Early Devonian Post-collisional Granitic Magmatism in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt,Western China:Insights into Lithospheric Delamination and Orogenic Collapse

Post-collisional magmatism contains important clues for understanding the reworking and growth of continental crust,as well as lithospheric delamination and orogenic collapse.Early Devonian magmatism has been identified in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt(NQOB).This paper reports an integrated study of petrology,whole-rock geochemistry,Sm-Nd isotope and zircon U-Pb dating,as well as Lu-Hf isotopic data,for two Early Devonian intrusive plutons.The Yongchang and Chijin granites yield zircon U-Pb ages of 394-407 Ma and 414 Ma,respectively.Both of them are characterized by weakly peraluminous to metaluminous without typical aluminium-rich minerals,LREE-enriched patterns with negative Eu anomalies and a negative correlation between P_(2)O_(5) and SiO_(2) contents,consistent with geochemical features of I-type granitoids.Zircons from the studied granites display negative to weak positive ε_(Hf)(t)values(−5.7 to 2.1),which agree well with those of negative ε_(Nd)(t)values(−6.4 to−2.9)for the whole-rock samples,indicating that they were derived from the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic crust.Furthermore,low Sr/Y ratios(1.13-21.28)and high zircon saturation temperatures(745℃ to 839℃,with the majority being>800℃)demonstrated a relatively shallow depth level below the garnet stability field and an additional heat source.Taken together,the Early Devonian granitic magmatism could have been produced by the partial melting of ancient crustal materials heated by mantle-derived magmas at high-temperature and low-pressure conditions during postcollisional extensional collapse.The data obtained in this study,when viewed in conjunction with previous studies,provides more information about the tectonic processes that followed the closure of the North Qilian Ocean.The tectonic transition from continental collision to post-collisional delamination could be constrained to~430 Ma,which is provided by the sudden decrease of Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and an increase in zircon ε_(Hf)(t)values for granitoids.A two-stage tectonic evolution model from continental collision to post-collisional extensional collapse for the NQOB includes(a)continental collision and crustal thickening during ca.455-430 Ma,characterized by granulite-facies metamorphism and widespread low-Mg adakitic magmatism;(b)post-collisional delamination of thickened continental crust and extensional collapse of orogen during ca.430-390 Ma,provided by coeval high-Mg adakitic magmatism,A-type granites and I-type granitoids with low Sr-Y ratios.

Terahertz Spectroscopic Characterization and Thickness Evaluation of Internal Delamination Defects in GFRP Composites

The use of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)for the nondestructive testing and evaluation(NDT&E)of materials and structural systems has attracted significant attention over the past two decades due to its superior spatial resolution and capabilities of detecting and characterizing defects and structural damage in non-conducting materials.In this study,the THz-TDS system is used to detect,localize and evaluate hidden multi-delamination defects(i.e.,a three-level multi-delamination system)in multilayered GFRP composite laminates.To obtain accurate results,a wavelet shrinkage de-noising algorithm is used to remove the noise from the measured time-of-flight(TOF)signals.The thickness and location of each delamination defect in the z-direction(i.e.,through-the-thickness direction)are calculated from the de-noised TOF signals considering the interaction between the pulsed THz waves and the different interfaces in the GFRP composite laminates.A comparison between the actual and the measured thickness values of the delamination defects before and after the wavelet shrinkage denoising process indicates that the latter provides better results with less than 3.712%relative error,while the relative error of the non-de-noised signals reaches 16.388%.Also,the power and absorbance levels of the THz waves at every interface with different refractive indices in the GFRP composite laminates are evaluated based on analytical and experimental approaches.The present study provides an adequate theoretical analysis that could help NDT&E specialists to estimate the maximum thickness of GFRP composite materials and/or structures with different interfaces that can be evaluated by the THz-TDS.Also,the accuracy of the obtained results highlights the capabilities of the THz-TDS for the NDT&E of multilayered GFRP composite laminates.

Low-velocity Impact Damage Analysis of Composite Laminates Using Self-adapting Delamination Element Method

On the basis ofa 2D 4-node Mindlin shell element method, a novel self-adapting delamination finite element method is presented, which is developed to model the delamination damage of composite laminates. In the method, the sublaminate elements are generated automatically when the delamination damage occurs or extends. Thus, the complex process and state of delamination damage can be simulated practically with high efficiency for both analysis and modeling. Based on the self-adapting delamination method, linear dynamic finite element damage analysis is performed to simulate the low-velocity impact damage process of three types of mixed woven composite laminates. Taking the frictional force among sublaminations during delaminating and the transverse normal stress into account, the analytical results are consistent with those of the experimental data.

