Can We Manage Coastal Area? Will We?——The Institutional Change of the Coastal Area Management of Taiwan

The Coastal Zone Management Act was finally promulgated in 2015,while Ministry of the Interior was asked to draft a coastal management act in 1991 by Executive Yuan.It was until the government’s lifting of martial law in 1987,vigorous activities started prevailing on coastal areas.And relevant legal documents were on sea reclamation for development in the 1980’s by Council of Agriculture.The approval of“Taiwan Coastal Area Natural Environment Protection Plan”showed an era of environmental protection in 1980s.However,it was surely not market driven,similar to land development,but some efforts by the administration systems.Through all the years,the efforts were put on drafting plans and these efforts were not quite sounding.The coastal disasters and further climate change caught the attention of relevant NGOs,scholars,politicians,and the society.At the critical juncture the government was made to react to outside demands.And then the Coastal Zone Management Act was passed by Legislative Yuan,establishing an integrated coastal management system in Taiwan.As such,it is proposed to look into this long process of the attempt with the concept of institutional change in order to understand this coastal environmental preservation and protection issue in a broader scope.

Construction of Rural Grass-roots Water Conservancy Service System in the Context of Institutional Changes

At present,it is urgent to solve problems of reforming and improving grass-roots water conservancy management mode in rural areas and improving rural water conservancy public service ability. Through analyzing institutional changes of grass-roots water conservancy management in rural areas,this paper discussed current situations and outstanding problems in grass-roots water conservancy services in rural areas of Kunming City. On the basis of current situations and problems,it came up with policy recommendations from reform of management institutions,reform of personnel system,construction of human resources,development of rural water use cooperation organizations,and improvement of fund input mechanism,to build rural grass-roots water conservancy service system.

On the Reason of Changes of Chinese Possession Institution——from the Perspective of Historical Institutionalism

It is the important part of historical institutionalism to explore the reason of the changes of institutions,which includes key issues of historical institutionalism—why do institutions change?How do institutions play a new role through changing?As far as the reason of the changes is concerned,there are social reasons,economic reasons,technological reasons as well as concept reasons.Being part of the China’s civil law system,the possession institution unexceptionally experiences changing process of establishment,amendment,reform and innovation.This paper attempts to analyze the reason of the changes of the possession institution from the perspective of institutional change theory of the historical institutionalism,giving historical explanation of institutional changes and putting forward historical interpretation and support for the perfection of the contemporary possession institution.

改革年代下民营经济的扩张与市场的生成——评Capitalism from Below:Markets and Institutional Change in China

中国的经济改革与市场从何而来?思考这一问题无疑可以帮助我们更好地厘清改革开放以来中国经济高速发展的潜在机制。倪志伟与欧索菲的研究观点明确:自上而下的'国家中心论'对这一问题的解释力度十分有限,而经济制度的内生性演化以及内嵌于制度之中的社会规范与社会网络机制才是解题的关键。利用详实的问卷分析与深入访谈,作者发现,社会互动和社会规范在民营企业发展与市场形成的多个层面起到了重要作用,包括企业创立、信贷融资、招工用工、组织变革、产业集群以及技术创新等。同时,面对政治资本这一竞争性解释,作者的分析也表明,拥有政治关联与支持的企业并非拥有竞争优势。该研究的理论框架、实证分析以及所拓展的思想领域,无疑会使其成为相关领域的重要参考。当然,该研究并非没有值得商榷之处。在最后一部分,本文对该研究的分析思路、与现实和现有发现的冲突以及解释边界等问题进行了讨论。

Relationship Between National Income, Institutional Change and Outbound Tourism Based on Panel Data of the G20 from 1995 to 2014

Based on panel data of 17 economies in the G20 from 1995 to 2014,this paper,in terms of the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,explored the impact of national income on outbound tourism and the moderating effect of institutional change on the relationship between national income and outbound tourism.The results showed that:(1)for the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,national income had a positive impact on outbound tourism;(2)for the total samples and developing countries,institutional change had a positive moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism strengthened;(3)for developed countries,institutional change had a negative moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism weakened.

