Delta型FDM打印设备结构参数设定及运动学研究

FDM打印设备的扫描路径、打印速度、温度、层厚等问题是影响制件外形精度和成型效率的工艺参数的重要因素。Delta型结构作为最常用的FDM设备结构型式之一,其末端打印头的运动由多杆共同作用,运动分析较繁琐,为设备的参数设定增添了很大的难度,存在参数设定和运动分析难的问题。从Delta型的结构分析出发,重点研究了各结构尺寸之间的关联,总结了参数设定和计算的依据。考虑到Delta结构的打印头与3个滑车之间坐标的对应关系并不能通过简单推算得出,需要大量的三角函数运算,建立了Delta型结构的正、逆解运动学模型,结合几何的方式详细推导了运动学反解和正解的解法,分析和求解的结果为设定Delta型设备参数和确定控制程序算法提供了理论依据。经过分析与计算,基于并联机构内核的Delta结构采用正运动求解更便于规避正解集合中的不合理结果。

Deposits and depositional sequence nearby Iluanghe Harbour in the Huanghe River Delta

The sedimentary sequence of the upper 4 m deposits in the Huanghe Harbour Pit is as follows, 1, Distributary mouth bar deposits formed before 1964; 2. lower delta plain (tidal flat) and subaqueous delta lateral deposits formed in the period of 1964-1972; 3. deposits of crevasse splay and distributary channel near mouth, formed in the period of 1972-1974; 4. tidal flat deposits formed in the period of 1975-1984. The sequence shows superimposition of sedimentary environments parallel to coastline.

Sedimentary facies and depositional model of shallow water delta dominated by fluvial for Chang 8 oil-bearing group of Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin,China

A systematic analysis of southwestern Ordos Basin's sedimentary characteristics,internal architectural element association styles and depositional model was illustrated through core statistics,well logging data and outcrop observations in Chang 8 oil-bearing group.This analysis indicates that shallow water delta sediments dominated by a fluvial system is the primary sedimentary system of the Chang 8 oil-bearing group of the Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin.Four microfacies with fine grain sizes are identified: distributary channels,sheet sandstone,mouth bar and interdistributary fines.According to the sandbody's spatial distribution and internal architecture,two types of sandbody architectural element associations are identified: amalgamated distributary channels and thin-layer lobate sandstone.In this sedimentary system,net-like distributary channels at the delta with a narrow ribbon shape compose the skeleton of the sandbody that extends further into the delta front and shades into contiguous lobate distribution sheet sandstone in the distal delta front.The mouth bar is largely absent in this system.By analyzing the palaeogeomorphology,the palaeostructure background,sedimentary characteristics,sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution of sedimentary facies during the Chang 8 period,a distinctive depositional model of the Chang 8 shallow water fluvial-dominated delta was established,which primarily consists of straight multi-phase amalgamated distributary channels in the delta plain,net-like distributary channels frequently diverting and converging in the proximal delta front,sheet sandstones with dispersing contiguous lobate shapes in the distal delta front,and prodelta or shallow lake mudstones.

DEPOSITIONAL CHARACTER AND SHORELINE CHANGES OF THE NANDUJIANG DELTA,HAINAN ISLAND,CHINA

The Nandujiang delta dates from at least 3000 yr ago and probably was fomred earlier during the Holocene. The present delta is built up of plain, channels, lagoos, spits, coastal barriers and beaches.Tidal currents are directed approximately east-west. The dominant waves come from NNE and are locally generated. Erosion occurs mainly on the east side of the delta. As the delta was growing outward into deeper water, the influence of marine processes increased and the delta changed from a river-dominated delta. Former branches were closed by littoral drift. The recent reduction in sediment suppy from the river, caused by the construction of a reservoir, has led to erosion of the coast. Three coastal sections of the delta are discussed in detail. Erosion mainly taks place on the foreshore and spits and barriers migrae inland covering former lagoon deposits. Measures to reduce further erosion and landward migration of the coastline are needed.

