DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION OF THE IONIZED STARCHES AND THEIR ADHESIVE CAPACITY TO POLYESTER / COTTON FIBERS

Adhesive capacity of quaternary ammonium starch and starch phosphate to the polyester / cotton fibers was studied by means roving method for the purpose of improving the sizing performance and decreasing the cost. By introducing different amount of quaternary ammonium or phosphate groups onto starch molecules, the modified starch with a series of defferent degree of substitution was prepared. Therefore the regularity of adhesive capacity, extended property and size-absorbing ability with the change in degree of substitution (DS) was obtained through the researches. The experiments demonstrate that the DS of the two modified starches show a marked influence upon the properties mentioned above. The starch phosphate is superior to quaternary ammonium starch as warp size for polyester / cotton yarns from the viewpoint of adhesive capacity and cost, although both of them are better than natural one. To improve the adhesive capacity to polyester / cotton fibers, DS≥0.027 is necessary for quaternary ammonium

Optical and Mechanical Properties of CMCNF-dispersed MMT/CMC-Na Nanocomposite Films: Influence of the Degree of Substitution of CMCNFs

Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibril(CMCNF)is an effective green dispersant to prepare well-dispersed monolayer montmorillonites(MMTs)in water,thereby facilitating the preparation of a high-performance MMT/polymer nanocomposite film.However,not enough attention has been paid to correlating the degree of substitution(DS)of CMCNFs with the mechanical and optical properties of the final nanocomposite films.In this study,a series of homogeneous monolayer MMT nanoplatelet dispersions was prepared initially using CMCNFs with different DS as a dispersant,and the as-prepared CMCNF-dispersed MMT dispersions were then mixed with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC-Na)to fabricate nacre-like nanocomposite films with different contents of MMTs through self-assembly.The layered nanostructure and optical and mechanical properties of the asprepared CMCNF-dispersed MMT/CMC-Na nanocomposite films were investigated,which demonstrated that CMCNFs with lower DS have a positive effect on their optical and mechanical properties.This study sheds light on the preparation of MMT-based nanocomposite films with superior optical and mechanical properties.

Study of Structural Characteristics of Cellulose Esters with Different Degrees of Substitution

In this article,structural characteristics of amorphous mono-,di-,and tri-substituted esters of cellulose have been studied.These esters were synthesized under homogenous conditions using anhydrides of various aliphatic acids.The specific gravity of the highly substituted samples was measured by a pycnometric method in the aqueous medium.To calculate the molar,Van der Waals,and free volumes,as well as the packing coefficient of amorphous esters the method of additive contributions of partial volumes of atoms and atom groups in the volumes of polymers was used.Based on the molar volume,also specific gravity of cellulose esters was calculated.The coincidence of calculated and experimental characteristics was shown.In addition,the relationship between glass transition temperature and free volume was found for the esters.The theoretical equations were derived,which provide predicting the structural characteristics of cellulose esters with different degrees of substitution.

Antoioxidant Activity of Carboxymethyl Chitosan with Different Substituted Degrees

[Objective] In order to study the relations among different positions, degrees of substitution and antioxidant ability. [Method] N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan （NOA, NOB and NOC）with various degrees of substitution （DS）were obtained by etherizing chito-oligosacchaside. Their structure and substituted degree were characterized and their antioxldant activity to·OH was evaluated. [ Result] The IC50 s of NOA ,NOB and NOC were 0.15 ,0. 29 ,0. 23 mg/ml while their DSs of -NH2 position（DSN） were 0.51,0.29 and 0.38 and DSo were 0. 74 ,0. 84 ,0. 97respectively.[ Conclusion] With the increase of DSN ,antioxidant activity of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan oligosaccharide to·OH was up.

