Defected Ground Structure Multiple Input-Output Antenna For Wireless Applications

In this paper,the investigation of a novel compact 2×2,2×1,and 1×1 Ultra-Wide Band(UWB)based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO)antenna with Defected Ground Structure(DGS)is employed.The proposed Electromagnetic Radiation Structures(ERS)is composed of multiple radiating elements.These MIMO antennas are designed and analyzed with and without DGS.The feeding is introduced by a microstrip-fed line to significantly moderate the radiating structure’s overall size,which is 60×40×1 mm.The high directivity and divergence characteristics are attained by introducing the microstripfed lines perpendicular to each other.And the projected MIMO antenna structures are compared with others by using parameters like Return Loss(RL),Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR),Radiation Pattern(RP),radiation efficiency,and directivity.The same MIMO set-up is redesigned with DGS,and the resultant parameters are compared.Finally,the Multiple Input and Multiple Output Radiating Structures with and without DGS are compared for result considerations like RL,VSWR,RP,radiation efficiency,and directivity.This projected antenna displays an omnidirectional RP with moderate gain,which is highly recommended for human healthcare applications.By introducing the defected ground structure in bottom layer the lower cut-off frequencies of 2.3,4.5 and 6.0 GHz are achieved with few biological effects on radio propagation in human body communications.The proposed design covers numerous well-known wireless standards,along with dual-function DGS slots,and it can be easily integrated into Wireless Body Area Networks(WBAN)in medical applications.This WBAN links the autonomous nodes that may be situated either in the clothes,on-body or beneath the skin of a person.This system typically advances the complete human body and the inter-connected nodes through a wireless communication channel.

V-Shaped Monopole Antenna with Chichena Itzia Inspired Defected Ground Structure for UWB Applications

Due to rapid growth in wireless communication technology,higher bandwidth requirement for advance telecommunication systems,capable of operating on two or higher bands with higher channel capacities and minimum distortion losses is desired.In this paper,a compact Ultra-Wideband(UWB)V-shaped monopole antenna is presented.UWB response is achieved by modifying the ground plane with Chichen Itzia inspired rectangular staircase shape.The proposed V-shaped is designed by incorporating a rectangle,and an inverted isosceles triangle using FR4 substrate.The size of the antenna is 25 mm×26 mm×1.6 mm.The proposed V-shaped monopole antenna produces bandwidth response of 3 GHz Industrial,Scientific,and Medical(ISM),Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX),(IEEE 802.11/HIPERLAN band,5G sub 6 GHz)which with an additional square cut amplified the bandwidth response up to 8 GHz ranging from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz attaining UWB defined by Federal Communications Commission(FCC)with a maximum gain of 3.83 dB.The antenna is designed in Ansys HFSS.Results for key performance parameters of the antenna are presented.The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results.Due to flat gain,uniform group delay,omni directional radiation pattern characteristics and well-matched impedance,the proposed antenna is suitable for WiMAX,ISM and heterogeneous wireless systems.

Metamaterial-Based Compact Antenna with Defected Ground Structure for 5G and Beyond

In this paper,a unit cell of a single-negative metamaterial structure loaded with a meander line and defected ground structure(DGS)is investigated as the principle radiating element of an antenna.The unit cell antenna causes even or odd mode resonances similar to the unit cell structure depending on the orientation of the microstrip feed used to excite the unit cell.However,the orientation which gives low-frequency resonance is considered here.The unit cell antenna is then loaded with a meander line which is parallel to the split bearing side and connects the other two sides orthogonal to the split bearing side.This modified structure excites another mode of resonance at high frequency when a meander line defect is loaded on the metallic ground plane.Specific parameters of the meander line structure,the DGS shape,and the unit cell are optimized to place these two resonances at different frequencies with proper frequency intervals to enhance the bandwidth.Finally,the feed is placed in an offset position for better impedance matching without affecting the bandwidth The compact dimension of the antenna is 0.25λL×0.23λL×0.02λL,whereλL is the free space wavelength with respect to the center frequency of the impedance bandwidth.The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured.Experimental results reveal that the modified design gives monopole like radiation patterns which achieves a fractional operating bandwidth of 26.6%,from 3.26 to 4.26 GHz for|S11|<−10 dB and a pick gain of 1.26 dBi is realized.In addition,the simulated and measured crosspolarization levels are both less than−15 dB in the horizontal plane.

Comparison of Characteristics of Periodic and Non-Periodic Defected Ground Structures

The filter characteristic of defected ground structure (DGS) is analyzed and the equivalent circuit of C-shaped DGS is extracted. The characteristics of non-periodic and periodic DGS with different dimensions are compared. Then the DGS is simulated and optimized with software, and the circuit board is manufactured and measured.The non-periodic structure is simple in structure and small in size and ripple compared with the periodic structure.Though the stop band of the non-periodic structure is narrow, it can meet the requirement of application. The C-shaped structure with two stop bands can select frequency in a special band.

