DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF URINARY BLADDER:STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL POLYPEPTIDES FROM BLADDER MUCOSA

The acid soluble extract of the bladder mucosal surface was obtained by washing out the bladder with dilute acetic acid in the presence of protease inhibitors. The wash out materials from rats, rabbits, pigs, and humans manifested strong bactericidal activity against E.coli in vitro. The ultrafiltrate of the human material, which contained two major peptides with apparent molecular masses of 6 7 kD and 8 5 kD, respectively, showed potent bactericidal activity against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus sanguis.Three antibacterial polypeptides (PiBPs) were purified from the porcine material. The molecular masses of PiBP 5, PiBP 11 and PiBP 25 were 5773.3 Da, 11127.8 Da and 25073 Da, respectively. PiBP 5 was unusually rich in glycine, serine and threonine residues(20 0, 16 3 and 10 4 mo1%, respectively), and N terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that PiBP 5 was homologous (83 3% identity in an 18 residue overlay) to the “tail” of human cytokeratin 7. Although the amino acid compositions of PiBP 11 and PiBP 25 were established, both had blocked N termini and primary sequence data were not obtained. These results provided evidence indicating that the presence of peptides in the bladder mucosa could enable it to kill adherent bacteria.

Research on the Influence of Different Psychological Defense Mechanisms on the Psychology of Students

The contradiction between id and ego is the root cause of various problems in the growth process of students.On the basis of understanding the functions of different psychological defense mechanisms,teachers can assist students in dealing with all areas of inner conflict and thus achieve a balanced state.Psychological defense mechanism is one of the means for individuals to deal with setbacks and anxiety.It plays an important role in preserving an individual's mental health.This paper mainly analyzes the impact of different types of psychological defense mechanisms in the growth process of students and discusses its importance as well as its significance.Finally,by analyzing its influencing factors,this paper also proposes strategies for adjusting the psychological defense mechanism,so as to provide reference for teachers in the practical education process.

Effects of Plant Extracts and Beauveria bassiana on the Activity of Defense-Related Enzymes in Solanum lycopersicum L.during Interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici

The objective to this work was to evaluate the enzymatic activity in the culture of Solanum lycopersicum L.infected with Fusarium oxysporum after the combined application of Beauveria bassiana and plant extracts.Solanum lycopersicum plantlets were transplanted 15 days after the emergency.Five days after transplanting,Beauveria bassiana spores were applied at a concentration of 1×10^(7)spores mL^(−1)onto soil(along with A.indica(N)and P.auritum(H)leaf extracts)where S.lycopersicum plants were planted.Eight days after transplanting,spores of F.oxysporum strain were applied at a concentration of 1×10^(6)spores mL^(−1)to soil where S.lycopersicum plants were growing.The development of S.lycopersicum plants was monitored for 114 days,whereby a randomized complete block treatment design was used,the roots of the plants were crushed with liquid nitrogen,after which UV/VIS spectrophotometry was used to determine protein concentration,as well as the activity ofβ-1,3-glucanases,peroxidases(POX,EC1.11.1.7),catalase and chitinases.The treatments combining B.bassiana and A.indica and P.auritum extracts,had a significant difference in enzymatic activity levels,thus contributing to better defense mechanisms and a greater protection to S.lycopersicum plants in the presence of F.oxysporum.The application of B.bassiana and plant extracts to the ground mitigated damage caused by F.oxysporum on S.lycopersicum plants.

A Psychoanalytic Insight Into Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire Psychic Strength From Defense Mechanism

This paper attempts to analyze Blanche＇s psyche in relation to her employing defense mechanism to restore her mental health and herself in A Streetcar Named Desire （1947） by the American playwright Tennessee Williams. It focuses on her replacing reality with fantastic embodiments or illusion. She has taken unacceptable impulses into acceptable forms by unconsciously blocking the impulses such as superego and thereby reducing agony for the earlier traumatic experiences left indelible marks on her mind, and anxiety for survival. Her anxiety becomes too overwhelming that her ego urgently employs defense mechanisms to protect her. With her new hopes and dreams she desires to replace the highly stressful loss. Under mental and social stress, her illusion and her falsification of reality nevertheless became unable to overcome recurring trauma-causing situation in reality and her healing process thereby leaving her on the verge of extinction.

Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profile in Epidermal Mucus of Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse （Labroides dimidiatus）： Possible Role as Defense Mechanism against Pathogens

Labroides dimidiatus has been proven to remove ectoparasites and monogeneans from client fishes and studies showed that they were not infected with the parasite. Due to this, there is a possibility that a defense mechanism against pathogen and parasitic invasion exist in the epidermal mucus which serves as a mechanical as well as biochemical barrier. The study was performed to identify the amino acid and fatty acid components using GC （gas chromatography） and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus. The present study revealed 16 components of amino acid and 22 types of fatty acid in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatzts. Linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was the most prominent PUFA （polyunsaturated fatty acid） which contributed approximately 11.69% of total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids are palmitic acid （C 16：0）, oleic acid （C 18： l n9c）, linoledaidic acid （C18：2n6t）, arachidic acid （C20：0）, Gamma-Linoleic acid （C18：3n6） and gadoleic acid （C20：1） which contained reasonable amounts of 9.52%, 8.06%, 6.26%, 8.33%, 6.21% and 9.05% of total fatty acids, respectively. This present study also demonstrated the presence of various amino acids in skin extract. Glycine, glutamine, arginine, asparagin and alanine were found at high concentration of 8.09%, 6.95%, 5.73%, 4.74%, 4.58% respectively. The most abundance percentage of linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was found to be the metabolic precursor of arachidonic acid （AA） which inducing platelet aggregation, facilitate the blood clotting process and adhesion in endothelial cells during wound healing and might be responsible for rapid tissue growth in L. dimidiatus. It can be concluded that the amino acid and fatty acid profile from the epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus contains most of the essential components required to play a possible role in its defense mechanism. Understanding the biochemical properties of L. dimidiatus epidermal mucus in defense mechanism would enable to determine how this fish protect itself from parasitic infection.

The Study on Multinational Operation Risk-Defense System Based on Corporate Governance Mechanism

：With the unceasing globalization development of MNCs＇ business and connnuous intensify in international competition, the managers of MNCs find that the strategy decisions they are faced on are becoming more complicated, and they have deeply realized that the perception and defense of the international risk has the impact on their strategy decisions. The thesis, proceeding with analyzing and evaluating risk types in the course of enterprises developing in the international markets, based on the integration international risk perception model, utilizing relative theories and study thoughts of the corporate governance mechanisms, especially the relative studies on overseas enterprises＇ governance mechanisms, explores how to use the corporate governance mechanisms to build the defense system against international risks. Meanwhile, the thesis further discusses the risks our native enterprises have suffered from during the multinational operation in detail, explores its reasons and offers the defense measures of all sorts of risk.

Dual Instinct and Structural Theories: DSM-5-TR

The genetic based Dual Instinct Theory is determined by evolutionary history. Aggression is required for survival and sex for propagation of species. Aggressive and sexual drive derivatives with their corresponding defence mechanisms are combined with biologically based stages of infant/child development and the functional entity of Structural Theory. This model of human nature is the applied to the diagnostic categories of DSM-5-TR. Objectives: To follow the innate Dual Instinct Theory from life to death and through Artificial Intelligence;connect it with biological stages of development of the Structural Theory and illustrate its manifestations in DSM-5-TR classifications. Method: Review of selected published literature. Applying the principle of focus and cognition of informed clinical observation of innate drive derivatives in conjunction with The Structural Theory. Both theories are functional entities with no structures involved. Sigmund Freud’s biologically based stages of development;oral, anal, genital pubic, adult, and geriatric along with a variety of unconscious, automatic, and persistent defense mechanisms are selectively folded into diagnosis listed in the manual.

A Novel Distributed LDoS Attack Scheme against Internet Routing

LDoS （Low-rate Denial of Service） attack, exploiting the flaws in the congestion avoidance mechanism of TCP protocol,is periodic, stealthy, and with high efficiency. Since BGP uses TCP as a transport protocol, it is subject to LDoS attacks as well. LDoS attacks can cause table reset, route flapping of BGP protocol. A deliberately constructed distributed low-rate DOS attacks can even generate surge of updates throughout the Internet. In this paper, we investigate the promotion of attack efficiency of this novel attack, and then propose an attack model to simulate the LDoS attack. Experiments prove that this attack model can exponentially lower the attack costs and improve the attack effect.