Research of Extent of Well Control of Explored Reserves of Lithologic Deposit in Delta Front Area

Recently the explored reserves submitted in the oil field mainly situate at the end of deposit in delta front area. During the exploitation and production, problems mainly show on lithologic deposit, for example, reserves are low and difficulty of producing is huge. Based on results of sand body dissection of dense well network of developed oil deposit, and combined with explored reserves, this article researches a relation between extent of well control and reserves precision of explored reserves of lithologic deposit in delta front area by well diluted method. This article has significant influence on objectively understanding our unexploited

南美奥连特盆地白垩系Napo组Main-M1亚段沉积体系重建及油气勘探意义

厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地是南美安第斯前陆盆地群中最重要的含油气盆地之一,上白垩统Napo组Main-M1亚段是目前勘探开发的主力层位之一,其沉积环境一直存在争议,沉积体系及演化过程尚不明确。本研究基于岩心、测录井等资料,针对Main-M1亚段沉积时期的主要沉积微相类型、沉积体系及演化过程进行了研究。结果表明:研究区位于水动力条件复杂的海陆过渡环境,在东部发育潮汐三角洲,向西部逐渐过渡为浅海陆棚环境;研究区内主要识别出水下分流河道、水下分流河道间、潮汐水道、潮汐沙坝、潮汐沙坪、潮汐水道间等8类沉积微相。根据岩电特征,进一步将Main-M1亚段划分为3个小层。通过分析3个小层的岩性组合演变特征,确定在Main-M1亚段沉积时间内,Auca古隆起逐渐形成,同时挠曲作用导致相对海平面升高,3个小层在垂向上呈水体逐渐变深、潮汐三角洲前缘不断向陆地退缩的形式;基于对Main-M1亚段沉积时期潮汐三角洲—浅海陆棚沉积体系的重建,研究区东部的水下分流河道及前缘沙坝也被认为具有一定的岩性油气藏勘探潜力。

断陷湖盆陡坡带扇三角洲—滑塌扇复合扇体的沉积演化及油气地质意义——以中非地区Melut盆地A凹陷白垩系为例

【目的】扇三角洲—深水滑塌扇组成的复合扇体作为断陷盆地陡坡带重要的粗粒沉积体系和油气储层,其展布范围、演化期次、成藏模式等一直是湖盆沉积和成藏研究的热点。【方法】以中非地区Melut盆地A凹陷高精度三维地震和钻测井资料为基础,采用岩心观察、层序划分、地震反射特征与地震属性分析等方法,对扇三角洲—滑塌扇复合扇体的沉积特征与演化规律进行了研究。【结果与结论】发现研究区复合扇体的沉积相类型包括扇三角洲和重力流成因的滑塌扇,滑塌扇具有两类形貌特征,第一类为受坡折控制的线状供源滑塌扇,第二类为受较陡地形坡度控制的单点供源多级滑塌扇。白垩系研究层段刻画出五期扇体,单期复合扇体内部具有退积特征,多期复合扇体具有“先进积、后退积”的垂向演化特征,其中下白垩统Renk组沉积末期复合扇体规模最大,达到148 km^(2)。复合扇体演化主要受幕式构造活动、古地貌和物源供给,以及相对湖平面变化的影响,构造活动强烈、物源供给充足、短轴构造隆升幅度大的时期,复合扇体规模更大,相对湖平面下降初期和上升初期滑塌扇最为发育。提出A凹陷早白垩世和晚白垩世发生沉积格局转换的新认识,明确了断陷期陡坡带扇三角洲-滑塌扇复合扇体的勘探潜力,指导了勘探部署。

Annual Fluxes of Heavy Metal Elements in Atmospheric Dry and Wet Depositions in the Pearl River Delta Economic Region, Guangdong Province

There are 158 sampling points to be set up in the Pearl River delta economic region. The collecting period is mostly one year, namely, from July 2007 to July 2008. The eight heavy metal elements of Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, and Cd in 474 dry and wet deposition samples were tested in terms of the standard procedures. Their average annual fluxes have no obvious difference between dry deposition and wet deposition. So these elements might be at an equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium state between dry deposition and wet deposition.

