A global satellite survey of density plumes at river mouths and at other environments: Plume configurations, external controls, and implications for deep-water sedimentation

The U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) has archived thousands of satellite images of density plumes in its online publishing outlet called 'Earth Observatory' since 1999. Although these images are in the public domain, there has not been any systematic compilation of configurations of density plumes associated with various sedimentary environments and processes. This article, based on 45 case studies covering 21 major rivers(e.g., Amazon, Betsiboka, Congo [Zaire], Copper, Hugli [Ganges], Mackenzie, Mississippi, Niger, Nile, Rhone, Rio de la Plata, Yellow, Yangtze, Zambezi, etc.) and six different depositional environments(i.e., marine, lacustrine, estuarine, lagoon, bay, and reef), is the first attempt in illustrating natural variability of configurations of density plumes in modern environments. There are, at least, 24 configurations of density plumes. An important finding of this study is that density plumes are controlled by a plethora of 18 oceanographic, meteorological, and other external factors. Examples are: 1) Yellow River in China by tidal shear front and by a change in river course; 2) Yangtze River in China by shelf currents and vertical mixing by tides in winter months; 3) Rio de la Plata Estuary in Argentina and Uruguay by Ocean currents; 4) San Francisco Bay in California by tidal currents; 5) Gulf of Manner in the Indian Ocean by monsoonal currents; 6) Egypt in Red Sea by Eolian dust; 7) U.S. Atlantic margin by cyclones; 8) Sri Lanka by tsunamis; 9) Copper River in Alaska by high-gradient braid delta; 10) Lake Erie by seiche; 11) continental margin off Namibia by upwelling; 12) Bering Sea by phytoplankton; 13) the Great Bahama Bank in the Atlantic Ocean by fish activity; 14) Indonesia by volcanic activity; 15) Greenland by glacial melt; 16) South Pacific Ocean by coral reef; 17) Carolina continental Rise by pockmarks; and 18) Otsuchi Bay in Japan by internal bore. The prevailing trend in promoting a single type of river-flood triggered hyperpycnal flow is flawed because there are 16 types of hyperpycnal flows. River-flood derived hyperpycnal flows are muddy in texture and they occur close to the shoreline in inner shelf environments. Hyperpycnal flows are not viable transport mechanisms of sand and gravel across the shelf into the deep sea. The available field observations suggest that they do not form meter-thick sand layers in deep water settings. For the above reasons, river-flood triggered hyperpycnites are considered unsuitable for serving as petroleum reservoirs in deep-water environments until proven otherwise.

THE SATELLITE TOWNS OF METROPOLITAN GUANGZHOU:EVOLUTION, INHERENT LINKS WITH THE CENTRAL CITY AND TENDENCIES--A CASE STUDY OF RENHE TOWN

This paper focuses on three interrelated aspects of therelationship between the satellite towns (Renhe Town) and thecentral city of metropolitan Guangzhou. The attention isinitially paid to the evolution of the satellite towns. Then theanalysis is turned to the inherent links between Renhe and thecentral city. Thirdly problems associated with the construction ofsatellite towns are examined. Guangzhou is experiencing the majorrestructuring of industrial structure and therefore it is necessary todecentralize some industries to satellite towns. However, the limitsfrom the central city and the satellite towns are influencing industrialdecentralization and collstruction of satellite towns. Thesolutionsand prospects are finally put forward.

EVALUATION OF POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY OF PASSIVE INTERMODULATION DISTORTION IN HIGH-POWER COMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS

In order to analyze the deleterious effects of Passive InterModulation (PIM) on high power communication satellite systems, the basic concept of PIM is introduced, and an equation for the power spectral density of the n-th order PIM distortion insuch systems is derived by applying flat signal-power spectrum assumption and Fourier transform method. It is indicated that PIM level generally decreases with order and the lowest frequency receive channel in the receive band is the channel of most affected by PIM interference.

