DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION OF THE IONIZED STARCHES AND THEIR ADHESIVE CAPACITY TO POLYESTER / COTTON FIBERS

Adhesive capacity of quaternary ammonium starch and starch phosphate to the polyester / cotton fibers was studied by means roving method for the purpose of improving the sizing performance and decreasing the cost. By introducing different amount of quaternary ammonium or phosphate groups onto starch molecules, the modified starch with a series of defferent degree of substitution was prepared. Therefore the regularity of adhesive capacity, extended property and size-absorbing ability with the change in degree of substitution (DS) was obtained through the researches. The experiments demonstrate that the DS of the two modified starches show a marked influence upon the properties mentioned above. The starch phosphate is superior to quaternary ammonium starch as warp size for polyester / cotton yarns from the viewpoint of adhesive capacity and cost, although both of them are better than natural one. To improve the adhesive capacity to polyester / cotton fibers, DS≥0.027 is necessary for quaternary ammonium

Optical and Mechanical Properties of CMCNF-dispersed MMT/CMC-Na Nanocomposite Films: Influence of the Degree of Substitution of CMCNFs

Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibril(CMCNF)is an effective green dispersant to prepare well-dispersed monolayer montmorillonites(MMTs)in water,thereby facilitating the preparation of a high-performance MMT/polymer nanocomposite film.However,not enough attention has been paid to correlating the degree of substitution(DS)of CMCNFs with the mechanical and optical properties of the final nanocomposite films.In this study,a series of homogeneous monolayer MMT nanoplatelet dispersions was prepared initially using CMCNFs with different DS as a dispersant,and the as-prepared CMCNF-dispersed MMT dispersions were then mixed with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC-Na)to fabricate nacre-like nanocomposite films with different contents of MMTs through self-assembly.The layered nanostructure and optical and mechanical properties of the asprepared CMCNF-dispersed MMT/CMC-Na nanocomposite films were investigated,which demonstrated that CMCNFs with lower DS have a positive effect on their optical and mechanical properties.This study sheds light on the preparation of MMT-based nanocomposite films with superior optical and mechanical properties.

Study of Structural Characteristics of Cellulose Esters with Different Degrees of Substitution

In this article,structural characteristics of amorphous mono-,di-,and tri-substituted esters of cellulose have been studied.These esters were synthesized under homogenous conditions using anhydrides of various aliphatic acids.The specific gravity of the highly substituted samples was measured by a pycnometric method in the aqueous medium.To calculate the molar,Van der Waals,and free volumes,as well as the packing coefficient of amorphous esters the method of additive contributions of partial volumes of atoms and atom groups in the volumes of polymers was used.Based on the molar volume,also specific gravity of cellulose esters was calculated.The coincidence of calculated and experimental characteristics was shown.In addition,the relationship between glass transition temperature and free volume was found for the esters.The theoretical equations were derived,which provide predicting the structural characteristics of cellulose esters with different degrees of substitution.

Effect of Curing Regime on Degree of Al^(3+) Substituting for Si^(4+) in C-S-H Gels of Hardened Portland Cement Pastes

The effect of curing regime on degree ofAl3＋ substituting for Si^4＋ （Al/Si ratio） in C-S-H gels of hardened Portland cement pastes was investigated by 29Si magic angel spinning （MAS） nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） with deconvolution technique. The curing regimes included the constant temperature （20, 40, 60 and 80 ℃） and variable temperature （simulated internal temperature of mass concrete with 60 ℃ peak）. The results indicate that constant temperature of 20 ℃ is beneficial to substitution ofAl3＋ for Si4＋, and AI/Si ratio changes to be steady after 180 d. The increase of Al/Si ratio at 40 ℃is less than that at 20℃ for 28 d. The other three regimes of high temperature increase Al/Si ratio only before 3 d, on the contrary to that from 3 to 28 d. However, the 20 ℃ curing stage from 28 to 180 d at variable temperature regime, is beneficial to the increase of AI/Si ratio which is still lower than that at constant temperature regime of 20 ℃ for the same age. A nonlinear relation exists between the Al/Si ratio and temperature variation or mean chain length （MCL） of C-S-H gels, furthermore, the amount ofAl3＋ which can occupy the bridging tetrahedra sites in C-S-H structure is insufficient in hardened Portland cement pastes.

