Post-post-Newtonian deflection of light ray in multiple systems with PPN parameters

The post-Newtonian scheme in multiple systems with post-Newtonian parameters presented by Klioner and Soffel is extended to the post-post-Newtonian （PPN） order for light propagation problem in the solar system. Under considering the solar system experiment requirement, a new parameter ε is introduced. This extension does not change the virtue of the scheme on the linear partial differential equations of the potential and vector potential mentioned in previous work. Furthermore, this extension is based on the former work done by Richter and Matzner in one global system theory. As an application, we also consider the deflection of light ray in the global coordinates. And the deflection angle of light ray is obtained with post-Newtonian parameters.

Gravitational Deflection of Particles of Light by the Earth and by the Sun: A Reconstruction of the Calculations Done by Soldner in 1801

In 1801, the year of the discovery of Ceres, Johann Georg von Soldner calculated with classical means the gravitational deflection of a lightray grazing the surface of the Sun as 0.84”. According to General Relativity (GR) and using present-day data the deflection amounts to 1.75”. The formula for the deflection is derived with a classical method, with GR and as done by Soldner. The GR formula gives twice as large a deflection as the classical formula. It is shown that the formula of Soldner is equivalent to the classical one. Soldner’s numerical calculation of the classical deflection by the Earth comes out a factor 6.9 larger than using present-day data. This discrepancy is for a factor 6.25 due to a mistaken value for the velocity of the grazing lightray. This factor 6.25 can numerically be accounted for by assuming Soldner made a conceptual mistake related to the Axial Tilt of the Earth. The remaining discrepancy is due to the use of data less accurate than the present-day data. Soldner’s numerical calculation of the deflection by the Sun comes out correctly to the data of those days. In case of the Sun he did not give any further information regarding the data he used. A reconstruction reveals that for the surface gravity of the Sun he used a value close to the present-day value.

Gravitation Theory Based on the Physics of an Absolute Reference System

The study of the effect of the gravitational field on the photons, based on the hypothesis of the absolute reference system, demonstrates the origin of the gravitational force. By studying the propagation of a photon in the gravitational field the change in the estimation of time is determined, resulting from the use of a clock that is affected by the gravitational field. It is proved that in all known experiments, which were carried out in order to confirm the general theory of relativity, the results based on the hypothesis of an absolute reference system agree with the corresponding results of the general theory of relativity, except for the result of the deflection of light in the gravitational field of the sun, where the experimental results confirm the hypothesis of the absolute reference system.

Weak deflection angle of extended uncertainty principle black holes

We discuss the effects of quantum fluctuations spewed by a black hole on its deflection angle.The GaussBonnet theorem(GBT)is exploited with quantum corrections through the extended uncertainty principle(EUP),and the corresponding deflection angle is obtained.Moreover,we have attempted to broaden the scope of our work by subsuming the effects of plasma medium on the deflection angle.To demonstrate the degree of difference,the acquired results are compared with the prevailing findings.

Effect of null aether field on weak deflection angle of black holes

We study light rays in the static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of the null aether theory(NAT).To this end,we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle formed by a NAT black hole in the weak limit approximation.Using the optical metrics of the NAT black hole,we first obtain the Gaussian curvature and then calculate the leading terms of the deflection angle.Our calculations indicate how gravitational lensing is affected by the NAT field.We also illustrate that the bending of light stems from global and topological effects.

Quantum Gravity

Quantum gravitational theory, based on the hypothesis of the absolute reference system, reveals the function of the effects of the gravitational field at the microscopic and macroscopic scale. The quantum nature of gravitational potential, and the dynamics and kinetic energy of photons and elementary particles under the influence of the gravitational field are studied, and a quantum interpretation of gravitational redshift is given. There is also a complete agreement of this quantum gravitational theory with the existing experimental data.