Suitability Analysis of Satellite Towns Using Saaty Model and Geographical Information System (GIS)

Dar es Salaam is one of the fastest growing cities in East Africa, with a population of 4,364,541 whose annual growth rate is 4.5%. The population increase is mainly caused by rural to urban migration causing traffic congestion, unemployment, emerging of unplanned settlements, inadequate infrastructure, and social and housing services. In order to overcome these challenges there is an urgent need to establish and determine suitable locations of satellite towns to the outskirts of the central business district (CBD) to strengthen economic and social activities using reliable techniques. Selecting suitable locations of satellite towns has been determined by using distance from the CBD and population growth indicators. The limitations of using these indicators include unsuitable locations, which ultimately failed to attract economic growth in such areas. In this study, we introduce a new approach of selecting suitable location of satellite towns in fast growing cities. This approach uses Saaty Model and Geographic Information Systems techniques, whereby a pair wise comparison matrix, consistency index and consistency ratio are employed to determine suitable locations of satellite towns in Ubungo and Kinondoni Municipalities. Also, seven criteria were used to produce suitability maps for water, power line, road, communication line, elevation, slope and land use. The results obtained from this study show that about 5.31% of the area was classified as highly suitable, 29.82% as moderately suitable, 24.27% as marginally suitable and 40.6% permanently unsuitable. Locations of satellite towns determined using Saaty model was found to be on highly suitable areas whereas locations of satellite towns proposed by the Dar es Salaam master plan were located on marginally suitable areas. The study concludes that Saaty Model, if integrated with GIS, can be effectively used to determine suitable locations for satellite towns in urban areas.

Anomaly of the ionospheric electron density close to earthquakes:Case studies of Pu'er and Wenchuan earthquakes

The electron density recorded onboard the DEMETER satellite was analyzed to search for possible anomalies before earthquakes both in space and time. To distinguish pre-earthquake anomalies from the other anomalies related to geomagnetic activity, data were filtered using the Kp index. The analysis is based on the comparison of data recorded closely to earthquakes in space and time and past data for the same area. In analyzing data around the time and location of the Pu＇er and Wenchuan earthquakes, obvious anomalies in electron density were found close to the epicenters, and some remarkable disturbances were detected before the earthquakes occurred. The results were finally compared with those of previous works that used the same data but employed different analysis methods. Good agreement was found which suggests that these anomalies have a close relation to the earthquake preparation.

Orbital reference frame estimation with power spectral density constraints for drag-free satellites

The drag-free satellites are widely used in the field of fundamental science as they enable the high-precision measurement in pure gravity fields. This paper investigates the estimation of local orbital reference frame(LORF) for drag-free satellites. An approach, taking account of the combination of the minimum estimation error and power spectral density(PSD) constraint in frequency domain, is proposed. Firstly, the relationship between eigenvalues of estimator and transfer function is built to analyze the suppression and amplification effect on input signals and obtain the eigenvalue range. Secondly, an optimization model for state estimator design with minimum estimation error in time domain and PSD constraint in frequency domain is established. It is solved by the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) algorithm. Finally, the orbital reference frame estimation of low-earth-orbit satellite is taken as an example, and the estimator of minimum variance with PSD constraint is designed and analyzed using the method proposed in this paper.

Thermospheric mass density derived from CHAMP satellite precise orbit determination data based on energy balance method

In this article, the energy balance method is used to retrieve thermospheric mass density from CHAMP satellite precise orbit determination(POD) data during 2007–2009. The retrieved thermospheric mass densities are compared with those from accelerometer data and an empirical model. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Thermospheric mass density can be retrieved from POD data by the energy balance and semi-major axis decay methods, whose results are consistent.(2) The accuracy of the retrieved densities depends on the integration time period, and the optimal period for CHAMP density retrieval from POD data is about 20 minutes.(3) The energy balance method can be used to calibrate accelerometer data.(4) The accuracy of retrieving thermospheric density from POD data varies with satellite altitude and local time.

