Black soldier fly defatted meal as a dietary protein source for broiler chickens:Effects on growth performance,blood traits,gut morphology and histological features

Background: The present study has evaluated the effects of different inclusion levels of a partially defatted black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens L.; HI) larva meal on the growth performance, blood parameters and gut morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 256 male broiler chickens(Ross 308) were reared from d 1 to d 35 and assigned to4 dietary treatments(8 replicates/treatment and 8 birds/replicate). HI larva meal was included at increasing levels(0, 5%, 10% and 15%; HI0, HI5, HI10 and HI15, respectively) in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets formulated for 3 feeding phases: starter(1–10 d), growing(10–24 d) and finisher(24–35 d). Two birds per pen were slaughtered at d 35 and morphometric investigations and histopathological alterations were performed.Results: The live weight(LW) showed linear and quadratic responses to increasing HI larva meal(maximum for HI10 group). Average daily gain(ADG) showed a linear and quadratic responses to HI meal(maximum for HI10 group) during starter and growing periods. A linear decrease was observed for ADG during the finisher period. The daily feed intake(DFI) showed a linear and quadratic effect during the starter period(maximum for HI10 group).Linear and quadratic responses were observed for the feed conversion ratio(FCR) in the growing period and for the whole period of the experiment. The FCR showed a linear response in the finisher period(maximum for HI15).No significant effects were observed for the blood and serum parameters, except for the phosphorus concentration,which showed linear and quadratic responses as well as glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activity, the latter of which showed a linear response. The HI15 birds showed a lower villus height, a higher crypt depth and a lower villus height-to-crypt depth ratio than the other groups.Conclusions: Increasing levels of dietary HI meal inclusion in male broiler chickens may improve the LW and DFI during the starter period, but may also negatively affect the FCR and gut morphology, thus suggesting that low levels may be more suitable. However, no significant effects on the haematochemical parameters or histological findings were observed in relation to HI meal utilization.

<i>In-Vitro</i>Fermentation by Human Fecal Bacteria and Bile Salts Binding Capacity of Physical Modified Defatted Rice Bran Dietary Fiber

Defatted rice bran dietary fiber (DRBDF) was modified by micronization, ultrasound, microwave and extrusion cooking. We investigated the impacts of these physical treatments on the fermentation ability and bile salts binding capacity of DRBDF. In-vitro fermentation by human fecal bacteria of modified fibers showed that the major fermentation products were propionic, acetate and butyrate acid. Fermentation of extruded fiber gave the highest amounts of propionic and acetic acid 135.76 and 25.45 mmol/L respectively, while, the fermented product with microwaved fiber had the highest butyric acid content (10.75 mmol/L). The amount of short-chain fatty acid increased from 12 h to 24 h and propionic acid was the predominant. On the other hand,in-vitrobile salts binding showed that extruded fiber had higher affinity with sodium deoxycholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate (66.14% and 30.25% respectively) while microwaved fiber exhibited the highest affinity with sodium taurocholate (14.38%). In the light of obtained results we can affirmed that these physical treatments significantly improved the fermentation products and bile salts binding capacity of DRBDF. Extrusion compared to the other physical treatment methods used in this study has greatly and positively influenced the fermentation and bile binding capacity of DRBDF.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Defatted Mackerel Protein with Low Bitter Taste

Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was confirmed as a novel,effective method for separating lipid from mackerel pro-tein,resulting in a degreasing rate (DR) of 95% and a nitrogen recovery (NR) of 88.6%.To obtain protein hydrolysates with high ni-trogen recovery and low bitter taste,enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using eight commercially available proteases.It turned out that the optimum enzyme was the ‘Mixed enzymes for animal proteolysis’.An enzyme dosage of 4%,a temperature of 50℃,and a hydrolysis time of 300 min were found to be the optimum conditions to obtain high NR (84.28%) and degree of hydrolysis (DH,16.18%) by orthogonal experiments.Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid of MDP (defatted mackerel protein) and MDPH (defatted mackerel protein hydrolysates).Compared with the FAO/WHO reference protein,the essential amino acid chemical scores (CS) were greater than 1.0 (1.0 1.7) in MDPH,which is reflective of high nutritional value.This,coupled with the light color and slight fishy odor,indicates that MDPH would potentially have a wide range of applications such as nutritional additives,functional ingredients,and so on.