拆沉作用(delamination)及其壳—幔演化动力学意义

拆沉作用导致下地壳和岩石圈地幔下沉，相应软流圈上涌至壳—幔边界，使下地壳、岩石圈地幔和软流圈三者发生物质交换，引起岩浆作用、山脉隆升、伸展、垮塌，形成坳陷盆地，并最终使大陆地壳向长英质方向演化，产生与其它行星不同的、独一无二的中性安山质或英云闪长质成分。

Two-dimensional analyses of delamination buckling of symmetrically cross-ply rectangular laminates

The conventional approach to analysis the buckling of rectangular laminates containing an embedded delamination subjected to the in-plane loading is to simplify the laminate as a beam-plate from which the predicted buckling load decreases as the length of the laminate increases. Two-dimensional analyses are employed in this paper by extending the one-dimensional model to take into consideration of the influence of the delamination width on the buckling performance of the laminates. The laminate is simply supported containing a through width delamination. A new parameterβ defined as the ratio of delamination length to delamination width is introduced with an emphasis on the influence of the delamination size. It is found that （i） when the ratio β is greater than one snap-through buckling prevails, the buckling load is determined by the delamination size and depth only; （ii） as the ratio β continues to increase, the buckling load will approach to a constant value. Solutions are verified with the well established results and are found in good agreement with the latter.

Effect of bonding interface on delamination behavior of drawn Cu/Al bar clad material

Cu/Al bar clad material was fabricated by a drawing process and a subsequent heat treatment.During these processes,intermetallic compounds have been formed at the interface of Cu/Al and have affected its bonding property.Microstructures of Cu/Al interfaces were observed by OM,SEM and EDX Analyser in order to investigate the bonding properties of the material.According to the microstructure a series of diffusion layers were observed at the interface and the thicknesses of diffusion layers have increased with aging time as a result of the diffusion bonding.The interfaces were composed of 3-ply diffusion layers and their compositions were changed with aging time at 400 °C.These compositional compounds were revealed to be η2,(θ+η2),(α+θ) intermetallic phases.It is evident from V-notch impact tests that the growth of the brittle diffusion layers with the increasing aging time directly influenced delamination distance between the Cu sleeve and the Al core.It is suggested that the proper holding time at 400 °C for aging as post heat treatment of a drawn Cu/Al bar clad material would be within 1 h.

Vibration of composite beams with two overlapping delaminations

Delaminations in composite laminates may de-velop from small cracks due to fabrication and impact load-ing,or from places of high stress concentration.The locationsof the delaminations are not determinate.In this research,ananalytical solution for the free vibration of a composite beamwith two overlapping delaminations is presented.The dela-minated beam is analyzed as seven interconnected beamsusing the delaminations as their boundaries.The continuityand equilibrium conditions are satisfied between the adjoin-ing regions of the beams.Classical beam theory is applied toeach of the beams.Complex vibration behaviors emerge fordifferent sizes and locations of the delaminations.Compar-ison with analytical results reported in the literature verifiesthe validity of the present solution.

ANALYSIS ON BUCKLING AND POSTBUCKLING OF DELAMINATION IN 3D COMPOSITES

In this paper, the problem of axisymmetric buckling and postbuckling of a circular thin-film delamination bridged by through-thickness fiber tows in 3D composites is presented. An iterative procedure based on Taylor's series expansion is used to generate a family of nondimensionalized postbuckling solutions of the above problem by von Karman's nonlinear plate theory. Attention is focused, herein, on the effects of the bridge force of through-thickness fibers on the buckling and postbuckling behavior of the delamination. It is found that fiber bridge not only increases the ability of resisting delamination buckling and postbuckling, but also brings on the jump of the delamination deflection mode during the postbuckling phase. Consequently the behavior of the composite structure with delamination is greatly improved, such as increasing the residual strength and prolonging the service life.

Two-dimensional analysis of progressive delamination in thin film electrodes

By employing the two-dimensional analysis, i.e.,plane strain and plane stress, a semi-analytical method is developed to investigate the interfacial delamination in electrodes. The key parameters are obtained from the governing equations, and their effects on the evolution of the delamination are evaluated. The impact of constraint perpendicular to the plane is also investigated by comparing the plane strain and plane stress. It is found that the delamination in the plane strain condition occurs easier, indicating that the constraint is harmful to maintain the structure stability. According to the obtained governing equations, a formula of the dimensionless critical size for delamination is provided, which is a function of the maximum volumetric strain and the Poisson’s ratio of the active layer.