STDUY ON RETENTION AND DRAINAGE PROPERTIES OF THE HIGH SUBSTITUTED DEGREE CATIONIC STARCH

This paper deals with the retention and drainage properties of the high substituted degree cationic starch (HCS) prepared by half-dry process. The experiments show that HCS has remarkable effects on filler retention and drainage in papermaking industry. With the degree of substitution (DS) of HCS increasing, the effects on filler retention and drainage increase. When the DS of HCS is 0.509 and the dosage is 0.08%, the freeness decreases about 12oSR and the filler retention is 79.82%.

PFI磨预处理提高桉木浆纤维反应活性的研究

采用PFI磨对桉木漂白化学浆进行预处理后,以丙烯酰氯为酯化试剂,在球磨机中进行酯化反应,通过纤维质量分析仪、光学显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对纤维的形貌和结构进行了分析,并进一步考察了酯化条件对纤维素反应活性的影响。研究结果表明:随着PFI磨转数的增加,纤维长度、纤维宽度减小,细小纤维比例显著提高,由19.86%增大至38.47%。经PFI磨打浆后,纸浆纤维表面纤丝化明显,其结晶区域部分遭破坏,结晶度由72.7%降低至66.9%;XRD结果表明:反应过程中酯化产物的结晶结构发生了改变。FT-IR结果表明:PFI磨解纤维与丙烯酰氯经球磨发生酯化反应得到丙烯酰基纤维素。酯化产物的取代度(D_(S))随着PFI磨转数的增加而增大;与未经预处理纤维相比,反应产物的D_(S)明显增加,最高可达2.38,此时的反应条件为PFI磨预处理24000 r,纤维素与丙烯酰氯的物质的量比1∶6,球磨反应时间48 h。

聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的制备及表征

以糯玉米淀粉为原料、异辛酸亚锡为催化剂,在丙交酯熔融体系中制备了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉。建立了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉取代度的^(1)HNMR测试方法,以取代度为响应值,反应时间、反应温度、丙交酯添加量为考察因素,通过单因素和响应面实验优化了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的合成工艺,得到最优工艺为:反应时间12.46 h,反应温度111.75℃,丙交酯添加量为淀粉质量的258%,预测最大取代度为0.0253,通过实际操作条件调整后实际取代度为0.0238。对最优条件下制备的聚乳酸改性淀粉进行了系列表征,证实聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的颗粒结构没有被完全破坏,晶型、相对分子质量等性能优于溶剂法传统技术制备的聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉。

纤维素醚结构对CSA水泥砂浆拉伸黏结强度的影响

研究了固定水灰比条件下具有不同取代度和取代基团的5种纤维素醚在0.3%和0.6%掺量时对硫铝酸盐(CSA)水泥砂浆拉伸黏结强度的影响,并结合保水率测试及压汞法对砂浆孔结构进行分析,探讨了纤维素醚结构对其拉伸黏结强度的影响机制.结果表明:对于同类纤维素醚,高取代度的引气多,改性砂浆孔隙率大、拉伸黏结强度低;对于不同类纤维素醚,羟乙基甲基纤维素醚改性砂浆的孔隙率较羟丙基甲基纤维素醚改性砂浆的要小,拉伸黏结强度更高.基于测试结果提出了CSA水泥砂浆拉伸黏结强度影响因子模型.

一种新的DS证据理论冲突处理方法

经典DS证据理论在处理高度冲突的证据信息时常常会导致错误的结论。为解决证据冲突问题,基于证据可信度的思想,引入证据之间目标的贴近度,提出一种新的确定权重的方法,然后运用经典DS证据理论融合。在保持DS证据理论规则不变的情况下,改进了融合结果。相比其他处理方法,考虑到证据之间的冲突和贴近度,客观地计算了证据的权值,收敛更快,使得融合结果更符合事实。算例验证了方法的有效性,为DS证据理论提供新的改进途径。

一次羧甲基化制备高取代度(DS=2.20)羧甲基玉米淀粉

通过一次羧甲基化制备了DS=2.20的高取代度羧甲基玉米淀粉(CMCS)。研究了氢氧化钠用量、反应介质、反应时间和反应温度对反应效率(RE)和取代度(DS)的影响。当n(NaOH)/n(AGU)=4时,最佳反应条件为n(NaOH)/n(ClCH2COOH)=2.5、异丙醇中φ(水)=2.4%、反应温度50℃、反应时间2h,在最佳反应条件下制得CMCS的DS=2.20,RE=55%。另外,用红外光谱证明了CMCS中存在羧甲基结构。