Production of microbial medium from defatted brebra(Milletia ferruginea)seed flour to substitute commercial peptone agar

Objective:To investigate and optimize microbial media that substitute peptone agar using brebra seed defatted flour.Methods:Defatted process.inoculums preparation,evaluation of bacterial growth,preparation of cooked and hydrolyzed media and growth turbidity of tested bacteria were determined.Results:Two percent defatted flour was found to be suitable concentration for the growth of pathogenic bacteria:Escherichia coli(ATCC 25922)(E,coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC27853),Salmonella(NCTC 8385)and Shigella flexneri(ATCC 12022)(S.flexneri),while 3%defatted flour was suitable for Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923)(S.aureus).E.coli(93±1)and S.flexneri(524±1)colony count were significantly(P≤0.05)greater in defatted flour without supplement than in supplemented medium.E.coli[(3.72×10~9±2)CFU/mL],S.aureus[(7.4×10~9±2)CFU/mL],S.flexneri[(4.03×10~9±2)CFU/mL]and Salmonella[(2.37×10~9±1)CFU/mL]in non-hydrolyzed sample were statistically(P≤0.05)greater than hydrolyzed one and commercial peptone agar.Colony count of Salmonella[(4.55≤10~9±3)CFU/mL],S.flexneri[(5.40≤10~9±3)CFU/mL]and Lyesria moncytogenes(ATCC 19116)[(5.4×10~9±3)CFU/mL]on raw defatted flour agar was significantly(P≤0.05)greater than cooked defatted flour and commercial peptone agar.Biomass of E.coli,S.aureus.Salmonella and Enterococcus faecalis in non-hydrolyzed defatted flour is highly increased over hydrolyzed defatted flour and commercial peptone broth.Conclusions:The defatted flour agar was found to be better microbial media or comparable with peptone agar.The substances in it can serve as sources of carbon,nitrogen,vitamins and minerals that are essential to support the growth of microorganisms without any supplements.Currently,all supplements of peptone agar are very expensive in the market.

Ultrasonic-associated extraction of water soluble polysaccharides from defatted Korean pine kernel

Experiments of ultrasonic-associated extraction and hot water extraction of water soluble polysaccharides from defatted Korean pine （Pinus koraiensis） were conducted in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. The factors affecting extraction yield and content, such as extracting temperature, extracting time, the ratio of water to defatted kernel and concentration of ethanol were analyzed under specific condition. The optimal extracting parameters for ultrasound-associated extraction were determined as the ultrasonic temperature 70℃, the ratio of defatted kernel to water 1：20, the extracting time 40 min, and ethanol concentration 80%. Under such extraction conditions, the yield of water soluble polysaccharide was 3.65% and the average content of polysaccharide was 45.38% in the raw polysaccharides which gained in the experiment. Both extraction yield and content of polysaccharides extracted with ultrasound-associated extraction were higher than that with hot water extraction. The study demonstrates that ultrasound is a reliable and extremely effective tool for the fast extraction of water soluble polysaccharide of Korean pine kernel.

Effect of dietary defatted diatom biomass on egg production and quality of laying hens