THE SATELLITE TOWNS OF METROPOLIS GUANGZHOU：EVOLUTION， INHERENT LINKS WITH THE CENTRAL CITY AND TENDENCIES──A CASE STUDY OFRENHE TOWN

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非视距环境下核密度估计的全球卫星导航系统鲁棒定位方法

非视距(NLOS)传输会引起全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)接收机的伪距测量误差,最终导致定位解出现较大误差,这一问题在城市峡谷等复杂环境下尤为突出。针对该问题,该文提出核密度估计的鲁棒定位方法,其核心思想是在定位解算中引入鲁棒估计来缓解NLOS的影响。考虑到NLOS引起的伪距观测误差偏离高斯分布,所提方法首先利用核密度估计(KDE)方法估计伪距观测误差的概率密度函数,并利用该概率密度函数来构造鲁棒代价函数用于导航解算,从而缓解NLOS引起的定位误差。实验结果表明所提方法在卫星存在NLOS传输时能够较好地减小GNSS的定位误差。

油气管道VSAT卫星链路计算方法研究

为了解决VSAT卫星链路完全依靠卫星厂家进行计算且无法核对厂家提供的数据是否正确的问题,针对VSAT卫星链路计算的可靠性和健壮性,提出了一种油气管道VSAT卫星链路计算方法。该方法采用“功带平衡”算法,将VSAT卫星链路的带宽占用比等同于功率占用比,计算出卫星转发器最大输出功率,进而计算等效功率密度,根据每载波占用卫星的ERIP值公式,计算出饱和通量密度,匹配出卫星天线尺寸及功放矩阵,根据匹配的卫星天线及功放计算VSAT卫星链路总载噪比,将VSAT卫星链路总载噪比和系统最低载噪比进行对比,VSAT卫星链路总载噪比大者为合适的卫星天线及功放,反之为不合适选项,用推算出的卫星天线及功放推算出功率占用比,功率占用比与带宽占用比差别较大时,需调整卫星天线及功放的选择,计算功率占用比,直到卫星天线及功放达到功率占用比等于带宽占用比,即为最优的卫星天线和功放。通过最终的计算可得出卫星天线与功放的匹配矩阵,在实际工程中需从中选取合适的卫星天线与功放中的最小值达到最经济、可靠的匹配。该计算方法通过软件编程进行了界面可视化显示,并在诸多工程中进行了详细验证,结果表明此方法准确可靠,很好地提升了VSAT卫星链路计算的可靠性和健壮性。

Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations observed on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7.9 earthquake

Based on the ionospheric electromagnetic data observed on DEMETER satellite of France, the ionospheric electromagnetic signals were analyzed within 10 days before Chile M7.9 earthquake on November 14, 2007. It is found that, low frequency electromagnetic disturbances began to increase in a large scale of latitude, and reached to a maximum one week prior to the earthquake, and at about three days before the quake, the peak values shifted to lower latitude. Taking three days as a group, spatial images of a few parameters were analyzed, from which it can be seen during the five days prior to this earthquake, the amplitude and scale of anomalies are enlarged, while the epicenter is located at the boundary of anomalous region. The anomalous tempo-spatial variation in electron density prior to the earthquake were also obtained in terms of tracing the data from revisited orbits in half a year prior to the quake.