Design of low-pass filter based on a novel defected ground structure

A novel defected ground structure （DGS） for the microstrip line is proposed in this paper. The DGS lattice has more defect parameters so that it can provide better performance than the conventional dumbbell-shaped DGS. Selectivity is improved by 97.2% with a sharpness factor of 24.6%. The method is applied to the design of a low-pass filter to confirm validity of the proposed DGS.

A Novel Compact Highly Isolated UWB MIMO Antenna with WLAN Notch

This paper presents a compact Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)antenna with WLAN band notch for Ultra-Wideband(UWB)applications.The antenna is designed on 0.8mmthick low-cost FR-4 substrate having a compact size of 22mm×30 mm.The proposed antenna comprises of two monopole patches on the top layer of substrate while having a shared ground on its bottom layer.The mutual coupling between adjacent patches has been reduced by using a novel stub with shared ground structure.The stub consists of complementary rectangular slots that disturb the surface current direction and thus result in reducing mutual coupling between two ports.A slot is etched in the radiating patch for WLAN band notch.The slot is used to suppress frequencies ranging from 5.1 to 5.9 GHz.The results show that the proposed antenna has a very good impedance bandwidth of|S11|<−10 dB within the frequency band from 3.1–14 GHz.A low mutual coupling of less than−23 dB is achieved within the entire UWB band.Furthermore,the antenna has a peak gain of 5.8 dB,low ECC<0.002 and high Diversity Gain(DG>9.98).

Isolation Enhancement in a Compact Four-Element MIMO Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications

Mutual coupling reduction or isolation enhancement in antenna arrays is an important area of research as it severely affects the performance of an antenna.In this paper,a new type of compact and highly isolated Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output(MIMO)antenna for ultra-wideband(UWB)applications is presented.The design consists of four radiators that are orthogonally positioned and confined to a compact 40×40×0.8 mm3 space.The final antenna design uses an inverted L shape partial ground to produce an acceptable reflection coefficient(S11<−10 dB)in an entire UWB band(3.1–10.6)giga hertz(GHz).Moreover,the inter-element isolation has also been enhanced to>20 db for majority of the UWB band.The antenna was fabricated and tested with the vector network analyzer(VNA)and in an anechoic chamber for scattering parameters and radiation patterns.Furthermore,different MIMO diversity performance metrics are also measured to validate the proposed model.The simulation results and the experimental results from the constructed model agree quite well.The proposed antenna is compared with similar designs in recently published literature for various performance metrics.Because of its low envelope correlation coefficient(ECC<0.1),high diversity gain(DG>9.99 dB),peak gain of 4.6 dB,reduced channel capacity loss(CCL<0.4 b/s/Hz),and average radiation efficiency of over 85%,the proposed MIMO antenna is ideally suited for practical UWB applications.

Design of a wideband common-mode filter using approximate closed-loop pattern of compact C-shaped defected ground structure

A compact common-mode filter is proposed to suppress common-mode noise for application of high-speed differential signal traces. The filter adopts one big C-shaped defected ground structure （DGS） cell in the left of ground plane and two small C-shaped DGS cells with opposite direction in the right of ground plane. Because these DGS cells have different dimensions, the filter has three adjacent equivalent resonant points, which can suppress wideband common-mode noise effectively. The left C-shaped DGS and its adjacent C-shaped DGS cell form an approximate closed structure, which can efficiently reduce the influence of the mutual capacitance. The filter provides a common-mode suppression from 3.6 GHz to 14.4 GHz over 15 dB while it has a small size of 10 minx 10 mm. The fractional bandwidth of the filter is 120%, and the differential signals still keep good signal integrity. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated results.

Wideband bandstop defected ground structure filter with enhanced common-mode suppression using split ring

An effective method to broaden the rejection bandwidth of dump-shaped defected ground structure(DGS) filter design is proposed in the paper. One traditional dumbbell-shaped DGS is split by using one split ring, and reconstructed into two different compact DGSs. The distance between both of the DGSs is so close that there exists mutual inductance, which can be utilized to broaden the rejection bandwidth effectively. The effect of different parameters of the split ring on the rejection bandwidth and depth of the filter is analyzed. Simulated results demonstrate that, with the same area of 5.5mm by 10 mm, rejection bandwidth of the proposed filter is from 4.4 GHz to 10.5 GHz for the common-mode noise(CM) while that of the traditional dumbbell-shaped DGS is from 5.3 GHz to 7.3 GHz. Compared to other schematics adopting multiple DGS to broaden bandwidth, it can broaden the bandwidth by dividing the existed DGS into multiple parts and reconstructing a new filter. The experimental results show good agreement with simulated results.