Background： This study was to determine if feeding laying hens with defatted diatom microalgal biomass （DFA） from biofuel production affected their egg production and health status. Methods： Five replicates of 5 individually caged ISA Babcock White leghorn hens were fed 4 diets, including a corn-soybean meal control diet, a diet containing 7.5% DFA substituting for soybean meal, and diets containing 7.5% or 15% DFA substituting for corn and soybean meal. Body weights, feed intake, feed conversion ratio （FCR）, rate of egg production, egg size, egg mass, and several characteristics of eggs were determined at 4 and 8 wk. Venous blood was sampled at 4 and 8 wk for measurement of 5 biomarkers of health. Results： The15% DFA diet decreased （P 〈 0.05） feed intake, egg production, and plasma uric acid concentrations as compared with the control diet, but increased （P 〈 0.05） egg albumen weight and height compared with the 7.5% DFA diets. The two levels of DFA produced dose-dependent （P 〈 0.05） changes in three color measures of egg yolk, without affecting four hen plasma biochemical indicators of health. Conclusions： Feeding laying hens with 7.5% DFA in the corn-soybean meal diet for 8 wk had no adverse effect on their health, egg production, or egg quality, but 15% inclusion reduced feed intake, egg production, and efficiency of feed utilization.

Phenolics-saponins rich fraction of defatted kenaf seed meal exhibits cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines

Objectives: To determine the cytotoxicity of crude ethanolic extract, n-butanol fraction and aqueous fraction on selected cancer cell lines, and to observe the morphological changes of the cancer cells treated with n-butanol fraction.Methods: The cytotoxic effect of n-butanol fraction, crude ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction on breast cancer(MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), colon cancer(HT29), lung cancer(A549), cervical cancer(He La) and normal mouse fibroblast(3T3) cell lines was determined using MTT assay. The morphological changes of the treated cells were observed under an inverted light microscope.Results: n-Butanol fraction was the most cytotoxic towards HT29 and MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner compared to crude ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction(P < 0.05). The IC50 of n-butanol fraction for HT29 and MCF-7 was(780.00 ± 28.28)and(895.00 ± 7.07) mg/m L, respectively. Cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies were noted following treatment of HT29 cells with n-butanol fraction.Conclusions: In conclusion, n-butanol fraction was more cytotoxic than crude ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction towards the selected cancerous cell lines and induced apoptosis in HT29 cells.

Effect of Mucuna Defatted Bran Extracted with Supercritical CO2 on Soybean Seed Germination

In the present work, we investigated the effect of Mucuna deeringiana defatted bran on seed germination of soybean （Glycine max L. Merrill）. For this, the defatted bran was obtained from different operational conditions using CO2 under pressurized conditions as solvent. Oil extractions were carried out in a laboratorial scale unit at temperatures ranging from 310 to 330 K, pressure from 15 to 25 MPa and solvent flow set in 3 mL min^-1. The experiment was conducted in a germination chamber （25℃, 12：12 h light：dark photoperiod）, and the germination rate and germination speed index （GSI） were evaluated for seven days. The results showed that the oil extraction with supercritical CO2 concentrates the allelochemical L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine （L-DOPA） in bran with levels from 1.86% to 4.65%. Subsequent experiments revealed that the rate of soybean seed germination was not affected by defatted bran whereas the GSI increased significantly after treatment. In brief, we concluded that the extraction process with supercritical CO2 is efficient to obtain L-DOPA of Mucuna, which influences the soybean seed germination.

Chemical and Functional Properties of Full Fat and Defatted White Melon （Cucumeropsis mannii） Seed Flours

Cucumeropsis mannii, an underutilized oil seed was processed into raw full fat and defatted seed flours and its chemical, functional properties and anti-nutritional factors were determined using standard techniques. The effects of sample concentration and pH on the foaming properties of the seed flours were determined. The results showed that the full fat and defatted seed flours contained the following in g/100 g sample; 5.0 and 5.1; 45.8 and 1.0; 39.4 and 78.7; 3.45 and 4.40; 1.50 and 3.05; 4.85 and 7.75 for moisture, crude fat, protein, ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate, respectively. The most abundant mineral elements in the seed flour （mg/100 g） are potassium （198.5）, followed by nickel （30.0） and magnesium （28.4）. The water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity and stability, least gelation concentration, emulsion capacity and bulk density are 55.5% and 125.0%; 128.8% and 184.0%; 10.5% and 17.0%; 3.0% and 1.5%; 16.0% and 10.0 g/mL; 85.0 and 115.0 mL/g; 0.42 and 0.25 g/mL, respectively. Defatting influenced the functional properties. The foaming capacity is dependent on sample concentration and pH. The protein solubility of the full fat and defatted seed flours was minimum between pH 3 and 4 and maximum at pH 11. The anti-nutritional composition of the seed flour revealed the following： tannic acid, 1.54 mg/100 g; phytin phosphorus, 0.70 rag/g; phytic acid, 2.48 mg/g; oxalate, 1.85 mg/g; alkaloids 1.97% and saponin 0.50%. The seed flours （full fat and defatted） have potential as nutrient supplement, thickeners and emulsifiers in food system.

