效率,该工作为今后在高原山区开展多金属找矿勘查提供了参考。