Concept Clarification of Moral Case Deliberation

Background: Health care professionals have encountered ethically difficult situations for decades in their clinical practice. Various clinical ethics support has been established in order to deal with these issues. Moral case deliberation is a new developed approach that deliberates over ethically difficult cases in clinical practice. However, there is lack of knowledge that describes the characteristics of the moral case deliberation and how this differs to related clinical ethics support where a concept analysis may clarify the differences. Aim: To analyse the concept of moral case deliberation and related concepts. Methods: Integrative literature review. Rodger’s evolutionary view of concept analysis has been used for clarification of the concept. Using specific keywords in the databases, searching for peer-reviewed academic paper published in English between 1995-2017 in the CINAHL, MEDLINE, Psych Info, Academic Search Elite and AMED. Results: Moral case deliberation (MCD) was defined as an approach with four specific characteristics: 1) Perspective sharing via dialogue, 2) training moral awareness, 3) moral emotional deliberation, and 4) moral support and joint learning. The presence of a facilitator who is trained in a specific method for the MCD reflection seemed to be important when stimulating the discussion from a patient perspective. Conclusions: Clarify the concept of moral case deliberation can be useful for healthcare professionals when choosing a facilitate-base reflection. Through a mutual dialogue and perspective sharing can MCD train staff members in moral awareness, create a space for emotions to be expressed and finally work as an platform for joint learning.

Deliberative Governance as an Instrumental Mechanism: A Study of Different Types of Environmental Deliberations

Deliberative governance of environmental issues indicates that environmental governance has undergone a transformation from relying on government authority for solutions to reaching consensus among participants.This can be regarded as an important strategy for the structural transformation of China’s environmental governance.In this paper,the practices of environmental deliberation in China are classified into four types by the attributes of environmental issues and the relationships of participants as:response-,autonomy-,consultation-,and supervision-based.On the basis of the government’s interests and motives to engage in environmental deliberations,we analyze its practice orientations from five perspectives:scope of issues,functions,participants,procedures,and methods.Then we point out that environmental deliberations have both public and instrumental governance motives,but the governance motive,which aims for governance effectiveness and social control,is more conspicuous.We further conclude that the value pursuit of deliberative democracy for public reasons is to some extent replaced by an instrumental deliberative motive that intends to address specific environmental issues,standardize public participation orderliness,safeguard social harmony and stability,strengthen organizational functions,provide consultation on environmental policies,and promote the implementation of those policies.

A DELIBERATION ON SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA AND ON THE READJUSTMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL DISCIPLINES IN THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The CAS, as a national comprehensive research and development (R&D) center for natural science and high technology with numerous researchers of a high quality in almost all disciplines, plays a decisive role in the development of this country’s science and technology. Based on the trend of China’s development in the period of its Ninth Five-Year Plan and in the next century, this article analyzes the trends of science and technology of China in combination with the current readjustment in the constitution of science disciplines in the CAS.

A Deliberation for Evaluating Clinical Effects in Chinese Medicine

Chinese medicine（CM） has several thousands of years of history and has made a great contribution to human health and disease prevention in the world.Since there are so many differences between CM and Western medicine （WM） on their theory and methods indisease diagnosis and treatment, how to evaluate the clinical effects exactly and correctly in clinical practice becomes one bottleneck problem in CM.

Deliberate self-harm among pediatric psychiatric inpatients in China:A single-center retrospective study

BACKGROUND For children and adolescents,deliberate self-harm(DSH)is becoming a mental health problem of concern.Despite several studies on the prevalence and factors of DSH in the world,there is little information on DSH among children and adolescents in China.This study explores the prevalence,types,associated risk factors and tendency of DSH in pediatric psychiatric inpatients in China.AIM To understand the situation of DSH among hospitalized children and adolescents and its related factors.METHODS In this study,we retrospectively studied 1414 hospitalized children and adolescents with mental illness at Xiamen Mental Health Center from 2014 to 2019,extracted the demographic and clinical data of all patients,and analyzed clinical risk factors of DSH.RESULTS A total of 239(16.90%)patients engaged in at least one type of DSH in our study.Cutting(n=115,48.12%)was the most common type of DSH.Females(n=171,71.55%)were more likely to engage in DSH than males(n=68,28.45%).DSH was positively associated with depressive disorders[OR=3.845(2.196-6.732);P<0.01],female[OR=2.536(1.815-3.542);P<0.01],parental marital status[OR=5.387(2.254-12.875);P<0.01]and negative family history of psychiatric illness[OR=7.767(2.952-20.433);P<0.01],but not with occupation,substance use and history of physical abuse.CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that for patients with depression,females,an abnormal marriage of parents,and no history of mental illness,attention should be paid to the occurrence of DSH.