Separation and Identification of Glutamine Peptides from Defatted Soybean Meal by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Glutamine peptides were obtained from defatted soybean meal by enzymatic hydrolysis using a combination of Protamex~? and trypsinase. The results showed that the extent of hydrolysis and the concentration of Gln peptides in the hydrolysate were 22.02%and 6.05 mmol/L, respectively. The hydrolysates were fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex G-15 into five major fractions(GelF1–GelF5). The peptide(GelF1) fraction with the highest glutamine peptide content(51.8%) was further evaluated to determine its molecular weight distribution. Most(92.37%) peptides were less than 1 000 Da. Glutamic acid and glutamine were the most abundant amino acids, accounting for up to 12.98% of the total amino acid content. In addition, the total amino acid content in GelF1 was higher than that in GelF2 and GelF3.

Functional properties of defatted chickpea flour heat-induced gels

Defatted chickpea flour(DCF),which is a by-product of chickpea oil extraction industry,is rich in nutrients that are beneficial to human health.In this study,the effects of temperature and DCF variation on the rheological properties,water holding capacity,freeze-thaw stability and microstructure of DCF heat induced gels were investigated.The results showed that the viscoelasticity,frequency dependence,and resistance strength of heat induced gels increased significantly with the increase of temperature and DCF variation.The degree of denaturation and water retention of heat induced gels increased significantly with increased variables within the temperature and variation windows of 75℃ to 95℃ and 13%to 21%.The CLSM results revealed that variations of both temperature and DCF variation could cause the proteins in the heat induced gels to aggregate gradually and to form protein aggregations.When temperature or variation exceeded certain value(85℃ or 17%),the protein aggregations broke up and the protein clusters became smaller and more homogeneous.Therefore,the heat induced gels presented better water holding capacity,viscoelasticity,structural stability and gel property at a temperature of 95℃ or a DCF variation of 21%within the present experimental range.

酱油发酵基料酱油酮的提取及分析检测方法研究

选用二氯甲烷、无水乙醇、无水乙醚为提取的有机溶剂,从5种酱油发酵基料中提取酱油酮后,用高效液相色谱法检测不同原料中酱油酮的含量。实验结果表明,高效液相色谱仪检测酱油酮的最佳液相条件为:甲醇∶水=30∶70;流速1 mL/min。从酱油发酵基料中提取酱油酮的最佳有机溶剂为二氯甲烷,其次是无水乙醇和乙醚。以萃取效果最佳的二氯甲烷为例,经过低温连续相变之后的基料,油中酱油酮的浓度对比原渣由11.190增加到91.653 mg/kg,说明原渣经过低温连续相变萃取后,酱油酮得到富集。而脱脂渣经过乙醇浓缩后,浓缩醇提物的酱油酮浓度对比醇提渣由5.134增加到27.959 mg/kg,说明经过乙醇浓缩后酱油酮进行了富集。

基于脱脂芝麻渣酶解液美拉德反应制备浓香型调和芝麻油的研究

脱脂芝麻渣经碱性蛋白酶处理获得酶解液,将其与芝麻油混合进行美拉德生香源反应,制备浓香型芝麻油风味产物,之后与自制芝麻油调配制备浓香型调和芝麻油。以感官评分为指标,研究了酶解时间、美拉德反应温度、美拉德反应时间、料油比和调配比5个因素。确定最佳工艺条件为脱脂芝麻渣酶解时间3 h,美拉德反应温度120℃,美拉德反应时间40 min,料油比10∶1,调配比1∶12,制得的浓香型调和芝麻油的风味最佳。