Novel S-slot DGS with high quality factor

In order to solve the problem that the quality factor （ Q factor） of the conventional defected ground structure （DGS）is not high and cannot produce a sharp resonant band, a novel S-slot DGS is presented. Compared with the conventional DGS, the proposed S-slot DGS has a much higher Q factor, a quite simpler layout and a steeper band rejection. Its equivalent circuit model is extracted by analyzing the transfer characteristics, and design parameters are calculated according to the deducted equations. Characteristics of this type of DGS are investigated with variable dimension parameters and an experiential method for the design of the S-slot DGS is summarized. Finally, a sample of a compact S-slot DGS unit resonated at 4. 64 GHz is fabricated. Its Q factor is as high as 39. 66 and its size is only 5.00 mm × 1.40 mm, with a steep resonant band and a low insertion-loss passband. The measured results show a good agreement with simulation, which demonstrates the applicability of the S-slot DGS in practical engineering.

Design of a compact low-pass filter with wide stopband

This paper presents a novel low-pass filter （LPF） with sharp rejection, wide stopband and compact size, which are realized by the defected ground structure （DGS） and the defected microstrip structure （DMS）. The equivalent circuit model is proposed and the circuit parameters are extracted by the circuit simulation software. The parameters measured are 3 dB cutoff frequency fc of 5.2 GHz, the insertion loss less than 0.5 dB from DC to 4.0 GHz and S21 less than -20 dB within the wide stopband from 6 GHz to 16 GHz. The results of the circuit optimization agree well with those of the full wave simulation and the measured ones, which validate the effectiveness of the equivalent circuit model. The size of the proposed LPF is decreased compared with normal LPF. This LPF can be applied in rectennas to eliminate high order harmonics.

A Novel Trident Incurvature Shape DGS to Suppress Radiated Emission in High Speed Printed Circuit Board

As per the entail in wireless communication, the ever increasing switching speeds of digital devices pose significant challenges. Signal quality is more important for high speed products and the signal integrity must ensure reliable transmission where signal integrity is a measure of the quality of an electrical signal. A high speed differential signal will result in signal integrity issues such as crosstalk and radiated emission. One of the solutions to suppress radiated emission is defected ground pattern. This paper introduces a novel trident incurvature shaped defected ground structure to suppress radiated emission that arises in high speed differential signal. The proposed defected ground structure is implemented using Ansoft HFSS simulation tool and its performance is quantified in terms of scattering parameters. The proposed trident incurvature shaped defected ground pattern reduces near end coupling and far end coupling by more than 6 dB and 2 dB respectively. It also provides better return loss and insertion loss in the frequency range 1 - 6 GHz.

Novel design of a compact tunable dual band wireless power transfer(TDB-WPT)system for multiple WPT applications

In this study we present the design and realization of a tunable dual band wireless power transfer(TDB-WPT)coupled resonator system.The frequency response of the tunable band can be controlled using a surface-mounted varactor.The transmitter(Tx)and the receiver(Rx)circuits are symmetric.The top layer contains a feed line with an impedance of 50Ω.Two identical half rings defected ground structures(HR-DGSs)are loaded on the bottom using a varactor diode.We propose a solution for restricted WPT systems working at a single band application according to the operating frequency.The effects of geometry,orientation,relative distance,and misalignments on the coupling coefficients were studied.To validate the simulation results,the proposed TDB-WPT system was fabricated and tested.The system occupied a space of 40 mm×40 mm.It can deliver power to the receiver with an average coupling efficiency of 98%at the tuned band from 817 to 1018 MHz and an efficiency of 95%at a fixed band of 1.6 GHz at a significant transmission distance of 22 mm.The results of the measurements accorded well with those of an equivalent model and the simulation.

Design of low-pass filter with 3-interations Koch fractal Pi-shaped DGS

A novel asymmetrical Pi-shaped defected ground structure （DGS） with 3-interations Koch fractal curves is proposed to design a microstrip low-pass filter （LPF） with uhra-wide stop-band （SB）. The proposed LPFs with a single resonator and two cascaded resonators are both designed, simulated, manufactured and measured. Simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the designed LPF has a very sharp transition band （TB） and an ultra-wide SB performance compared with the existed similar symmetrical and asymmetrical DGS. The proposed LPF with two cascaded resonators is with a compact size of 36. 8 mm x 24.0 mm, a very low insertion loss of less than 0.7 dB under 1.9 GHz, and a wide SB from 2.2 GHz to 8 GHz with rejection of larger than 30 dB.