Layered double hydroxide nanosheets via solvothermal delamination

A new solvothermal post-synthesis treatment for preparing high aspect ratio magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxides(Mg Al–LDHs) has been developed. Treating laurate-intercalated Mg Al–LDHs in pure ethanol in an autoclave for 48 h at 150 °C was found to produce delaminated MgA l–LDH nanosheets with a thickness of ~2.6 nm and an aspect ratio of ~105. It is proposed that the high pressure solvothermal process promotes the insertion of ethanol molecules into the LDH interlayer space, thereby facilitating delamination. This new post-synthesis treatment provides the opportunity for a facile, large scale route to highly delaminated high aspect ratio LDHs, which might be of interest towards novel nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage.

The Mexican hat effect on the delamination buckling of a compressed thin film

Because of the interaction between film and substrate,the film buckling stress can vary significantly,depending on the delamination geometry,the film and substrate mechanical properties.The Mexican hat effect indicates such interaction.An analytical method is presented,and related dimensional analysis shows that a single dimensionless parameter can effectively evaluate the effect.

Experimental and simulation studies on delamination strength of laminated glass composites having polyvinyl butyral and ethyl vinyl acetate inter-layers of different critical thicknesses

The laminated glasses(LGs)composites are gaining popularity as protectivestructural material. Delamination strength(DS) of(LGs) with different inter-layers and their different nominal thicknesses were compared. The effect of inter-layer thickness, delamination load, and inter-layer type on DS is clearly observed from this brief study. It is concluded that inter-layer thickness has the significant role in determining the DS of LGs. The statistical analysis confirmed the strong association of DS with inter-layer thickness and the interlayer type. It was found that the LG-PVB composite has the comparatively lower DS than LG-EVA composite and inter-layer thickness has the prominent role in the determination of DS in the LG-EVAcomposite. There is an increment in DS with an increment in critical inter-layer thickness in both LG-EVA and LG-PVBcomposites. The increment in the inter-layer thickness from 0.38 mm to 0.76 mm increases DS significantly; whereas, the further increment in the inter-layer thickness to the higher value has a lesser effect. The finite element model was constituted(without considering the effect of temperature) for determining DS of LG composite. The simulation results were in a good match with experimental results. The results of the present work can be utilized by the design engineers while selecting LG for structural applications.

DETECTION OF DELAMINATION IN A COMPOSITE PLATE BY SEM

A numerical method of integration of Green's functions of strip element method (SEM) is proposed The response of ultrasonic source generated by a transducer on the surface of a multi ply composite plate containing a delamination is analyzed by the use of SEM The numerical results show that the scanning features of the ultrasonic waves may be used to identify the delamination inside the composite plate.

Delamination strength of HTS tape under transverse tensile stress and its enhancement by using different Ag layer depositing temperatures

For the application of second generation high temperature superconducting coated conductors (CCs) with layered structures, thermal mismatch between different components and electromagnetic force exerted in superconducting layer in a working magnet can cause transverse tensile stress, which would result in delamination behavior. Therefore many research groups have designed experiments to measure the delamination strength and dedicate to improving that. However, the reason of the discrete distribution of measured data has still not get quantitatively studied, besides, there are lack of investigations on the method of changing depositing conditions to improve the delamination strength except by adding an additional metal layer. In this work, we adopt an anvil test device and obtain delamination strengths as 29.6 MPa of YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO)/buffer and 114.6 MPa of buffer/substrate by combing energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) detection. The reason of discretized measurement data on the delamination strength is explained. Moreover, we find that different temperatures during Ag deposition determine the bonding force of Ag and YBCO layer. The Delamination strength between Ag and YBCO layer increases from 4.4 MPa to larger than 114.6 MPa with temperature elevated from 30℃ to 100℃. Hence we present a novel method for improving the delamination strength of YBCO CCs by setting an optimal temperature of Ag deposition.

Study on the delamination of tungsten thin films on Sb2Te3

To investigate the reliability of electrode materials for chalcogenide random access memory （C-RAM） applications, the geometry and time evolution of the worm-like delamination patterns on a tungsten/Sb2Te3 bilayer system surface are observed by field emission scanning electronic microscope （FESEM） and optical microscopy. The tungsten film stress and interface toughness are estimated using a straight-side model. After confirming the instability of this system being due to large compressive stress stored in the tungsten film and relative poor interface adhesion, a preliminary solution as the inset of a TiN adhesion layer is presented to improve the system performances.