复合蛋白源替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用和免疫性能的影响

试验旨在研究饲料中使用复合蛋白源(猪血球蛋白粉、玉米蛋白粉和酶解脱脂黑水虻粉)替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用、免疫性能和耐氨性的影响。挑选初重(1.01±0.01)g健康有活力的凡纳滨对虾1440尾,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复60尾凡纳滨对虾。复合蛋白源分别等氮、等脂替代0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉,分别命名为M1组、M2组、M3组、M4组、M5组和M6组。试验期56 d。结果显示,M4组凡纳滨对虾的增重率和特定生长率显著高于M1组(P<0.05)。M2组、M3组和M4组凡纳滨对虾的饲料效率显著高于M1组(P<0.05)。M6组凡纳滨对虾血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性和总胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)含量显著高于M1组(P<0.05),血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性和总蛋白(TP)含量显著低于M1组(P<0.05)。M6组凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于M1组、M2组和M3组(P<0.05)。氨氮胁迫18 h后,M6组凡纳滨对虾存活率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲料中复合蛋白源替代鱼粉比例为60%时,可以改善凡纳滨对虾的生长性能,复合蛋白源替代鱼粉比例过高(超过80%)会降低凡纳滨对虾的饲料利用率、免疫力及抗应激能力。

脱脂大豆粉酥性饼干工艺优化及品质研究

为提高脱脂大豆粉在酥性饼干中的添加量以及探究脱脂大豆粉酥性饼干的营养价值,采用木瓜蛋白酶和磷脂对脱脂大豆粉酥性饼干进行改良,通过单因素试验确定脱脂大豆粉、磷脂和木瓜蛋白酶的添加量,结合正交试验确定脱脂大豆粉酥性饼干的最佳配方,并对产品进行营养评价。结果表明:脱脂大豆粉酥性饼干的最佳配方(以小麦粉质量为基准)为脱脂大豆粉20%、磷脂0.6%、木瓜蛋白酶0.035%、白砂糖22%、猪油22%、鸡蛋10%、小苏打0.6%、碳酸氢铵0.3%;改良后的脱脂大豆粉酥性饼干口感酥脆、营养价值高,其中蛋白质含量为15.23%、膳食纤维含量为19.88%、氨基酸配比合理;与对照及市售饼干相比,添加脱脂大豆粉提高了酥性饼干的营养价值。此工艺条件下的脱脂大豆粉酥性饼干可以作为一种营养强化饼干食用。

Co-fermented defatted rice bran alters gut microbiota and improves growth performance,antioxidant capacity,immune status and intestinal permeability of finishing pigs

Based on preparation of co-fermented defatted rice bran(DFRB)using Bacillus subtilis,Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Lactobacillus plantarum and phytase,the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of cofermented DFRB on growth performance,antioxidant capacity,immune status,gut microbiota and permeability in finishing pigs.Ninety finishing pigs(85.30±0.97 kg)were randomly assigned to 3treatments(3 replicates/treatment)with a basal diet(Ctrl),a basal diet supplemented with 10% unfermented DFRB(UFR),and a basal diet supplemented with 10% fermented DFRB(FR)for 30 d.Results revealed that the diet supplemented with FR notably(P<0.05)improved the average daily gain(ADG),gain to feed ratio(G:F)and the digestibility of crude protein,amino acids and dietary fiber of finishing pigs compared with UFR.Additionally,FR supplementation significantly(P<0.05)increased total antioxidant capacity,the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase,and decreased the content of malonaldehyde in serum.Furthermore,FR remarkably(P<0.05)increased serum levels of Ig G,antiinflammatory cytokines(IL-22 and IL-23)and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β and INF-γ).The decrease of serum diamine oxidase activity and serum D-lactate content in the FR group(P<0.05)suggested an improvement in intestinal permeability.Supplementation of FR also elevated the content of acetate and butyrate in feces(P<0.05).Moreover,FR enhanced gut microbial richness and the abundance of fiber-degrading bacteria such as Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus amylovorus.Correlation analyses indicated dietary fiber in FR was associated with improvements in immune status,intestinal permeability and the level of butyrate-producing microbe C.butyricum,which was also verified by the in vitro fermentation analysis.These findings provided an experimental and theoretical basis for the application of fermented DFRB in finishing pigs.

