Design and construction of scour protection for deep-water group pile foundation structures of two pylons in the Sutong Bridge project

Sutong Bridge,as a world-record cable-stayed bridge with its main span exceeding 1 000 m constructed in Yangtze River estuary region in China,is located at a site with complicated hydrologic conditions and poor geotechnical conditions and therefore,scour protection will be a decisive factor for ensuring smooth and successful construction of this bridge.This paper,starting from structural description of deep-water group pile foundation,analyzes impact to the bridge safety introduced by scour and its protection and further presents different solutions of scour protection for foundation structures of this bridge.

Experimental Investigation of Local Scour Around A New Pile-Group Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines in Bi-Directional Current

The local scour around a new pile-group foundation of offshore wind turbine subjected to a bi-directional current was physically modeled with a bi-directional flow flume. In a series of experiments, the flow velocity and topography of the seabed were measured based on a system composed of plane positioning equipment and an ADV.Experimental results indicate that the development of the scour hole was fast at the beginning, but then the scour rate decreased until reaching equilibrium. Erosion would occur around each pile of the foundation. In most cases, the scour pits were connected in pairs and the outside widths of the scour holes were larger than the inner widths. The maximum scour depth occurred at the side pile of the foundation for each test. In addition, a preliminary investigation shows that the larger the flow velocity, the larger the scour hole dimensions but the shorter equilibrium time. The field maximum scour depth around the foundation was obtained based on the physical experiments with the geometric length scales of 1:27.0, 1:42.5 and 1:68.0, and it agrees with the scour depth estimated by the HEC-18 equation.

A Theoretical Analysis of the Bearing Performance of Vertically Loaded Large-Diameter Pipe Pile Groups

This paper aims to present a theoretical method to study the bearing performance of vertically loaded large-diameter pipe pile groups.The interactions between group piles result in different bearing performance of both a single pile and pile groups.Considering the pile group effect and the skin friction from both outer and inner soils,an analytical solution is developed to calculate the settlement and axial force in large-diameter pipe pile groups.The analytical solution was verified by centrifuge and field testing results.An extensive parametric analysis was performed to study the bearing performance of the pipe pile groups.The results reveal that the axial forces in group piles are not the same.The larger the distance from central pile,the larger the axial force.The axial force in the central pile is the smallest,while that in corner piles is the largest.The axial force on the top of the corner piles decreases while that in the central pile increases with increasing of pile spacing and decreasing of pile length.The axial force in side piles varies little with the variations of pile spacing,pile length,and shear modulus of the soil and is approximately equal to the average load shared by one pile.For a pile group,the larger the pile length is,the larger the influence radius is.As a result,the pile group effect is more apparent for a larger pile length.The settlement of pile groups decreases with increasing of the pile number in the group and the shear modulus of the underlying soil.

Effect of pile-cap connection on behavior of torsionally loaded pile groups

To evaluate the responses of fixed and pinned pile groups under torsion, a method is presented to analyze the nonlinear behavior of free-standing pile groups with rigid pile caps. The method is capable of simulating the nonlinear soil response in the near field usingp-y and r-θ curves, the far-field interactions through Mindlin＇s and Randolph＇s elastic solutions, and the coupling effect of lateral resistance on torsional resistance of the individual piles using an empirical factor. Based on comparisons of the solutions for fixed- and pinned-head, 1×2, 2×2, and 3×3 pile groups subjected to torsion, it was found that pile-cap connection significantly influences the torsional capacity of pile groups and the assignment of applied torques in the pile groups. In this study, the applied torques for the pinned-head pile groups are only 44%-64% of those for the corresponding fixed-head pile groups at a twist angle of 2^o. Such a difference is mainly due to the change of the lateral resistances of individual piles in the groups.