Institutional Change Logic of the Reform of the Emergency Management of the Super - ministry System

As the typical institutional change,the reform of the emergency management of the super-ministry system embodies itself not only in the integration of emergency function and the combination of organizations,but also in the mechanism reform of the emergency management.As a result,it cannot avoid the accumulation logic,the intentional logic and the isomorphic logic of institutional change.It manifests as follows:from the perspective of the accumulation logic,the reform of the emergency management of the super-ministry system is influenced by the historical context and the original institution;from the perspective of intentional logic,it is influenced by the thinking set and the benefit game;from the perspective of isomorphic logic,it is constrained by the political and social structure and the institutional supply shortage.

The Impact of Changes of Property Rights on Farmland Use:An Empirical Study of China during Transition

In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet- ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur- ther reforms.

Changing institutions for environmental policy and politics in New Era China

The evolution of Chinese environmental policy and politics can be better understood in the broader context of institutional changes that have taken place since the late 1970s. In this study,an analytical framework was established to analyze how overall institutional changes were reflected in the roles of relationships between governmental and non-governmental actors engaged in environmental governance. Institutional changes were observed at three levels:informal institutions(cultural traditions, and political ideology); formal institutions(the polity,political system, property rights, and judiciary); and governing mechanisms(structures, regulatory approaches, and incentives). This analysis of interactions between institutional changes and the changing environmental process explained not only the drives and constraints behind China's environmental policy evolution so far but also shed light on future challenges and opportunities.

高校“非升即走”聘任制的制度逻辑、现实弊病与本土化调试

“非升即走”聘任制是制度变迁的必然产物。从制度变迁理论视角审视“非升即走”聘任制的演化发展路径,基于制度供求分析其走向均衡并真正确立的机制。“非升即走”聘任制本身受路径依赖问题影响存在“先天不足”,在移植我国的过程中更衍生出评价标准单一、管理缺乏情感关怀、教育资源配置不均和工具理性蔓延等弊端。要使“非升即走”聘任制适应我国本土环境,需建立健全多元评审体系和激励保障机制,加强立法规范制度实施并在资源配置时统筹兼顾。

迈向“共治”:21世纪以来中国城市社区治理研究评述

城市社区作为中国社会基层治理的“最后一公里”,不仅是实现人民对美好生活向往的空间载体,而且是多元主体紧密互动的枢纽平台。受社会经济环境变化以及社区建设相关政策的影响,中国社区治理的主体、模式及结构近年来经历较大转变,基于多元主体协商的“共治”模式成为社区治理的新趋势。通过梳理国内中国城市社区治理相关文献,从内涵演变、主体关系、模式演变、制度结构等4个维度,识别了社区治理在中国语境的概念化特征。21世纪以来,中国社区治理各行动主体间关系体现了从“一元结构”向“多元共治”的转变,相关研究内容与近20年中国社区发展政策及制度体系的变迁紧密相关,体现为政府统筹建设、多元主体分化、数智精细治理3个发展阶段。最后,在本土化理论创新、跨学科视角转向、技术化综合应用等方面提出研究展望。

道德向法律的转化与制度专业化假说

个体选择和社会选择都是基于理性的,作为公共选择的制度的产生旨在增进社会福利。制度大致可分为道德和法律两部分。道德和法律的分野也是理性的结果,即:当某项社会约束的整体社会收益大于执行成本时,宜于采用法律的形式;否则,则宜于采用道德的形式。道德与法律的分界并非一成不变,而是受到专业化分工水平的制约。社会分工程度越高,则个体搭便车动机越强,采用法律约束就越有利。随着社会分工水平的日益加深,有一个原属于道德范畴的社会约束转化为法律约束的趋势,即制度专业化趋势。制度专业化会造成更大范围内的制度趋同。

中国职业足球联赛制度变迁与优化:基于效率与公平的视角

采用文献资料法和数据分析法,借鉴新制度经济学和产业组织相关理论,基于效率与公平的视角,梳理中国职业足球联赛制度变迁历程。结合现行制度下足球联赛绩效现状,对联赛制度变迁的应然环境进行剖析,继而从青木昌彦提出的制度的三种历时联动机制出发探讨联赛制度的优化路径。发现:库兹涅茨曲线可用以解释我国职业体育领域收入分配与绩效之间的关系,为未来职业足球联赛制度改革指明了可能的方向;职业足球俱乐部竞技实力有限,职业足球联赛可竞争性不足,而制度失衡是联赛绩效低下的根本原因。未来应从完善市场体系和促进联赛参与主体协同方面培育中国职业足球联赛良好的制度环境。具体优化路径包括:继续深化体制改革,利用制度联动效应引导联赛市场竞争机制不断完善;创新制度互动模式,以制度联动机制再造和制度派生效应弥补非正式制度自发运行中的缺陷;形成更高层次制度互鉴,借助技术溢出效应孵化出我国特色职业联赛制度。