Serial Multiple Mediation of the Relationshipbetween Positive Coping Style and PostTraumatic Growth among Chinese CollegeStudents in the Aftermath of COVID-19

Given the ongoing character of COVID-19, higher-education students encountered multifaceted pressures brought about by thepandemic and had to overcome many difficulties during this period. Accordingly, it is imperative to identify the factors that mayhave protective effects on the social functioning and mental status of college students in the aftermath of COVID-19. This crosssectional study sought to ascertain the internal mechanism of positive coping (PC) styles affecting post-traumatic growth (PTG)and considered the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal (CR), psychological resilience (PR), and deliberate rumination (DR),which are essential for understanding how and to what extent these factors shaped PTG in the context of the present pandemic. 463Chinese college students recruited via a convenience sampling method completed a set of online self-report measures of PC, PTG,CR, PR and DR. The findings revealed that the abovementioned five variables were positively correlated with each other, and theindependent variable directly predicted the dependent variable. More importantly, two out of three mediators in parallel mediatedthe relationship between PC and PTG, illustrating that more PC adoption was associated with increased PTG through high levels ofPR and DR, respectively. The two significant serial mediating effects also indicated that PC could contribute to CR, which furtherfacilitates either PR or DR and subsequently promotes the development of PTG. Colleges should adopt routine protectivebehaviors in accordance with such evidence to strengthen students’ mental health education and establish scientific methods toboost their psychological well-being. Overall, our results may shed new light on the process of positive adaption and providetheoretical support for targeted crisis intervention during the late phase of the pandemic.

Deliberate Metaphor in Political Discourse——Based on Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Discourse

Since Steen proposed the theory of deliberate metaphor, many scholars have studied this linguistic phenomenon from different perspectives. Deliberate metaphor, based on language and cognition, introduces communication into metaphor research and can be seen as an extension of conceptual metaphor. Deliberate metaphor is essentially a discourse strategy, which uses metaphorical expressions to make listeners consciously compare the target domain with the source domain and establish an online cross-domain mapping. In view of this, the author takes Xi Jinping’s diplomatic speeches published in FMA as research corpora, and systematically analyzes how deliberate metaphors play their persuasive and communicative functions in political discourse, and finally delves into whether deliberate nature in political metaphors affects people’s attitudes and beliefs, thus conducting cross fusion research on cognitive rhetoric and political discourse.

Group Buying Broker of Shanghai:Deliberate Metaphors in Shanghai’s COVID-19 News Reports

The outbreak in Shanghai,China in 2022 brought huge challenges to this protracted battle against the epidemic.Based on the deliberate metaphor theory,this study uses the news reports of Shanghai’s fight against the COVID-19 pandemic as the corpus and uses quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the types and characteristics of deliberate metaphors and its pragmatic purpose in a specific context.The results show that there are various types used in news reports,among which War metaphor,Climate metaphor and Education metaphor are used more.The deliberate metaphors makes the news more understandable attractively and pleasantly,thus evoking the emotional resonance of the public.

Behavior-based dual dynamic agent architecture

The objective of the architecture is to make agent promptly and adaptively accomplish tasks in the real-time and dynamic environment. The architecture is composed of elementary level behavior layer and high level be-havior layer. In the elementary level behavior layer, the reactive architecture is introduced to make agent promptlyreact to events; in the high level behavior layer, the deliberation architecture is used to enhance the intelligence ofthe agent. A confidence degree concept is proposed to combine the two layers of the architecture. An agent decisionmaking process is also presented, which is based on the architecture. The results of experiment in RoboSoccer simu-lation team show that the proposed architecture and the decision process are successful.

Multidimensional Approach to Suicide Prevention in Jails and Prisons: The Best Defense against Liability Lawsuits

Inmates in jails and prisons are a high-risk group for suicide. Often, legal claims of medical negligence and §1983 based on deliberate indifference by the correctional officials follow. Unique stable and dynamic factors and circumstances and their interaction explain most suicides. A systematic suicide screening using a well-designed suicide screening questionnaire that captures known risk factors will identify most inmates at risk if adequately used. Identification and subsequent mental health assessment set the stage for preventive intervention, monitoring, and treatment of the inmates. A multidimensional suicide prevention program saves not only lives but also the best defense against a liability lawsuit.

深思明察地生活（英文）

I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn whal it had to teach, and not when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.

The Cultivation of Critical Thinking in English Reading

Critical thinking is all the more potent in the context of the greater inundation of information,let alone its benefits regarding English learning.Learning a language inevitably brings us into contact with the ideas and cultures behind it—the essence and the dregs.Considering how can you learn English without being influenced by a negative culture,to learn it through critical thinking can be potentially regarded as an answer to that question.Rested on the analysis of critical thinking applied by English learners,this paper provides practical methods and guidance for the learning of English reading.