WAVE CURRENT FORCES ON THE PILE GROUP OF BASE FOUNDATION FOR THE EAST SEA BRIDGE, CHINA

On the basis of the two structures of the bridge foundation designed for the East Sea Bridge, the wave current forces on four types of oblique piles, the pile group and the single piles at different positions in the pile group considering the effect of the super structures were experimentally investigated. The relationship between the wave current forces and the associated wave parameters, and the comparison of the wave current forces on the pile groups and the single piles were systematically analyzed. The group effectiveness and the reduction coefficient for the wave current forces on the group were examined for engineering design.

Model test of the group piles foundation of a high-speed railway bridge in mined-out area

The research on the mechanism of pile-soil-cap-goaf interaction and settlement of high-speed railway bridge located in mined-out area is still relatively rare. By taking the pile group of Guanshandi bridge foundation in Hefei- Fuzhou high-speed railway as the prototype, a model test is carried out. According to the similarity theory, the similar constant is derived and the similar model material is determined. Meanwhile, three types of data including the bearing behavior of piles, and the settlement law, and soil among piles are investigated. It can be found that： the influence of goaf on the bearing capacity of pile is inversely to the loading degree, the larger of loading degree, the smaller impact of goaf on the bearing capacity. There is no negative side friction can been found in pile body and the degree of downward tendency for the barycenter of side friction layout is obvious for piles in goaf. Although the bearing ratio of soil resistance under cap is relatively large, the cap effect is suggested be ignored considering the characteristic of goaf. There is a maximum critical value for the uneven settlement of pile group in goaf, and when the value is reached, the uneven settlement stop growing anymore. In addition, the formula for calculating bearing capacity and settlement of pile group in goaf based on test results, theory analysis and related standard is established.

Three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element analysis of a soil-pilebridge interaction

The soil-pile-bridge interaction of super-large pile groups is a very complex issue for the design of deep pile group foundations. In this paper, the load distribution on the pile top of a super large bridge foundation and its influential factors are analyzed comprehensively using a three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element method. The adopted model and its input parameters are firstly verified by comparing the numerical results with the measured data of static loading tests of a single pile. Numerical analysis is then performed to investigate the load distribution and the load-settlement characteristics of super-large pile groups, and the models are verified using centrifuge laboratory model testing data. The mechanism of the interaction between pile groups and soil under different conditions is explored.

大倾角钢箱提篮拱桥总体设计

考虑施工技术、经济性和景观效果等方面,陕西蔡家坡渭河特大桥主桥采用(35+210+35) m大倾角钢箱提篮拱桥。该桥采用摩擦摆和环向钢丝绳阻尼支座综合减隔震约束体系,以降低结构的地震响应。拱肋为单室等宽钢箱截面,采用主、副拱肋2条悬链线,主、副拱肋共面,设计为横向内倾20°的大倾角,在提高桥梁景观效果的同时,又有效提高了结构的整体稳定性;拱肋设钢-混结合段连接拱脚与混凝土拱座。桥面系采用自重较轻的正交异性钢桥面板结构。吊杆采用抗拉强度1 860 MPa的环氧柔性钢绞线。基础采用Φ2.5 m的钻孔灌注群桩,以抵抗软弱地质条件下荷载的竖向及水平作用力。该桥总体采用先梁后拱的施工方案。整体及局部有限元分析结果表明,桥梁结构力学性能均满足规范要求,设计安全可靠。

变刚度地基上隔震结构群桩基础动力响应试验研究

通过控制输入地震动持时压缩比和强度的方法,提出了变刚度地基上桩基基础隔震结构振动台模型试验方法,并结合已完成的不同地基上桩基基础隔震结构系列振动台模型试验,分析了地基刚度变化对隔震结构群桩基础动力学特性的影响规律。结果表明,结构-土体相对刚度比和输入地震动强度显著影响隔震结构群桩基础弯矩反应,强震下结构-土体相对刚度比越大,隔震结构群桩基础中间桩体上部弯矩反应幅值增大越显著,而中间桩体下部弯矩幅值较小。当输入加速度峰值和结构-土体相对刚度比R大于一定限值时,群桩基础震陷显著增加,群桩基础承台转动反应强烈,同时群桩基础桩顶水平位移在主震后出现明显的单边累积水平位移,说明强震作用下地基刚度变化过程中隔震结构群桩基础上部更易出现地震破坏,而群桩基础震陷与基础承台强烈转动反应的共同作用可能是导致隔震结构群桩基础上部弯矩骤增的主因。