天基信息传输高效低复杂度LDPC译码算法研究

军事卫星通信由于需满足信息实时性、传输速率高、通信容量大以及符合星间链路信道的时变特性等要求,通常采用高编码增益、高吞吐量的信道编码方案。低密度奇偶校验(Low-Density Parity-Check,LDPC)码由于具备接近Shannon极限的优异纠错性能和可并行计算的特性成为卫星通信主导信道编码标准之一。目前卫星通信接收机的译码器模块设计仍存在诸如无法实时在线判断迭代停止、系统吞吐量受限、大量判决电路影响核心译码电路的低功耗和实时性等问题。考虑上述问题,以因子图模型为基础,针对空间数据系统咨询委员会(Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems,CCSDS)标准深空通信码型,将校验节点归一化满足概率进化图案与LDPC译码器状态紧密耦合,给出可实时在线判断迭代停止的最优停止准则,实现高性能、低复杂度的停止准则译码算法设计。当优先考虑高吞吐量时,误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER)性能退化0.13 dB,中低信噪比平均迭代次数(Average Number of Iteration,ANI)降低50%以上;当优先考虑纠错性能时,BER性能仅退化0.02 dB,同时大幅降低ANI。该译码算法为高效低复杂度LDPC译码器设计提供有效解决方案。

A wave energy resource assessment in the China's seas based on multi-satellite merged radar altimeter data

Wave energy resources are abundant in both offshore and nearshore areas of the China＇s seas. A reliable assessment of the wave energy resources must be performed before they can be exploited. First, for a water depth in offshore waters of China, a parameterized wave power density model that considers the effects of the water depth is introduced to improve the calculating accuracy of the wave power density. Second, wave heights and wind speeds on the surface of the China＇s seas are retrieved from an AVISO multi-satellite altim-eter data set for the period from 2009 to 2013. Three mean wave period inversion models are developed and used to calculate the wave energy period. Third, a practical application value for developing the wave energy is analyzed based on buoy data. Finally, the wave power density is then calculated using the wave field data. Using the distribution of wave power density, the energy level frequency, the time variability indexes, the to-tal wave energy and the distribution of total wave energy density according to a wave state, the offshore wave energy in the China＇s seas is assessed. The results show that the areas of abundant and stable wave energy are primarily located in the north-central part of the South China Sea, the Luzon Strait, southeast of Taiwan in the China＇s seas; the wave power density values in these areas are approximately 14.0–18.5 kW/m. The wave energy in the China’s seas presents obvious seasonal variations and optimal seasons for a wave energy utilization are in winter and autumn. Except for very coastal waters, in other sea areas in the China＇s seas, the energy is primarily from the wave state with 0.5 m≤Hs≤4 m, 4 s≤Te≤10 s whereHs is a significant wave height andTe is an energy period; within this wave state, the wave energy accounts for 80% above of the total wave energy. This characteristic is advantageous to designing wave energy convertors （WECs）. The practical application value of the wave energy is higher which can be as an effective supplement for an energy con-sumption in some areas. The above results are consistent with the wave model which indicates fully that this new microwave remote sensing method altimeter is effective and feasible for the wave energy assessment.

Spatial location differentiation and development decision optimization of characteristic villages and towns in China

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization,the gap between urban and rural development has gradually increased.Rural development problems have been a significant topic of discussion,and are related to people’s livelihoods.This article built a point-axis-region location driving system to analyze the spatial location differentiation of characteristic villages and towns(CVTS)using the kernel density model,and explored the mechanism of location driving factors with a geographical detector model.The results show that vegetables and fruits are the main types of products in CVTS.They account for 27.60%and 34.68%of all types of products,and occur mainly in the east and central regions of China.Moreover,all point-axis-region driving factors have a significant influence on grain crops.The mean values of driving forces of vegetables and fruits are larger than other types of CVTS,and their values are 0.12 and 0.11.The average driving forces on all CVTS in the northeast are higher than those in other regions,especially the driving forces of vegetables and medicinal crops(0.24 and 0.18,respectively).Finally,we proposed that the Chinese government should employ engineering technology,invest on road networks,e-commerce and blockchain technology to optimize the point-axis-region location advantages,to promote the sustainable development of CVTS.The detection of driving mechanisms on spatial location differentiation of CVTS has important research value for location theory and rural region systems research.