去脂血浆净化治疗急性高脂血症性胰腺炎的效果分析

目的:分析去脂血浆净化治疗急性高脂血症性胰腺炎的临床效果。方法:选取2020年1月—2022年9月东台市人民医院收治的急性高脂血症性胰腺炎患者85例,按照随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,对照组(42例)使用血浆置换治疗,研究组(43例)则采用去脂血浆净化血液灌流治疗,比较两组临床疗效。结果:研究组治疗总有效率、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)水平和平均动脉压(MAP)均高于对照组,三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、淀粉酶(AMS)、降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平均低于对照组,腹痛消失时间早于对照组,住院时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:去脂血浆净化应用于血液灌流治疗急性高脂血症性胰腺炎效果显著,能够有效稳定患者血脂水平,同时改善其免疫功能。

Optimization of low-abundance protein extraction and abundant protein removal from defatted soybean meal

The aim of this study was to optimize the conditions for the extraction of low-abundance proteins（LAPs） and the removal of abundant proteins（APs; β-conglycinin and glycinin） from soybean meal.Single factor and orthogonal experiments were designed to determine the effects of four factors（isopropanol concentration, total extraction time, ultrasonic power, and ultrasonic time） on protein concentration in isopropanol extracts.Proteins in the isopropanol supernatant and the cold acetone precipitate of isopropanol were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS-PAGE） and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry（MALDI-TOF-MS）.The results showed that the optimal conditions were 50% isopropanol, ultrasonic pretreatment for 15 min at 350 W, and a total extraction time of 1 h.Under these conditions, the protein concentration in the isopropanol extracts reached 0.8081 g/L.Many LAPs were detected, including β-amylase, soybean agglutinin, soybean trypsin inhibitor, fumarylacetoacetase-like, phospholipase D alpha 1-like, oleosin, and even some unknown soybean proteins.The soybean APs（β-conglycinin and glycinin） were not found.The method may be useful for discovering new soybean proteins and extracting enough LAPs of soybean to allow further studies of their physiological effects on animals without the influence of APs.

脱脂母乳在先心病术后乳糜胸婴幼儿中的应用研究进展

乳糜胸是婴幼儿先心病术后一种常见并发症,会导致脱水、电解质异常和营养不良,延长住院时间。国外有研究发现,对于先心病术后乳糜胸的婴幼儿,脱脂母乳是一种有效的治疗选择,还可以让接受低脂饮食的婴幼儿利用母乳的好处。而国内尚未见应用报道,因此本文主要基于国外研究,从应用概况、应用指征、制备方案、应用评估以及应用管理等方面,对脱脂母乳在先心病术后乳糜胸婴幼儿中的应用进行综述,旨在提高国内医护人员对先心病术后乳糜胸婴幼儿营养管理的关注度,优化该类人群的喂养方案,改善其预后。

响应面法优化发酵杏仁酱制曲工艺

为丰富杏仁产品市场,该研究以冷榨脱脂杏仁蛋白粉为原料,以米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)为制曲菌种,通过混合菌种发酵法制备一款发酵杏仁酱,并以蛋白酶活力为响应值,采用单因素试验及响应面试验对其制曲工艺进行优化。结果表明,发酵杏仁酱的最优制曲工艺为混合菌粉添加量0.7%、制曲温度30℃、米曲霉与黑曲霉接种比例3∶1。在此优化条件下制得的成曲蛋白酶活力为0.62 g氨基酸态氮/100 g成曲,感官评分为8.6分,曲香味浓郁,呈新鲜黄绿色,质地松软,菌丝分布均匀一致,为杏仁酱产品的开发提供了前期酶解成曲保障。