丙酸酯化-叔胺化淀粉浆料的制备及其黏附性能

为改善淀粉浆料的黏附性能,以提升淀粉浆料对经纱的上浆质量,以丙酸酐(PA)为酯化剂,二甲氨基氯乙烷盐酸盐(DMC-HCl)为叔胺醚化剂,采用固定PA用量及改变DMC-HCl用量的方式,以水为介质,在弱碱性和低温条件下,对酸解淀粉(AHS)进行丙酸酯化-叔胺化处理,制备出一系列具有不同总取代度的丙酸酯化-叔胺化淀粉(PTAS)。对其进行化学结构表征、元素分析、颗粒形貌观察分析以及取代度测定,并对其与涤纶、涤/棉与棉粗纱间黏附性,以及浆液表面张力进行考察。结果表明:固定PA对AHS质量分数为4.63%、改变DMC-HCl用量为10~40 g,可制备出丙酸酯化程度为0.030、叔胺化程度为0.010~0.035的PTAS样品;化学结构表征与元素分析结合证实了PTAS的成功制备,PTAS颗粒仍保持颗粒态形貌,但部分颗粒表面产生损伤;这种复合变性能够明显改善淀粉对涤纶、棉纤维的黏附性能,提升淀粉浆液的表面活性,表现为PTAS对涤纶、涤/棉及棉3种粗纱的黏合力均明显高于AHS,表面张力明显低于后者;随着PTAS总取代度的增加,其表面张力逐渐降低、黏合力逐渐增大、对棉纤维黏附性的提升优于对涤纶纤维。

取代度对羟丙基淀粉基聚合物结构性能的影响

以6种不同取代度的羟丙基淀粉为骨架,丙烯酸为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,通过溶液共聚法快速制备羟丙基淀粉接枝丙烯酸单体的高吸水聚合物,探究羟丙基化后取代度对该聚合物结构和性能的影响。通过对聚合物进行了红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重、吸水性、亚甲基蓝吸附性的分析可知,淀粉基聚合物制备的过程发生聚合反应,不是简单的物理共混过程;淀粉参与制备聚合物之后,其X射线衍射光谱图中衍射峰消失,结晶结构遭到破坏;羟丙基化后聚合物的热稳定性得到改善,相同分解温度下时,羟丙基淀粉基聚合物的质量较原淀粉基聚合物高;原淀粉和高取代度聚合物吸水性能和亚甲基蓝吸附性能比低取代度范围内制备的聚合物性能优异,所有聚合物吸水能力均大于40 g/g,重复吸收解吸3次后,吸水能力仍保持在30%以上,亚甲基蓝去除率也在17.6%以上;另外,随着盐溶液中阳离子价态的增加,所有聚合物的吸液能力均减弱,盐敏因子变大,表明聚合物对离子越敏感。羟丙基化后,淀粉基聚合物的结构和性能均发生不同程度变化。高取代度下,聚合物吸水性能和亚甲基蓝吸附性较优异,为制备各项性能更优异功能性环保型聚合物提供可能性。

机械活化协同固相法制备羧甲基多孔淀粉及其在粉末酱油中的应用

为获得一种绿色高效的羧甲基多孔淀粉制备工艺,本研究以酶解制得的多孔木薯淀粉为原料,氯乙酸钠为醚化剂,氢氧化钠为催化剂,采用机械活化协同固相醚化法制备羧甲基多孔淀粉,通过单因素实验探究各因素对羧甲基多孔淀粉取代度(Degree of substitution,DS)的影响,并探讨羧甲基多孔淀粉在酱油中的应用。结果表明,机械活化协同固相法制备羧甲基多孔淀粉的最佳工艺条件为:多孔淀粉与氯乙酸钠的物质的量之比为1:1,氢氧化钠质量分数为18.8%,球磨时间1.5 h,反应温度50℃,此条件下制备得到的羧甲基多孔淀粉取代度最高为0.2532。通过红外光谱仪(Infrared spectrometer,FTIR)、X-射线粉末衍射仪(X-ray powder diffractometer,XRD)和扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)等表征,进一步证实多孔淀粉发生了羧甲基化反应。随着羧甲基多孔淀粉DS的增大其冷水溶解度、吸水率和柠檬黄吸附量增大;当DS为0.2532时,羧甲基多孔淀粉的冷水溶解度达到64.94%,吸水率达到180.73%,柠檬黄吸附量达到2.5086 mg·g^(-1)。羧甲基多孔淀粉所制备的粉末酱油相比于木薯淀粉和多孔淀粉所制备的粉末酱油溶解性更好,吸潮性更低,氨基酸态氮含量更高,与原酱油最接近。因此,机械活化协同固相醚化法可有效制备羧甲基多孔淀粉,该法操作简单,绿色环保,取代高,为多孔淀粉的开发利用提供了科学依据。