鄂尔多斯盆地及邻区中—晚二叠世构造-沉积环境与原型盆地演化

根据钻井、测井、野外露头及地球化学资料,参考盆地周缘构造环境、盆地构造沉降特征及沉积相展布,恢复了鄂尔多斯盆地中—晚二叠世不同时期构造-沉积环境,探讨了盆地性质及演化过程。研究结果表明:①中—晚二叠世鄂尔多斯盆地南缘和北缘经历了洋盆俯冲消减过程,以强烈的挤压构造环境为特征,上二叠统石千峰组沉积期盆地北缘古亚洲洋闭合进入陆陆碰撞阶段,盆地内构造沉降速度缓慢。②中—晚二叠世鄂尔多斯盆地为大型的克拉通内坳陷盆地,中二叠统石盒子组沉积期基准面呈下降趋势,盆地主体延续山西组沉积期南北高、中部低的古地理格局,南华北地区地势相对更低;周缘隆起区快速抬升且范围逐渐扩大,为坳陷盆地内提供物源,盆地内发育冲积扇、冲积平原、三角洲和浅湖相,向南发育残存潮坪—潟湖,呈南北向展布;晚二叠世基准面趋于稳定,湖相范围扩大,主要发育于盆地南部,潮坪—潟湖环境向南缩小。③研究区油气成藏受控于沉积环境,中二叠世发育的陆相三角洲沉积体系有利于形成储集层和盖层,且和下部煤系地层组成中二叠统良好的生-储-盖组合;上二叠统为氧化干旱的古气候,沉积水体较浅,形成的泥岩厚度小,生烃潜力有限,无法形成大规模气藏。

河控浅水三角洲前缘树枝状沙坝沉积构型与形成机理

河控浅水三角洲前缘砂体可分为分流沙坝型和指状沙坝型2类河-坝组合类型,前人多关注扇状的分流沙坝型与鸟足状的指状沙坝型的前缘砂体,而对多个指状沙坝组成的树枝状沙坝关注不足,其沉积构型与形成机理尚不清楚。以鄱阳湖日帽洲三角洲为例,综合卫星地图、探地雷达、浅钻孔、沉积数值模拟数据,揭示了河控浅水三角洲前缘树枝状沙坝的沉积构型与形成机理。研究认为,树枝状沙坝是由多个相互分叉、交汇的指状沙坝拼接而成,呈现“河在坝上走”的河-坝组合关系,其间发育分流间湾。根据规模差异,树枝状沙坝内的分流河道可分为主支分流河道与侧支分流河道,主支分流河道的宽度大、数量少,多发育于近源端并延伸至沙坝末端,分布于沙坝中部;侧支分流河道的宽度小、数量多,多分布于前缘两侧与末端。树枝状沙坝的形成与细粒、黏性、高排量河流供给相关,细粒与黏性沉积物促进了稳定天然堤的加积与指状沙坝的形成,高排量导致了分流河道的分流与决口,从而形成树枝状的指状沙坝。河控浅水三角洲前缘树枝状沙坝储集层的侧向连通性较差,优势储集层位于指状沙坝中部,为分流河道砂体与近岸河口坝砂体。

扇三角洲流体类型转换及控制因素分析——以青海希里沟扇三角洲为例

【目的】扇三角洲广泛发育于沉积盆地边缘及内部,具有规模庞大、类型多样、生储盖配置良好等特点,蕴藏着巨大的油气资源勘探潜力。然而,其流体类型转换和控制因素、沉积过程与特征仍尚不清晰。【方法】以青海希里沟扇三角洲为研究对象,基于野外露头和探槽剖面的精细刻画描述,综合利用14C测年、粒度分析等方法,对希里沟扇三角洲不同时期沉积物粒度、结构、沉积构造等方面特征进行研究。【结果与结论】通过野外露头探槽剖面的精细刻画描述共划分出9类岩相及7种垂向组合序列,识别出碎屑流、片状洪流和牵引流共3种流体类型。根据AMS14C定年标定沉积界面、沉积物粒度、结构等方面特征,将希里沟湖三角洲划分为SI、SII和SIII共3个阶段,其中SI期为碎屑流粗粒沉积期,SII为片状洪流改造沉积期,SIII期为牵引流改造沉积期。通过沉积物粒度敏感组分分析,在希里沟湖扇三角洲平面识别出3期朵叶。结合希里沟三角洲沉积地形坡度和青海湖15 ka以来孢粉浓度变化,证实了希里沟扇三角洲流体类型转换受控于沉积坡度与气候的变化,明确了扇三角洲上平原以碎屑流主导,发育碎屑流主水道、片状洪流沉积为主要的构型单元,扇三角洲下平原以片状洪流主导,发育以辫状水道、辫流坝以及洪漫沉积为主要的构型单元,扇三角洲前缘以牵引流主导,发育以水下分流河道、河口坝以及席状砂为主要的构型单元。