Ozone disrupts the communication between plants and insects in urban and suburban areas:an updated insight on plant volatiles

Plant-insect interactions are basic components of biodiversity conservation.To attain the international Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),the interactions in urban and in suburban systems should be better understood to maintain the health of green infrastructure.The role of ground-level ozone(0_(3)) as an environmental stress disrupting interaction webs is presented.Ozone mixing ratios in suburbs are usually higher than in the center of cities and may reduce photosynthetic productivity at a relatively higher degree.Consequently,carbon-based defense capacities of plants may be suppressed by elevated 0_(3) more in the suburbs.However,contrary to this expectation,grazing damages by leaf beetles have been severe in some urban centers in comparison with the suburbs.To explain differences in grazing damages between urban areas and suburbs,the disruption of atmospheric communication signals by elevated 0_(3) via changes in plant-regulated biogenic volatile organic compounds and long-chain fatty acids are considered.The ecological roles of plant volatiles and the effects of 0_(3) from both a chemical and a biological perspective are presented.Ozone-disrupted plant volatiles should be considered to explain herbivory phenomena in urban and suburban systems.

Differences in pectoral fin spine morphology between vocal and silent clades of catfishes (Order Siluriformes): Ecomorphological implications

Stridulatory sound-producing behavior is widespread across catfish families, but some are silent. To understand why, we compared spine morphology and ecotype of silent and vocal clades. We determined vocal ability of laboratory specimens during disturbance behavior. Vocal families had bony （not flexible or segmented） spines, well-developed anterior and/or posterior serrations, and statistically significantly longer spines. We compared morphology of the proximal end of the pectoral spine between vocal and silent species. For vocal taxa, microscopic rounded or bladed ridges or knobs were present on the dorsal process. Most silent species had reduced processes with exclusively smooth, convoluted, or honeycombed surfaces very similar to spine-locking surfaces, or they had novel surfaces （beaded, vacuolated, cobwebbed）. Most callichthyids had ridges but many were silent during disturbance. All doradid, most auchenipterid and most mochokid species were vocal and had ridges or knobs. Within the Auchenipteridae, vocal species had spines with greater weight and serration development but not length. Silent auchenipterids had thin, brittle, distally segmented spines with few microscopic serrations on only one margin and a highly reduced dorsal process lacking any known vocal morphology. Silent auchenipterids are derived and pelagic, while all vocal genera are basal and benthopelagic. This is the first phylogenetic evidence for stridulation mechanism loss within catfishes. Phylogenetic mapping of vocal ability, spine condition, and ecotype revealed the repeated presence of silence and vocal taxa, short and long spines, and ecotype shifts within clades. The appearance and loss of vocal behavior and supporting morphologies may have facilitated diversification among catfishes [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 73 89 2010].

DDoS Attack in Software Defined Networks: A Survey

Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS) attacks have been one of the most destructive threats to Internet security. By decoupling the network control and data plane, software defined networking(SDN) offers a flexible network management paradigm to solve DDoS attack in traditional networks. However, the centralized nature of SDN is also a potential vulnerability for DDo S attack. In this paper, we first provide some SDN-supported mechanisms against DDoS attack in traditional networks. A systematic review of various SDN-self DDo S threats are then presented as well as the existing literatures on quickly DDoS detection and defense in SDN. Finally, some promising research directions in this field are introduced.