制度变迁视域下土地储备治理体系的优化逻辑

土地储备治理体系是国家加强全民所有土地资产管理、优化土地资产配置、增强土地市场有效供给的重要基础。随着我国城市化进程的加快,土地发展权利益分配、权利归属等问题凸显,其中因土地储备治理体系滞后而带来的问题较为常见。以制度变迁为视域,梳理土地储备体系的法理考察与实践演进,探讨土地储备治理体系的优化逻辑和具体路径,将为高效配置土地资源、提升城市品质、促进经济社会发展提供新动能、新模式和新路径,具有重要的理论和现实意义。本研究以重庆为例,从土地储备治理体系的现状出发,对近年来土地储备总体经营情况、重点功能片区土地经营效益、土地储备治理体系展开实证分析,实践表明土地储备治理体系土地储备融资渠道得到拓宽,有力支持了当地经济建设,土地储备财务风险得到控制,土地储备监管更为便捷,土地储备促进了重大项目工程建设的推进,土地储备中心加强了一级市场调控,建立储备土地信息库,科学编制储备计划,加快推进前期开发,统筹安排各类资金等工作。不足之处在于,土地储备机构职能权限界限不清,储备整治工作资金保障机制不太健全,国土空间规划引领土地储备整治工作的机制尚未建立,土地储备前期开发、系统性风险问题未得到足够重视。基于理论和实证分析,研究认为应以土地确权带动土地流转,以土地流转激活土地储备,强化土地价值管理,增强土地附加功能,健全土地储备体系有助于有效利用未开发的土地资源、减少土地资源的闲置和流失、保障土地资源发展权。进而从宏观上提出以土地确权带动农村土地流转,以土地流转激活土地储备不断创新的改革路径;从微观上提出应理顺土地储备组织治理体系、优化土地储备资金融资体系、完善土地增值收益分配体系、优化城市空间治理体系、加强土地储备系统性风险应对,进一步规制宏观经济下行、土地价值下跌等系统性风险等方面进行完善的具体路径。

改革开放以来家庭教育指导制度的演变、问题与完善——基于制度变迁理论的分析

改革开放以来,我国家庭教育指导制度的演变经历了制度化探索、规范化和法制化三个阶段。制度供给重心从家校共育到家校社合作再到家校社政一体,具有从追求家庭教育的内部收益到追求外部收益和整体收益的动力特征,从学校资源开发到多方积极参与的过程特征,以及以强制性制度变迁为主导,由局部制度变迁带动整体制度变迁的方式特征。当前,家庭教育指导制度面临配套制度供给不足、政策执行乏力和部分制度实效性不强的问题,根源在于权力分配机制不顺、利益调整机制不全以及忽视非正式制度变迁的作用。进一步完善家庭教育指导制度,需要强化政府责任,鼓励制度协同创新,探索有效激励机制,提高政策宣传与执行力度。

农地确权的政策效果“事与愿违”吗?——基于农户异质性的因果效应评估

农地确权的政策效果及其对农户生计决策与福祉的影响,已有的实证研究看法不一。已有研究的一般假设是政策干预与农户对政策的响应是随机的,而我国的农地确权试点区域与试点时间均具有非随机的政策选择性,因而农户的应对决策并非随机。因此,已有研究的随机性假设需要加以检视。使用非参数匹配因果推断,全面估计农地确权对农户六类资源配置决策和福祉的影响,并分别从政策设计与实施的供给侧角度和农户面对政策变化调整其决策的需求侧角度,揭示已有实证研究结果不一致的原因。研究发现,在农业生产资料投入、劳动力向非农部门转移和获得正式贷款方面,确权政策的“顶层设计”与农户决策相匹配,有助于农户据此进行专业化分工与生产,政策效果虽然边际递减,但没有出现不一致现象。在土地流转方面,政策供给侧的选择偏差使农户流转土地的谈判交易成本上升33.3%,时间交易成本上升1.45倍;政策需求侧的农户应对行为使流转土地的谈判交易成本上升3.1倍,时间交易成本上升27.8%。供给侧与需求侧的双向偏差,加上确权的赋权增量非常有限,使政策效果与政策预期不一致,但这并不意味着确权是可有可无的,而是说明人们对确权效果的预期存在一定偏误。