基于沉积过程分析的扇三角洲沉积模式研究:以滦平盆地桑园剖面下白垩统西瓜园组为例

洪水类型与流量变化是影响扇三角洲地貌形态与沉积特征的主要因素,但不同类型洪水作用下扇三角洲沉积单元发育规律研究薄弱。论文以滦平盆地桑园剖面下白垩统西瓜园组为例,通过剖面测量和岩相划分,恢复了沉积流体类型、沉积过程及其沉积响应单元,建立了不同洪水作用下扇三角洲沉积模式。根据岩相组合将该剖面的主控沉积过程解释为碎屑流、洪流与片流3种洪水,分别对应于碎屑流建造期、洪流建造期与片流建造期。结合沉积过程与砂砾岩沉积形态特征,将目的层解释为8种沉积单元,具体包括扇三角洲平原环境的陆上碎屑流舌状体、洪流主控辫状河道和扇三角洲前缘的水下碎屑流舌状体、高密度浊流水道、牵引流水下分流河道、高密度浊流朵体、水下片流朵体及滑塌体。在扇三角洲碎屑流建造期,发育多期垂向上叠置的、向湖盆进积的碎屑流舌状体;在洪流建造期,平原中形成洪流主控辫状河道,而进入湖盆后洪流转化为高密度浊流,发育高密度浊流水道与朵体;在片流建造期,则以水下快速沉积形成的水下片流朵体为特征。洪水期扇三角洲前缘沉积物快速沉积和沉积物坡失稳易于形成滑塌体,而间洪期则以平原上辫状河道和前缘中低流态水下分流河道的发育为特征。基于洪水类型及其沉积过程的扇三角洲沉积规律的研究,深化了对其砂体形态与结构规律的认识。

三角洲型被动陆缘盆地陆坡地貌演化研究——以尼日尔三角洲盆地某深水研究区为例

【目的】陆坡因其巨大的沉积物总量和丰富的油气资源而成为勘探的热点领域。明确陆坡地貌演化特征能够助力于深水沉积学研究和油气勘探。研究旨在针对三角洲型被动陆缘盆地陆坡具有强物源供给条件的特征,探索一种基于沉积构型原理的古陆坡地貌演化研究新方法。【方法】以尼日尔三角洲盆地某陆坡研究区为例,综合应用地震、测井和岩心资料,根据13个层序的沉积构型时—空演化规律反演古陆坡地貌演化特征。【结果】研究区中新世至今的地貌演化过程经历了两个阶段。阶段1中,地貌演化受大型三角洲进积驱动,研究区由深海平原演化为陆坡,地貌始终为非限制型。阶段2中,在重力滑动作用下先后经历了由逆冲断层、泥底辟、填平补齐主导的演化过程,地貌由限制型、半限制型演变为现今的非限制型。逆冲断层期,泥底辟强度有限,地貌形态受控于断层活动,研究区处于重力滑动体系的远缘逆冲构造区。泥底辟期,底辟强度大幅增强,具备了独立改造地貌格局的能力,研究区由逆冲构造区向泥底辟构造区转化。【结论】重力滑动体系由沉积作用驱动,表现出与沉积相类似的空间组合与演化特征。平面上相邻的伸展、泥底辟、逆冲构造区存在成因关联,与具有排序特征的沉积相类似。因此,研究区两期构造活动的叠合关系指示了陆坡向海推进的过程。综上,典型深水研究区沉积构型的时—空演化特征能够为陆坡古地貌演化过程的恢复提供重要依据。