Application of ferrous sulfate alleviates negative impact of cadmium in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals[such as cadmium(Cd)]is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy.Iron(Fe),being an important element,has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses.The present study investigated the extent to which different levels of Ferrous sulphate(FeSO_(4))modulated the Cd tolerance of rice(Oryza sativa L.),when maintained in artificially Cd spiked regimes.A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions for 146 days,by using natural soil,mixed with different levels of CdCl_(2)[0(no Cd),0.5 and 1 mg/kg]together with the exogenous application of FeSO_(4) at[0(no Fe),1.5 and 3 mg/kg]levels to monitor different growth,gaseous exchange characteristics,oxidative stress,antioxidative responses,minerals accumulation,organic acid exudation patterns of O.sativa.Our results depicted that addition of Cd to the soil significantly(P<0.05)decreased plant growth and biomass,gaseous exchange parameters,mineral uptake by the plants,sugars(soluble,reducing,and non-reducing sugar)and altered the ultrastructure of chloroplasts,plastoglobuli,mitochondria,and many other cellular organelles in Cd-stressed O.sativa compared to those plants which were grown without the addition of Cd in the soil.However,Cd toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA),which is the indication of oxidative stress in O.sativa and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))contents and electrolyte leakage to the membrane bounded organelles.Although,activities of various antioxidative enzymes like superoxidase dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT)and ascorbate peroxidase(APX)and non-enzymatic antioxidants like phenolics,flavonoid,ascorbic acid,anthocyanin and proline contents increased up to a Cd level of 0.5 mg/kg in the soil but were significantly diminished at the highest Cd level of 1 mg/kg in the soil compared to those plants which were grown without the addition of Cd in the soil.The negative impacts of Cd injury were reduced by the application of FeSO_(4) which increased plant growth and biomass,improved photosynthetic apparatus,antioxidant enzymes,minerals uptake together with diminished exudation of organic acids as well as oxidative stress indicators in roots and shoots of O.sativa by decreasing Cd retention in different plant parts.These results shed light on the effectiveness of FeSO_(4) in improving the growth and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activities of O.sativa in response to Cd stress.However,further studies at field levels are required to explore the mechanisms of FeSO_(4)-mediated reduction of the toxicity of not only Cd,but possibly also other heavy metals in plants.

Changes in Phyto-Chemical Status upon Viral Infections in Plant:A Critical Review

Most damaging plant diseases have been caused by viruses in the entire world.In tropical and subtropical areas,the damage caused by plant virus leads to great economic and agricultural losses.Single stranded DNA viruses(geminiviruses)are the most perilous pathogens which are responsible for major diseases in agronomic and horticultural crops.Significantly begomoviruses and mastreviruses are the biggest genus of plant infecting viruses,transmitted though Bemisia tabaci and members of Cicadellidae respectively.Plants possesses some naturally existing chemicals term as phyto-chemicals which perform important functions in the plant.Some antioxidant enzymes are used by plants for selfdefense upon foreign invasion of infection.This review explains the present perceptive of influence of viral infections on phyto-chemicals,oxidative enzymes and biochemical changes occurring in the plant.Viral infection mediated phytochemical changes in plants mainly includes:up and down regulation of photosynthetic pigment,increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds,elevation of starch content in the leaf and up&down regulation of anti-oxidative enzymes including(GPX)guaiacol peroxidase,(PPO)polyphenol oxidase,(APX)ascorbate peroxidase,(SOD)superoxide dismutase and(CTA)catalase.These changes lead to initiation of hypersensitive response,by thicken of the leaf lamina,lignification under the leaf surface,blocking to stomatal openings,systematic cell death,generation of reactive oxidative species(ROS),activation of pathogen mediated resistance pathways i.e.,production of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.Collectively all the physiological changes in the plant due to viral infection supports the activation of defense mechanism of the plant to combat against viral infection by limiting virus in specific area,followed with the production of barriers for pathogen,accumulation of starch in the leaf and excess production of(ROS).These strategies used by the plant to prevent the spread of virus in whole plant and to minimize the risk of severe yield loss.

Enhanced Security with Improved Defensive Routing Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent scenario of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),there are many application developed for handling sensitive and private data such as military information,surveillance data,tracking,etc.Hence,the sensor nodes of WSNs are distributed in an intimidating region,which is non-rigid to attacks.The recent research domains of WSN deal with models to handle the WSN communications against malicious attacks and threats.In traditional models,the solution has been made for defending the networks,only to specific attacks.However,in real-time applications,the kind of attack that is launched by the adversary is not known.Additionally,on developing a security mechanism for WSN,the resource constraints of sensor nodes are also to be considered.With that note,this paper presents an Enhanced Security Model with Improved Defensive Routing Mechanism(IDRM)for defending the sensor network from various attacks.Moreover,for efficient model design,the work includes the part of feature evaluation of some general attacks of WSNs.The IDRM also includes determination of optimal secure paths and Node security for secure routing operations.The performance of the proposed model is evaluated with respect to several factors;it is found that the model has achieved better security levels and is efficient than other existing models in WSN communications.It is proven that the proposed IDRM produces 74%of PDR in average and a minimized packet drop of 38%when comparing with the existing works.