In Situ Delamination of Ferrierite Zeolite and its Performance in the Catalytic Cracking of C_4 Hydrocarbons

Ferrierite(FER) zeolites were synthesized by solid transformation at different alkalinities(OH-/Al2O3 molar ratios). The in situ delamination of FER zeolites were achieved and their catalytic performances in the catalytic cracking of C4 hydrocarbons were examined. The relationships among the OH-/Al2O3 molar ratio, FER structure,composition, surface acidity and catalytic performance in C4 hydrocarbon cracking were investigated. The results of X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, NH3temperature-programmed desorption and catalytic cracking showed that with increasing OH-/Al2O3 molar ratio in the synthesis gel, the Si O2/Al2O3 molar ratio of the as-synthesized FER zeolite decreased, the amount of acid sites in the corresponding H-FER increased, and the acid strength weakened. Additionally, the FER zeolite was delaminated at the mesoscale. H-FER5 synthesized at the highest alkalinity had the largest number of acid sites and exhibited the highest catalytic activity in C4 hydrocarbon catalytic cracking among three of the prepared catalysts. H-FER3 synthesized at the secondhighest alkalinity showed that the highest yield of benzene and toluene because of the secondary pores resulted from the gaps between the layers, which were beneficial to the diffusion and formation of large molecules.

A Modified Cohesive Zone Model for Simulation of Delamination Behavior in Laminated Composites

Considering the promotion effect of interlaminar normal tensile stress and the inhibition effect of interlaminar normal compressive stress,two kinds of elimination initial criteria were proposed in this paper.Based on these two delamination initial criteria,a modified cohesive zone model(CZM)was established to simulate the delamination behavior in laminated composites.Numerical simulations of double cantilever beam(DCB),mixed-mode bending(MMB)and end notched flexure(ENF)tests were conducted.The results show that the proposed model can do a better job than common ones when it is used to predict laminates’delamination under interlaminar compression stress.Moreover,a factor r,named cohesive strength coefficient,was defined in this paper on account of the difference between cohesive strength and interlaminar fracture strength.With changing factor r,it shows that a moderate variation of cohesive strength will not cause significant influences on global load-displacement responses.Besides,in order to obtain a good balance between prediction accuracy and computational efficiency,there shall be two or three numerical elements within the cohesive zone.

DELAMINATION FORMATION AND DELAMINATION PROPAGATION OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES UNDER COMPRESSIVE FATIGUE LOADING

Fatigue tests of the smooth composite laminates and the notched composite laminates under compressive cyclic loading have been carried out. The damage mechanism is discussed and analyzed. Damage evolution is monitored using stiffness decay. From these tests, it is found that the initial delamination occurs at the free boundary of smooth specimens, or the notch boundary of notched specimens, subjected to the compression-compression cyclic load. A point of view in relation to two-phases of compression fatigue delamination of composites is proposed, namely, compression-compression delamination consists of the delamination formation phase and the delamination propagation, and there is a 'damage transition point' to separate this two-phases. Furthermore, an empirical modulus degradation formula and its parameters fitting method are presented. According to the test data handling results, it is shown that this formula is univocal and can fit the test data conveniently. In addition, two kinds of new anti-buckling devices are designed for these tests. At last, the E-N curves, the D-N curves and the S-N curve of the smooth carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates of T300/648C are determined to predict the fatigue life of the notched composite laminate. And the E-N curve of the notched specimens at the given load ratio R = 10 and minimum load Pmin = -0.45 kN is also measured to verify the estimated result of fatigue life.

Delamination in Fiber Reinforced Plastics: A Finite Element Approach

The fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) are being used widely in the most diverse applications ranging from the aerospace to the sports goods industry. Drilling in particular is important to facilitate the assembly operations of structurally intricate composite products. The drilling of holes in FRPs leads to drilling induced damage which is an important research area. The researchers worldwide have tried to minimize the damage by optimizing the operating variables, and tool designs as well as by developing unconventional methods of hole making. Most of the work done so far has been experimental in nature with little or no focus on numerical simulation of the drilling behavior of FRPs. In the present research endeavor, a finite element model has been developed to investigate the drilling induced damage of FRP laminates.

Fracture mechanics analysis of delamination in a thermoelectric pn-junction sandwiched by an insulating layer

A fracture mechanics analysis is conducted for a delamination problem of a multilayered thermoelectric material(TEM) that consists of an n-type layer and a p-type layer sandwiched by an insulating layer. A time-varying energy release rate is presented when the n-type layer delaminates from the insulating layer. Effects of the temperature difference across the system and the applied electric current on the energy release rate are identified. The influence of the thickness ratio of the insulating layer to the thermoelectric(TE) layer is also examined. Based on the energy release rate criterion,the critical temperature difference for delamination propagation is obtained. Some useful conclusions are given.