纤维素甲酸酯的制备及应用研究进展

纤维素酯是一类重要的纤维素衍生物,在纺织、食品、包装、电子、医药、化工和军工等领域应用广泛。甲酸可以与纤维素表面的羟基发生酯化反应,在纤维素表面引入酯基,生成纤维素甲酸酯。本文综述了纤维素甲酸酯的制备工艺及其在聚合物加填、皮克林乳液、功能性薄膜、丝线等领域的应用,以期为纤维素甲酸酯未来的规模化制备和应用提供借鉴。纤维素甲酸酯的制备将朝着绿色、低能耗的方向发展;其应用将更加多元化,特别是在开发高质量、可持续材料以及利用其进一步衍生化制备功能性材料方面具有广阔的研究前景。

不同取代度乙酰化淀粉的制备、表征及热塑性分析

为了使淀粉作为高分子材料更好地应用在材料行业,需要将淀粉进行改性,本研究以木薯淀粉为原料,依次对其进行预处理和无水介质的乙酰化处理,通过控制反应时间的变化,制备了不同取代度乙酰化淀粉。并且通过X射线衍射、偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、接触角测量、差示扫描量热分析等表征手段探究了预处理对乙酰化淀粉颗粒理化性质的影响、高取代度淀粉与低取代度淀粉理化性质的差异。结果表明:预处理可缩短原淀粉乙酰化所需时间,高取代度乙酰化淀粉晶体衍射峰消失,偏光十字消失,形貌由圆形变为多孔状,可以在丙酮等有机溶剂中溶解,预处理淀粉乙酰化反应0.5 h其疏水接触角就可达69.006°±0.520°,淀粉熔融温度降到155℃,分解温度由280℃增加到340℃,使淀粉热稳定性增强,具有热塑性。该研究可在半小时内制备出取代度为2.5的乙酰化淀粉,可以溶解在有机溶剂中,为淀粉在材料行业的应用提供了新思路。

牛蒡低聚果糖的羧甲基化修饰及对RAW264.7细胞免疫活性提升

采用水媒法对牛蒡低聚果糖(BFO)进行了羧甲基化修饰,制备了不同羧甲基化取代度(DS)的修饰产物(CM-BFO),通过单因素和响应面实验考察了反应条件对DS的影响,以及各因素的交互作用。采用GC、FTIR、^(1)HNMR、^(13)CNMR对BFO及CM-BFO的结构进行了表征,以RAW264.7细胞为模型测试了不同DS的CM-BFO体外细胞实验的免疫活性。结果表明,0.5 g BFO用30 mL质量分数为20%的Na OH水溶液碱化处理1h,以30 mL质量分数为2.5%的氯乙酸水溶液为羧甲基化试剂,在反应温度65℃、反应时间3.3 h的最佳条件下,BFO的DS最高,为1.06。BFO和CM-BFO均能提升RAW264.7细胞的免疫活性,3种DS为0.82、0.93和0.96的CM-BFO免疫活性较BFO明显提升,而低DS(0.73)和高DS(1.06)的CM-BFO则影响较小。CM-BFO的免疫活性在一定范围内随其DS的升高呈先增强后减弱的趋势。