黄河三角洲近岸潮汐动力对地貌演变的响应及其沉积效应

近年来自然过程和人类活动显著改变了黄河入海流路以及近岸地貌格局,而剧烈的地貌演变对近岸水动力环境的影响尚未得到充分研究。为厘清近30年来黄河三角洲近岸水文动力格局对地貌演变的响应过程,本文基于Landsat系列遥感影像和多期测深数据,分析了1992-2020年黄河三角洲岸线和地形变化,并采用TELEMAC-2D建立了多套覆盖整个渤海的数值模型,研究了地貌演变对黄河三角洲邻近海域潮汐动力的影响及其沉积效应。结果表明,黄河三角洲近岸冲淤格局呈现显著的时空异质性,分布多个淤积和侵蚀中心,且2000-2020年南侧老清水沟外侵蚀中心向南移动9.6 km,1992-2015年北侧刁口河口外侵蚀中心东移6.4 km。中长时间尺度黄河三角洲岸线和地形变化主导了潮汐动态,三角洲北部刁口河口近岸潮差减小,清水沟河口外潮差增大,5 m水深处的潮差变化增大幅度达0.27 m;黄河口近岸K_1分潮振幅显著增加,M_2分潮振幅明显减小,东营港附近无潮点向东迁移3.8 km。刁口河口和老河口外高流速区持续减弱,现行河口外逐渐发育形成另一高流速区,持续稳定的高流速区造成了水下三角洲的冲刷,南北侧高流速区沉积物粗化。

高掺杂低位错p型GaN材料生长研究

对采用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)法在SiC衬底上生长的p型GaN材料进行了研究。p型GaN材料通常采用Mg掺杂来实现,但Mg有效掺杂量的增加会导致材料的空穴浓度提高,表面粗糙度变大、位错密度增加。采用Delta掺杂方式,在Cp_(2)Mg通入量一定的情况下,通过对温度、压力以及Delta掺杂过程中TMGa通入时间的调控实现了对p型GaN材料掺杂浓度与表面粗糙度和位错密度之间的平衡优化。结果显示,生长温度1150℃、生长压力400 mbar(1 mbar=100 Pa)、TMGa通入时间40 s的样品均方根表面粗糙度为0.643 nm,(002)晶面半高宽(FWHM)为176.8 arcsec,空穴迁移率为11.8 cm^(2)/(V·s),空穴浓度为1.02×10^(18)cm^(-3),实现了电学性能与晶体质量的平衡。

渤海LD油田砂砾岩沉积特征及储层展布规律

渤海LD油田砂砾岩油藏开发方案实施后证实,南侧井区未成藏,北侧井区成藏,地质油藏模式发生较大变化。为探究其原因,利用岩心、薄片、钻测井、三维地震及开发动态等资料开展沉积储层研究,结果表明:沙二段为陡坡扇三角洲前缘沉积,物源供给受控于南北两侧沟谷,平面上发育两套沉积体;利用测井相识别出辫流坝、分支河道、河口坝、席状砂体等4类微相砂体,其中,辫流坝和分支河道沉积水动力强、砾石含量高,孔隙、微裂缝发育,储层物性好,为优势储层相;优势储层受控于沉积水流方向和古地貌,北侧砂体的展布与油气充注方向匹配较好,油气充满度高,是油田调整挖潜的主要目标,而南侧砂体未成藏。

Sedimentary architecture models of deepwater turbidite channel systems in the Niger Delta continental slope,West Africa

This paper studied an architecture model of turbidite channel systems based on the shallow- layer high resolution 3D seismic information in the deepwater area in the Niger Delta continental slope, West Africa as a prototype model. Different types of channel systems were identified and the corresponding architecture models were established. The controlling factors, evaluation criteria and spatial distribution of different channel systems were analyzed. This study shows that turbidite channel systems of West Africa could be classified into three types; confined, semi-confined and unconfined, according to the condition of canyon and the levees on both sides. Oil one hand, along the transport direction, channel system evolves from confined to unconfined. Within channel systems, channel complexes, including two types of incised and enveloped, are the most important reservoir bodies. On the other hand, there is a channel complex evolution from incised to enveloped vertically. The geological factors exert impacts of different levels on the architecture of the turbidite channels in different sedimentary systems or even within the same system.