Effect of Curing Regime on Degree of Al^(3+) Substituting for Si^(4+) in C-S-H Gels of Hardened Portland Cement Pastes

The effect of curing regime on degree ofAl3＋ substituting for Si^4＋ （Al/Si ratio） in C-S-H gels of hardened Portland cement pastes was investigated by 29Si magic angel spinning （MAS） nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） with deconvolution technique. The curing regimes included the constant temperature （20, 40, 60 and 80 ℃） and variable temperature （simulated internal temperature of mass concrete with 60 ℃ peak）. The results indicate that constant temperature of 20 ℃ is beneficial to substitution ofAl3＋ for Si4＋, and AI/Si ratio changes to be steady after 180 d. The increase of Al/Si ratio at 40 ℃is less than that at 20℃ for 28 d. The other three regimes of high temperature increase Al/Si ratio only before 3 d, on the contrary to that from 3 to 28 d. However, the 20 ℃ curing stage from 28 to 180 d at variable temperature regime, is beneficial to the increase of AI/Si ratio which is still lower than that at constant temperature regime of 20 ℃ for the same age. A nonlinear relation exists between the Al/Si ratio and temperature variation or mean chain length （MCL） of C-S-H gels, furthermore, the amount ofAl3＋ which can occupy the bridging tetrahedra sites in C-S-H structure is insufficient in hardened Portland cement pastes.

Investigation on Mechanical Properties of CMSLDS/Acrylate Copolymeric Blending Films for Warp Sizing

Carboxymethyl starch with lower degree of substitution was, blended with acrylate copolymer for revealing the relation between mechanical properties and chemical structure of blending film. Effects of carboxymethylation of starch, acrylate constituent units of acrylate copolymers, and copolymer content of the film on the properties were investigated. The mechanical properties were evaluated in terms of tensile strength, breaking elongation, abrasion resistance, and flex-fatigue resistance. Film morphology was examined with X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and atomic force microscope （AFM）. It was found that the properties depended on the degree of substitution of carboxymethyl starch, chemical structure of acrylate units, and content of acrylate copolymer. Phase-separation of the two ingredients occurred within film matrix and the separation was decreased after starch carboxymethylation. Breaking elongation and flex-fatigue resistance of the film reached maximmns when acrylate copolymer content was 50%. Excessively increasing the content of acrylate copolymer reduced the film properties.

STDUY ON RETENTION AND DRAINAGE PROPERTIES OF THE HIGH SUBSTITUTED DEGREE CATIONIC STARCH

This paper deals with the retention and drainage properties of the high substituted degree cationic starch (HCS) prepared by half-dry process. The experiments show that HCS has remarkable effects on filler retention and drainage in papermaking industry. With the degree of substitution (DS) of HCS increasing, the effects on filler retention and drainage increase. When the DS of HCS is 0.509 and the dosage is 0.08%, the freeness decreases about 12oSR and the filler retention is 79.82%.

一种新的DS证据理论冲突处理方法

经典DS证据理论在处理高度冲突的证据信息时常常会导致错误的结论。为解决证据冲突问题,基于证据可信度的思想,引入证据之间目标的贴近度,提出一种新的确定权重的方法,然后运用经典DS证据理论融合。在保持DS证据理论规则不变的情况下,改进了融合结果。相比其他处理方法,考虑到证据之间的冲突和贴近度,客观地计算了证据的权值,收敛更快,使得融合结果更符合事实。算例验证了方法的有效性,为DS证据理论提供新的改进途径。

一次羧甲基化制备高取代度(DS=2.20)羧甲基玉米淀粉

通过一次羧甲基化制备了DS=2.20的高取代度羧甲基玉米淀粉(CMCS)。研究了氢氧化钠用量、反应介质、反应时间和反应温度对反应效率(RE)和取代度(DS)的影响。当n(NaOH)/n(AGU)=4时,最佳反应条件为n(NaOH)/n(ClCH2COOH)=2.5、异丙醇中φ(水)=2.4%、反应温度50℃、反应时间2h,在最佳反应条件下制得CMCS的DS=2.20,RE=55%。另外,用红外光谱证明了CMCS中存在羧甲基结构。

VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF CMC PRODUCED IN TWO PHASE MEDIUM C 6H 6 C 2H 5OH

This study is focused on the viscosity behavior of the aqueous solution of the CMC prepared in a two phase medium C 6H 6 C 2H 5OH H 2O.The effects of properties such as the degree of substitution,molecular weight,distribution of substituent along the molecular chain or at positions C 2,C 3 and C 6 on viscosity are investigated respectively.The difference of the CMC synthesized in medium benzene ethanol and ethanol is studied.The addition of benzene is beneficial to improve the viscosity and stability of CMC solutions.The CMC with homogeneous distribution of substituent along the chain and the high substitution at position C 6 possess a good compatibility with organic acids and excellent resistance to alkali,salts and acid.