钙质砂地基中群桩基础荷载传递特性研究

为研究钙质砂地基中群桩基础承载过程中的性能特征,开展不同桩距条件下群桩基础静载试验.得到不同桩距条件下群桩的Q-S曲线和S-lgt曲线,测得3d、4.5d、6d(d为桩径)群桩在静载条件下的极限承载力F_(u),研究各个桩段的桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力以及桩端阻力的变化趋势.研究结果表明:群桩的Q-S曲线为缓变型,S-lgt曲线为渐变型,桩基承载变形大致分为稳定、渐进以及破坏3个阶段,相较于3d群桩,4.5d、6d群桩沉降发展更缓慢,F_(u)更高;同等桩距下,钙质砂地基表现出比陆源砂地基更强的群桩效应,钙质砂地基中群桩最佳桩距应在4.5d~6d之间.该研究为群桩在钙质砂地基中的应用提供数据支撑和理论参考.

水平循环荷载作用下群桩基础累积变形三维数值模拟

为进一步研究群桩基础水平累积变形特性,以及桩体自身因素、荷载因素、桩周土体因素等影响下的变化规律,结合USDFLD子程序的实现过程与ABAQUS三维建模过程,采用有限元计算结果对群桩累积变形特性进行研究。通过改变桩距、桩数、荷载入射角度、加载频率、土体初始弹性模量、桩-土界面摩擦系数等参数,进一步对群桩水平累积变形特性,及其在桩体自身因素、荷载因素、桩周土体因素等影响下的变化规律进行研究。数值模拟中经常忽略桩周土体弱化对群桩基础累积变形特性的影响,因此对如何在数值模型中实现土体软化也进行了研究。最终得到群桩水平累积变形特性,以及在各种影响因素下的变化规律,如在桩体自身因素的影响下,群桩承台水平累积变形随桩距与桩数的增加不断减小,荷载-位移滞回圈随桩数的减少越饱满,土体非线性越明显等变化规律。

规则波作用下桩基透空型防波堤的冲刷研究

基于FLOW-3D软件,开展了3组波高、3组波周期、5种挡板形式条件下的冲刷模拟试验,分析了不同工况下防波堤结构流场变化、海床冲刷地形变化。研究结果表明:在规则波作用下,波高变化对防波堤结构流场变化及海床冲刷地形变化影响程度较小。波周期则与防波堤结构周围的泥沙冲刷效率呈正相关,且影响程度较大。不同的波周期会导致挡板开孔方式对海床冲刷地形的变化呈现不同的规律,当波周期为1.5 s时,随着挡浪板开孔率的增加、挡板下部面积的增大,冲刷坑面积及体积逐渐减小,且呈线性分布;当波周期为2.0、2.5 s时,冲刷面积及体积呈二次曲线分布。

砂土场地桥梁群桩基础延性抗震性能分析

采用严格的增量动力分析(IDA)方法对砂土场地桥梁群桩基础的延性性能开展了系统研究。基于砂土中单墩-群桩基础体系振动台试验验证了数值模拟方法;以实际工程为背景,考虑与结构、土体相关的9个参数,建立了一系列分析模型;将7条实际地震记录作为输入,进行了系统的增量动力分析。基于计算结果,对地震下桥梁群桩基础的损伤破坏过程进行了验证,提出了表征群桩基础延性性能的位移、转角、强度3个指标,并揭示了各性能指标随结构、土体参数的变化规律。结果表明,群桩基础在易修复状态下的平均位移延性系数为2.52,平均水平承载力为首次屈服状态的1.41倍;极限状态下平均位移延性系数为3.62,平均水平承载力为首次屈服状态的1.47倍,延性性能可观且稳定;承台转动引起的桥墩漂移率最大不超过0.7%,不控制抗震设计。