Continual Process of Self-Making： Hester Prynne＇s Life Is an Instance of Sublimation

This paper attempts to demonstrate Hester Prynne＇s, in Nathaniel Hawthorne＇s romantic work of fiction The Scarlet Letter （1994）, sublimation of her sexual impulses into identifying with the socially acceptable humanitarian actions, and societal demands in order to avoid the confrontation with the scorn of the people of Boston, her sexual urge, and with her weakness. Hester＇s libidinal energy was channeled into socially approved activities in her self-devoted years that made up her identity and reality. The scarlet letter ceased to be a stigma which once attracted the world＇s scorn and bitterness, later looked upon with reverence, and transformed into a thing to be sorrowed over. She had not ignored a large part of reality of her life （the past and present）. If she ignored her past she would entirely detach it from the present. She integrated her stigma into her life in the continual process of self-making, and thereby projecting herself into the future

The actin motor protein OsMYA1 associates with OsExo70H1 and contributes to rice secretory defense by modulating OsSyp121 distribution

Magnaporthe oryzae(M.oryzae)is a devastating hemibiotrophic pathogen.Its biotrophic invasive hyphae(IH)are enclosed in the extrainvasive hyphal membrane produced by plant cells,thus generating a front line of the battlefield between the pathogen and the host plants.In plants,defense-related complexes such as proteins,callose-rich materials and vesicles,are directionally secreted to this interface to confer defense responses,but the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood.In this study,we found that a Myosin gene,Myosin A1(OsMYA1),contributed to rice defense.The OsMYA1 knockout mutant exhibited decreased resistance to M.oryzae infection.OsMYA1 localizes to the actin cytoskeleton and surrounds the IH of M.oryzae.OsMYA1 interacts with an exocyst subunit,OsExo70H1,and regulates its accumulation at the plasma membrane(PM)and pathogen–plant interface.Furthermore,OsExo70H1 interacted with the rice syntaxin of the plants121 protein(OsSyp121),and the distribution of OsSyp121 to the PM or the pathogen–plant interface was disrupted in both the OsMYA1 and OsExo70H1 mutants.Overall,these results not only reveal a new function of OsMYA1 in rice blast resistance,but also uncover a molecular mechanism by which plants regulate defense against M.oryzae by OsMYA1-initiated vesicle secretory pathway,which originates from the actin cytoskeleton to the PM.

Game theoretic analysis for the mechanism of moving target defense

Moving target defense （MT_D） is a novel way to alter the asymmetric situation of attacks and defenses, and a lot of MTD studies have been carried out recently. However, relevant analysis for the defense mechanism of the MTD technology is still absent. In this paper, we analyze the defense mechanism of MTD technology in two dimensions. First, we present a new defense model named MP2R to describe the proactivity and effect of MTD technology intuitively. Second, we use the incomplete information dynamic game theory to verify the proactivity and effect of MTD technology. Specifically, we model the interaction between a defender who equips a server with different types of MTD techniques and a visitor who can be a user or an attacker, and analyze the equilibria and their conditions for these models. Then, we take an existing incomplete information dynamic game model for traditional defense and its equilibrium result as baseline for comparison, to validate the proactivity and effect of MTD technology. We also identify the factors that will influence the proactivity and effectiveness of the MTD approaches. This work gives theoretical support for understanding the defense process and defense mechanism of MTD technology and provides suggestions to improve the effectiveness of MTD approaches.

Some insights into how barnacles survive as sessile organisms

During routine chemical analyses of the stalked ibliform barnacle Chaetolepas calcitergum Buckeridge&Newman 2006,peaks of more than 7%(by dry mass)of bromine were detected.Although bromine ions occur in seawater(up to 66 ppm),this level of accumulation,in the soft tissue of the barnacle,is extraordinary.Organic concentration of bromine compounds occurs in a number of invertebrates,such as algae and sponges,but this is the first record of elevated bromine in goose barnacles.The high accumulation of bromine compound(s)is most likely a defense mechanism.The present paper includes a review of the mechanisms deployed by barnacles to repel predators.