Conference on deliberating the high-yielding cultural technique of rice

The new high-yielding cultural technique of rice was constituted by the high percentage of ear-bearing til-ler,high filled-grain number,high economic index and stable high-yielding panicle number,abbreviatedas"Three Highs and One Stable"(THOS).It has been deliberated and summarized by Zhejiang Academy

Reason and Besinnung. Heidegger＇s Reflections on Science in Contibutions to Philosophy

Heidegger＇s reflection on modem sciences in his Contributions to Philosophy is a ＂questioning of philosophy＂ instead of an analysis of a ＂problem of logic.＂ Therefore, this Being-historical reflection is an ontological grounding effort of reason, instead of a rational critique of the sciences. Heidegger calls this ontological grounding a ＂Besinnung＂ or ＂mindful deliberation,＂ which is one of the most important words in the Contributions. This ＂Besinnung＂ is not only a kind of＂philosophy of science,＂ but also a political critique of modern sciences,

Workshop design for enhancing the appropriateness of idea generation using analogical thinking

As technologies advance and replace human labor in a variety of settings,we focus our attention on human creativity for generating new ideas.Business organizations,more than ever,recognize that they need employees who think creatively to maintain their competitive edge.Nonetheless,there is a lack of research assessing new ideas and influential factors in generating innovative ideas.The aim of this study is to identify the factors that influence the creation of innovative ideas.We conducted two different types of workshops with 22 subjects and 23 subjects each.In the first workshop,subjects were asked to generate new business ideas through analogical thinking.As a result,half of the participants generated appropriate ideas,and three influential factors were determined:categorization skill,deliberation,and trial and error.The second workshop was designed to facilitate participants to enhance these three factors.As a result,70%of the participants could generate appropriate ideas.By identifying influential factors,this paper suggests a procedure for designing an innovationworkshop that enables the creation of appropriate ideas.

Preventive reinforcement under uncertainty for islanded microgrids with electricity and natural gas networks

This paper presents an approach to determine the vulnerable components in the electricity and natural gas networks of an islanded microgrid that is exposed to deliberate disruptions. The vulnerable components in the microgrid are identified by solving a bi-level optimization problem. The objective of the upper-level problem(the attacker's objective) is to maximize the expected operation cost of microgrid by capturing the penalties associated with the curtailed electricity and heat demands as a result of the disruption. In the lower-level problem, the adverse effects of disruptions and outages in the electricity and natural gas networks are mitigated by leveraging the available resources in the microgrid(the defender's objective). The uncertainties in the electricity and heat demand profiles were captured by introducing scenarios with certain probabilities. The formulated bi-level optimization problem provides effective guidelines for the microgrid operator to adopt the reinforcement strategies in the interdependent natural gas and electricity distribution networks and improve the resilience of energy supply. The presented case study shows that as more components are reinforced in the interdependent energy networks, the reinforcement cost is increased and the expected operation cost as a result of disruption is decreased.

Deliberate release:Plague-A review

Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague and is considered one of the most likely pathogens to be used as a bioweapon.In humans,plague is a severe clinical infection that can rapidly progress with a high mortality despite antibiotic therapy.Therefore,early treatment of Y.pestis infection is crucial.This review provides an overview of its clinical manifestations,diagnosis,treatment,prophylaxis,and protection requirements for the use of clinicians.We discuss the likelihood of a deliberate release of plague and the feasibility of obtaining,isolating,culturing,transporting and dispersing plague in the context of an attack aimed at a westernized country.The current threat status and the medical and public health responses are reviewed.We also provide a brief review of the potential prehospital treatment strategy and vaccination against Y.pestis.Further,we discuss the plausibility of antibiotic resistant plague bacterium,F1-negative Y.pestis,and also the possibility of a plague mimic along with potential strategies of defense against these.An extensive literature search on the MEDLINE,EMBASE,and Web of Science databases was conducted to collate papers relevant to plague and its deliberate release.Our review concluded that the deliberate release of plague is feasible but unlikely to occur,and that a robust public health response and early treatment would rapidly halt the transmission of plague in the population.Front-line clinicians should be aware of the potential of a deliberate release of plague and prepared to instigate early isolation of patients.Moreover,front-line clinicians should be weary of the possibility of suicide attackers and mindful of the early escalation to public health organizations.

Locating Highly Connected Nodes in P2P Networks with Heterogeneous Structures

Peer-to-peer （P2P） networks aggregate enormous storage and processing resources while mini- mizing entry and scaling costs. Gnutella-like P2P networks are complex heterogeneous networks, in which the underlying oveday topology has a power-law node degree distribution. While scale-free networks have great robustness against random failures, they are vulnerable to deliberate attacks where highly connected nodes are eliminated. Since high degree nodes play an important role in maintaining the connectivity, this paper presents an algorithm based on random walks to locate high degree nodes in P2P networks. Simula- tions demonstrate that the algorithm performs well in various scenarios and that heterogeneous P2P net- works are very sensitive to deliberate attacks.