气质联用法和MALDI-TOF-MS测定羟丙基-β-环糊精平均取代度

为建立气质联用(GC-MS)和基质辅助激光电离-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)测定羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)平均取代度的方法。对HP-β-CD先进行甲基化反应,后将其酸水解为单环葡萄糖单元,通过硼氢化钠还原成链状葡萄糖单元,经羟基乙酰化后,进行气质联用分析,计算平均取代度(DS),并与MALDI-TOF-MS测定的结果进行比较。结果表明:利用GC-MS分析测得的DS为7.0,略高于使用MALDITOF-MS测得结果(DS=6.6)。GC-MS分析方法灵敏度较高,但是前处理步骤较为繁杂,MALDI-TOF-MS法能够快速检测样品,2种方法均可提供相关分析方法依据。

Preparation and Characterization of Acylated Chitosan

Fully acylated chitosan and N, N-diacyl chitosan were prepared. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and 1H NMR. The experimental results indicate that the average degree of acylation depends on the volume ratio of pyridine to chloroform in the reaction medium, the chain length of the acylation agent used, and the molecular weight of chitosan raw materials. The XRD measurements were carried out for pure chitosan, fully acylated chitosan and N, N-diacyl chitosan to verify the crystallinity change caused by the acylation.

Preparation and determination of hydroximic polyacrylamide

A new kind of polyacrylamide derivate, hydroximic polyacrylamide (HPAM), was prepared from polyacrylamide (PAM) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in KOH/alcohol solution. Based on colorimetric method in the measurement of C 7 9 alkyl hydroximic acid, the substitution degree of HPAM was determined by selecting octyl hydroximic acid as a primary standard substance. The effects of temperature, the amount of hydroxylamine and potassium hydroxide, and the reaction time on the reaction are discussed. HPAM with 5.78% substitution of degree was acquired by optimizing the reaction conditions. IR spectra revealed that tautomerism appears in the HPAM, and that HPAM exists in both the forms of hydroxamic type and hydroximic type, and the latter type can easily lead to the forming of intramolecular hydrogen bond.

Selective reduction of carbon dioxide into amorphous carbon over activated natural magnetite

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals,including Fe,Ti,Co,etc.,was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H2 reduction.The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen(H2-TPR)and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide(CO2-TPSR)were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO2 reduction.The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H2 atmosphere.Meanwhile,the activity and selectivity of CO2 reduction into carbon were enhanced.The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous.The amount of carbon after CO2 reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt%higher than that over the natural magnetite.

STUDY ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSTITUENTS ALONG THE CHAINOF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE

Four new paranmeters, and , and have been proposed to describe the average length of the sequence of substituted anhydroglucose units and that of unsubstituted ones respectively along the CMC chain. The methods for determining those parameters have also been presented . Six CMC samples have been characterized in terms of intrinsic viscosity, degree of substitution （DS）, index of substitution（SI）;and . It has been proved experimentally that, not only can describe the sequence distribution along the CMC chain, but also can be used for calculating SI and estimating the average degree of substitution in the substituted glucose rings.

Synthesis of Amphiphilic Starch Derivatives Using One-pot Synthesis Procedure

Amphiphilic starch derivatives with high content of functional groups were prepared from potato starch using a one-pot synthesis method with a single reaction medium for the entire procedure. Potato starch was benzylated, followed by the introduction of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium(HPMA) moieties without the purification of intermediates. The synthesis was performed under heterogeneous conditions, leading to the formation of benzyl 2-hydroxypropyltri methylammonium starch chloride(BnHPMAS) with a total degree of substitution(DS) of up to 1.4. This process improved the efficiency of the preparation of amphiphilic starch derivatives and reduced the time and resources consumed by avoiding a separation process and purification of the intermediate compounds.The DS of BnHPMAS was in the range of 0.36 to 1.4, which could be tuned by varying the molar ratio of the reagents to repeating unit or by changing the reaction temperature, time, and medium. The structure of the amphiphilic starches was characterized using elemental analysis, size exclusion chromatography,fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy. Moreover, the surface tension and turbidity of the solutions of the products were measured for their potential application in the removal of dissolved and colloidal substances in paper cycling water.