基于前推回代法的高低压反窃电技术研究

窃电行为不仅造成了国家电力的损失,在配电网中形成潜在的安全隐患,还为工作人员增加了工作难度。为探索高效可行的反窃电技术,采用前推回代法计算配电网电路潮流,得到线路损失值,确定疑似窃电位置。进一步计算电压偏移率和关联度,准确判定窃电点,并计算补足功率与实际功率差值得出窃电量。验证表明,该方法的潮流计算效率提高了30%左右。对高低压用户用电量实例分析时,共发现3个窃电点,电压关联度平均值在0.35左右,比正常关联度值低,证实了前推回代法在反窃电技术中的有效性,为电力系统反窃电工作的实施提供了合理参考。

Determination of degree of substitution for N-acylated chitosan using IR spectra

Chitosans with various degrees of deacetylation (D.D.), which were used as standard sample for FTIR determination, were prepared from completely deacetylated chitosan by homogeneous N-acetylation reaction. By combining four probable probe bands, i.e. 1655, 1560, 1380 and 1320 cm-1, eight probable reference bands, i.e. 3430, 2920, 2880, 1425, 1155, 1070, 1030 and 895 cm-1 and two baseline methods, the most suitable ratios Aprobe band/Areference band from IR spectra to determine the degree of acetylation of chitosan were evaluated from 48 combinations to be A1560/A2880, A1560/A2920 and A1655/A3430(A1560/A2880 is mostly recommended). The second baseline method, i.e. linking between adjacent two valleys, was better for measuring the absorbances of 1560 and 1655 cm-1 bands. The determination range of the D.D. (1%-100%) covered almost the whole range. The standard curves with A1560/A2880 and A1655/A3430 were also suitable for the determination of degree of substitution of other N-acylated chitosan, such as N-propionyl chitosan, N-butyryl chitosan and N-hexanoyl chitosan.

Chiral Separation Abilities of Homogeneously Synthesized Cellulose 3,5-Dimethylphenylcarbamates: Influences of Degree of Substitution and Molecular Weight

A series of cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamates （CDMPCs） with different degrees of substitution （DS） and degrees of polymerization （DP） were homogeneously synthesized in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride （AmimC1）. Then, the CDMPCs were coated on silica gel and used as chiral stationary phases （CSPs）, and their chiral recognition abilities for seven racemates were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that DS and DP of CDMPCs had a great influence on chiral recognition abilities of the CSPs. The CSPs with the DS ~ 1 gives a low chiral recognition to most racemates. On the contrast, the CSPs with the DS _〉 2 exhibited high chiral separation abilities. For example, six racemates could be separated on the CSP with CDMPC of DS ~ 2 （CSP-2）. Especially, for the enantioseparation of 1-（2-naphthyl） ethanol and Tr6ger＇s base, CSP-2 gave the highest separation ability in all of CSPs. On the other hand, when the DP of cellulose was in a range from 39 to 220, the chiral separation abilities of CDMPCs increased as the DP increased. This work demonstrates that the structure of cellulose esters such as DS and DP has important effect on their chiral separation ability, and therefore provides a practical method to design and prepare desirable CSPs for different racemates.

Effects of degree of substitution on stearic acid-modified Bletilla striata polysaccharides nanoparticles and interactions between nanoparticles and bovine serum albumin

Three kinds of stearic acid（SA）-modified Bletilla striata polysaccharides（BSPs-SA） conjugates with different degrees of substitution（DS） values of SA moiety were synthesized. The impacts of the DS values on the properties of BSPs-SA self-aggregated nanoparticles were determined. The interactions between bovine serum albumin（BSA） and the BSPs-SA nanoparticles were characterized using spectroscopic observations. The cytotoxicity was measured through 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide（MTT） method. The critical aggregation concentration and the average particle sizes reduced from 16.81 μg/mL to 3,09 μg/mL and 192.70 nm to 125.29 nm when the DS values of SA segment increased from 4.98% to 12.94%, respectively. The cumulative release percentage of docetaxel in BSPs-SA nanoparticles decreased whereas encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity increased along with the DS increase of SA moiety. The fluorescence and ultraviolet results demonstrated that the conformation of BSA did not show significant change after incubating with BSPs-SA nanoparticles.Besides, the mass ratio of BSA/BSPs-SA affected their affinity intensity. The inhibition capability of cell proliferation of docetaxel-loaded BSPs-SA nanoparticles against 4 T1 was superior to that of Duopafei;.BSPs-SA nanoparticles may become a promising nanocarrier for anticancer drugs by adjusting the DS values of the hydrophobic SA groups.