Syndepositional Fault Control on Sandbody Distribution at Two Eocene Confluence Deltas in the Dongying Depression,Bohai Bay Basin(Eastern China)

The prediction of sandstone distribution is the main target for hydrocarbon exploration and petroleum reservoir engineering,especially in a rift basin with a complex geological setting.During the Middle Eocene,the Dongying and Yong’an deltas converged in the Dongying depression of the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.So far,studies on the control of the existing syndepositional faults on the deltaic sandbodies of the two confluence deltas have been largely neglected.In this contribution,the sedimentary characteristics and spatial distribution of the two deltas,converging in the Dongying depression,were determined.In addition,the morphodynamic controlling factors of the deposits of the two deltas were identified based on core examination,log analysis,and seismic data analysis.During delta progradation,the sandbodies of the initially separated deltas were affected by the development of syndepositional tensional faults,which eventually also influenced the distribution of the sandstone reservoirs.The results of this study can not only be applied to petroleum reservoir engineering but also provide important new information for the studies on delta sandbody all over the world.

Reconstruction of the Lacustrine Delta and Lake Level Change Analyzing Subsurface Geology and Geomorphology: Changes That Occurred during the Holocene in the Oguraike Reclaimed Land Area, Southern Kyoto, Japan

A paleo-lacustrine delta in Kyoto, Japan was reconstructed on the basis of subsurface geological and geomorphological analysis, and paleo-lake level changes were estimated from the structure of the delta. These analyses of the study region, i.e., the Oguraike reclaimed land area provided evidence that Lake Ogura existed until about 60 years ago in southern Kyoto, Japan. The Uji river delta was provided influents to this lake until ca. 400 years ago, as is indicated by an upward-coarsening delta succession of about 2 - 4 m thickness. The lake level could also have changed in the past as a result of a change in altitude of the delta-front (foreset) and delta-plain boundary, which probably reflects the lake surface elevation. About 400 years ago, the Paleo-Uji River was separated from Ogura Lake because a levee was constructed along the river for building a castle and for constructing a waterway for transportation. As a result of this construction, the lake level that was more than 13.0 m in elevation was reduced by 1.5 m. In a more ancient times, the lake level experienced two stages—one in which the elevation was more than 13.5 m, and one in which the elevation was reduced to less than 10 m. These changes in the lake level are represented by a flat surface with four steps and small cliff of height ca. 0.5 - 2 m (relative elevation) separating them, recognized at the southern lakeshore. The observation of strata along with the archaeological survey in the north of Ogura Lake reveals that the lake level was decreased ca. 800 - 680 years ago. The lake level was at its highest during two periods, the first from before the 8th century to the end of the 8th century and the second from the 14th century to 400 years ago.

白云凹陷北坡珠江组下部储层生物遗迹及沉积演化特征

南海北部珠江口盆地的白云凹陷北坡新近系底部的陆架边缘三角洲前缘砂体有良好的油气储集条件,具有巨大的油气勘探价值。以珠江口盆地白云凹陷北坡—番禺低隆起珠江组下部为研究对象,将常规的岩心观察、地震相分析等手段与生物遗迹分析相结合,探索其沉积环境特征及演化规律。结果表明:陆架坡折处发育陆架边缘三角洲前缘亚相沉积,发育以水下分流河道和河口坝为主的沉积微相,发育Skolithos遗迹相,局部生物扰动剧烈。陆架坡折以北整体发育滨海三角洲沉积,以分流间湾和水下分流河道沉积微相为主,发育Skolithos-Cruziana遗迹相,生物扰动程度以中等—剧烈扰动为主,局部为稀少生物扰动。研究区的沉积演化可以分为海退期(21.0~19.0 Ma)和海侵期(19.0~18.5 Ma)两个阶段,海退期物源充沛,在陆架坡折处发育陆架边缘三角洲前缘亚相沉积;海侵期海平面上升,发育退积三角洲,在陆架坡折以北发育滨海三角洲前缘亚相沉积。