APPLICATION OF CATIONIC STARCH BY DRY-PROCESS AS ANIONIC CHARGE NEUTRALIZING AGENTS TO IMPROVE FILLER RETENTION

This paper deals with the preparation of cationic starch with high degree of substitute by dry-process. The corn starch and the alkali catalyst are mixed in the mixer, then added the cationic etherifying agent (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride). The reacting time is for 5 hours at the temperature of 70℃. The cationic starch with high degree of substitution is used as anionic charge neutralizing agents to improve filler retention in wet-end section of papermaking machine.

PFI磨预处理提高桉木浆纤维反应活性的研究

采用PFI磨对桉木漂白化学浆进行预处理后,以丙烯酰氯为酯化试剂,在球磨机中进行酯化反应,通过纤维质量分析仪、光学显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对纤维的形貌和结构进行了分析,并进一步考察了酯化条件对纤维素反应活性的影响。研究结果表明:随着PFI磨转数的增加,纤维长度、纤维宽度减小,细小纤维比例显著提高,由19.86%增大至38.47%。经PFI磨打浆后,纸浆纤维表面纤丝化明显,其结晶区域部分遭破坏,结晶度由72.7%降低至66.9%;XRD结果表明:反应过程中酯化产物的结晶结构发生了改变。FT-IR结果表明:PFI磨解纤维与丙烯酰氯经球磨发生酯化反应得到丙烯酰基纤维素。酯化产物的取代度(D_(S))随着PFI磨转数的增加而增大;与未经预处理纤维相比,反应产物的D_(S)明显增加,最高可达2.38,此时的反应条件为PFI磨预处理24000 r,纤维素与丙烯酰氯的物质的量比1∶6,球磨反应时间48 h。

考虑替代性的SOM神经网络卷烟配方模块分类方法研究

为了提高模块替代决策效率和整个卷烟制造系统柔性与生产效率,提出了一种基于替代度的SOM神经网络模型对卷烟配方模块进行分类,并与历史替代统计结果进行比对。结果表明,替代度能较好地衡量模块间的替代程度,替代度越大,每个类别中的各项质量指标一致性越强,模块质量越相似,越推荐进行相互替代;在以不同替代度标准取值对卷烟配方模块进行分类时,替代度标准值越大,分类越细,选择替代度标准值为3.06作为卷烟配方模块强替代性的标准进行分类时是最合适的,此时每个类别中卷烟配方模块质量具有较高的相似性。基于替代度的SOM神经网络分类结果显示,发生类内替代的比例明显优于一般SOM神经网络算法、两阶段聚类算法和K-means聚类算法,当替代度标准值为3.06时,类内相互替代率可达95.39%,而类间替代率不足5.00%,相同类别模块替代率良好。

纤维素醚结构对CSA水泥砂浆拉伸黏结强度的影响

研究了固定水灰比条件下具有不同取代度和取代基团的5种纤维素醚在0.3%和0.6%掺量时对硫铝酸盐(CSA)水泥砂浆拉伸黏结强度的影响,并结合保水率测试及压汞法对砂浆孔结构进行分析,探讨了纤维素醚结构对其拉伸黏结强度的影响机制.结果表明:对于同类纤维素醚,高取代度的引气多,改性砂浆孔隙率大、拉伸黏结强度低;对于不同类纤维素醚,羟乙基甲基纤维素醚改性砂浆的孔隙率较羟丙基甲基纤维素醚改性砂浆的要小,拉伸黏结强度更高.基于测试结果提出了CSA水泥砂浆拉伸黏结强度影响因子模型.