桩-土-结构动力相互作用影响因素分析

为了研究桩-土-结构动力相互作用机理,分析其影响因素,采用振动台试验和数值模拟分析相结合的方法,对不同上部结构质量、不同输入波频率和加速度峰值输入下的桩-土-结构体系的水平动力反应规律进行了分析和讨论。试验地基土体模型为中硬土,剪切波速约为213 m/s;群桩基础由5根长1.35 m、直径0.1 m的基桩“十”字型布置;上部结构模型采用质量块模拟。研究结果表明:桩身的弯矩与剪力在桩-承台连接处最大,并且随深度增加而减小;随着上部结构质量的增加,土体与桩基的加速度反应增大,桩身的弯矩与剪力也增大;随着输入正弦波幅值和频率的增大,桩-土运动相互作用变大,桩身弯矩与剪力变大;最后比较各种影响因素引起的反应发现,上部结构质量的变化对桩-土-结构体系动力相互作用的影响最大,幅值的影响次之,频率的影响最小。

竖向荷载对高承台群桩基础侧向位移影响规律的振动台试验

基于大型振动台模型试验,以高承台群桩为研究对象,模拟了地震作用下高桩承台基础的振动响应,通过超静孔压比(简称孔压比)、加速度和地基土位移研究饱和砂土液化场地竖向荷载对桩基侧向位移的影响规律。结果表明:近桩区域受桩基竖向荷载影响最为显著,孔压比与竖向荷载呈负相关关系,桩基两侧孔压比差值与地基土浅层加速度是造成桩基侧向位移的主要原因;地基土对台面输出加速度主要起放大作用,且随着竖向荷载的增加,加速度放大系数显著减小;在振动输入与竖向荷载相同的条件下,地基土在地震动作用下引起的侧向流动及显著变形极大影响了桩基的侧向位移;竖向荷载为9%桩基极限承载力条件下,桩基倾斜角为4.80°,侧向位移较小,结合地基土抗液化能力,桩基抗倾覆能力最优。

武汉市江汉四桥拓宽工程主桥设计关键技术

武汉市江汉四桥拓宽工程主桥采用与旧桥外形一致、呈反对称布置的主跨232 m独塔混合梁斜拉桥,跨径布置为(232+70+40+20)m,采用刚构体系。主梁采用钢-混叠合梁与预应力混凝土梁组成的混合梁,钢-混结合面位于主跨距桥塔中心线9 m处,主跨采用双边工字形叠合梁,桥面宽23.5 m,标准梁高1.6 m;边跨采用预应力混凝土边主梁和箱形截面主梁,桥面宽23.5~27.0 m,标准梁高2.1 m。桥塔采用“A”形混凝土塔,塔高114.5 m,其下布置整体式承台,采用18根ϕ2.8 m的群桩基础。斜拉索按空间扇形双索面布置,共104根斜拉索,采用标准强度1770 MPa高强平行钢丝索,主跨梁端采用锚拉板锚固,边跨梁端设置槽口锚固,塔端采用锚固齿块锚固,主塔斜拉索锚固区纵、横桥向均配置有无粘结预应力钢棒。汉阳岸边墩采用T形钢筋混凝土板墩及钻孔桩基础;汉口岸边墩、辅助墩均采用钢筋混凝土独柱墩及钻孔桩基础。桥塔塔柱采用爬模施工;边跨主梁采用支架现浇施工,主跨主梁采用悬臂拼装施工。结构计算结果表明,大桥结构刚度及应力均满足要求。

液化场地-群桩-上部结构动力特性研究综述

桩基由于其良好的抗震性能,在实际工程中得到广泛的应用。历次震害表明,可液化场地中的桩基通常会发生更为严重的破坏,进而导致上部结构的破坏。因此,有必要深入开展液化场地-群桩-上部结构动力特性研究,弥补目前研究工作的不足之处。本文旨在通过总结近年来国内外学者的相关研究成果,分析目前存在的主要问题,并提出亟待深入开展的研究工作。主要包括以下几个方面内容:1)在已有液化场地直群桩研究成果基础上,需要探讨可液化场地斜群桩动力响应特征,描述斜桩桩身弯矩沿深度的分布规律;2)开展含饱和夹层土场地条件下直斜群桩-土动力相互作用机理对比研究;3)考虑土-水-上部结构耦合作用下群桩基础动力响应模型试验和数值模拟研究;4)评价液化场地滑移下高层建筑群桩基础破坏机理。通过本文的论述,希望对桩基础抗震研究方向提供新的研究思路。

高原山区微型群桩基础承载特征及竖向-水平联合荷载研究

为探究高原山区微型群桩基础的承载特性以及水平、竖向荷载耦合作用(V-H联合荷载)的影响,揭示联合荷载相互作用规律,在高原山区微型群桩基础现场试验的基础上,采用FLAC 3D对三种单一荷载情况进行数值反演,并对不同荷载比例下微型群桩基础的V-H联合加载进行模拟。结果表明:①抗压和抗水平试验中,承台效应明显,荷载-位移曲线为“缓变型”;抗拔试验中,曲线为“陡变型”。②联合荷载下,施加水平荷载会削弱桩基竖向承载能力,水平荷载比例较大时,桩身抵抗力矩和桩侧极限摩阻力增大,荷载-上拔位移曲线突变点消失;在竖向荷载的影响下,存在临界荷载比n,下压-水平联合荷载中n 1=3.9,上拔-水平联合荷载中n 2=0.76,荷载比>n时,桩基水平承载力被削弱,<n时,桩基水平承载力提高。③联合荷载下,水平承载力与荷载比的倒数呈四次函数关系,竖向承载力与荷载比的倒数呈二次函数关系;联合荷载下的屈服包络线与单向极限荷载垂线所围空间分为“破坏区”与“安全区”,有别于单向加载的桩基承载特征,且桩基存在一个最优解,使各方向承载力均能得到充分发挥。

粮食筒仓群桩基础竖向承载变形特性数值模拟分析

粮食筒仓建设场地为原有海域经人工回填整平而成,极易引起沉降,为保证筒仓的安全性和稳定性,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立三维有限元计算模型,分析不同阶段荷载和邻仓对筒仓群桩基础竖向承载变形特性的影响。分析结果表明:群桩基础竖向承载变形不均匀分布受上部荷载影响较大。施工完成阶段,结构自重荷载主要作用于外边缘,边桩竖向承载变形较大,最小和最大沉降量分别为0.551 mm和0.959 mm;服役阶段,满仓荷载分布较为均匀,中心桩竖向承载变形较大,最小和最大沉降量分别为1.271 mm和2.335 mm。群桩基础竖向承载变形受邻仓影响较大。对群桩竖向承载变形的影响随距离的增加而减小,沉降量随邻仓数量的增加而增大;邻仓位置分布的不对称,导致沉降差异增大。

冲刷对受荷群桩承载特性的影响分析

【目的】冲刷深度对桩体承载特性具有重要影响,冲刷会引起桩体的变形增大,使土壤中的有效侧阻力和端阻力减小,进而使桩的承载能力减退,对桩体的动力特性也有影响,因此有必要对冲刷后桩体承载特性进行研究。【方法】通过有限元数值模拟,分别对不同冲刷深度下桩体回弹量、极限承载力、各桩轴力与侧摩阻力进行研究。【结果】冲刷会导致土体卸荷回弹,随着冲刷深度的增加,桩顶回弹量增大,土体卸荷回弹更加显著。在荷载达到12000 kN至极限荷载的过程中,由于桩顶承受的荷载较大,荷载对桩体的向下位移的影响大于土体冲刷卸荷回弹对桩体向上位移的影响,从而导致整体上桩体位移随冲刷深度的增加而增大。【结论】研究成果可为冲刷对群桩承载力影响分析提供理论依据。