基于DBSCAN聚类算法的卫星数据分区异常检测

随着我国第一颗电磁监测卫星的发射,卫星探测的海量数据不断涌现,探究空间载荷数据变化特征已成为当前研究热点。为了对张衡一号卫星LAP载荷数据进行异常检测,该文将处理后的数据按地理纬度划分为南纬50°到南纬20°,南纬20°到北纬20°,北纬20°到北纬50°三个区域,依次采用DBSCAN密度聚类算法进行聚类异常检测。结果表明,该方法可用于对LAP数据的异常检测。DBSCAN密度聚类算法可用于检测卫星异常数据,为检测卫星探测数据异常、研究空间数据变化特征提供思路参考。

东非大裂谷的地壳和上地幔密度结构

利用卫星重力场数据和小波多尺度分析方法对东非大裂谷进行三维密度结构成像,取得了东非大裂谷地壳和上地幔多个深度等效层上的密度扰动图像,为东非大裂谷岩石圈结构和动力学的研究提供了重要佐证。结果表明,东非大裂谷中段的西支裂谷与东支裂谷的幔源熔体同源,但是西支裂谷发育较不充分、形成较晚。东非大裂谷的动力学模式为熔流体上涌的树形分叉模式,其要点包括:(1)低密度流体在软流圈大面积上涌;(2)流体在岩石圈继续上涌,部分转化为基性岩浆岩,平面面积缩小;(3)进入地壳后上涌熔流体分叉成多支,平面总面积进一步缩小;(4)熔流体上涌到上地壳后仅在裂谷带活动,反映为火山链和玄武岩带。

基于多源数据的黄河冰凌监测技术研究

为提升黄河冰凌监测的准确性与效率,克服传统人工观测在精度和效率上的局限,通过整合卫星遥感、无人机遥感及视频监控技术,开展基于多源数据的黄河冰凌监测技术研究。该技术能够利用多光谱遥感影像结合雪被指数法,实现对河道冰凌的全面监测,同时,借助无人机自动识别技术精确获取冰凌的关键参数,并通过视频监控技术实时发现并预警冰凌密度变化。在这项研究中,无人机遥感参数的误差被控制在5%以内,视频监控技术的误差最大为7.2%,最小仅为0.1%。基于多源数据的冰凌监测技术在山东黄河河务局的应用表明:该技术不仅显著提高工作效率,还变革传统的冰凌监测模式,极大地支撑河道管理及相关业务工作,对高纬度地区河流冰凌灾害的智能监测预警具有重要价值,也为可视化冰情分析提供可靠的图像成果,未来有着广泛的应用潜力。

基于卫星重力异常的南海南部中生界反演

已有钻井以及地震资料揭示南海南部海域广泛发育中生代地层。为了进一步了解南海南部中生代地层的分布特征及油气地质意义,本文利用最新的卫星重力数据反演中生界的深度和厚度。首先,采用重力场正演技术消除海水的影响,获得南海南部布格重力异常。其次,为了消除新生代沉积层的影响,将新生代沉积层划分为0~3、3~6、6~10 km 3层,并根据前人在南海获得的密度与深度的关系,采用变密度Parker正演方法计算新生代沉积层产生的重力影响,并将其从布格重力异常中减去,从而获得前新生代重力异常。在此基础上,采用小波多尺度分解技术,消除深部莫霍面以及局部岩体重力的影响,从而计算得到反映中生界的重力异常。最后采用三维Parker变密度界面快速反演技术获得南海南部中生界深度和厚度。反演结果与已知中生界钻井具有较好的对应。南海南部地区中生界主要分布在礼乐滩、巴拉望岛北部和万安地区,厚度分布小于9 km,其他大部分地区中生界厚度小于1 km或者不存在中生界。其中中生界在礼乐滩地区最为发育,其次在巴拉望岛北部也广泛发育。结合前人在该区域的油气地质条件研究成果,认为南海南部海域礼乐滩地区中生界具有较好的油气勘探前景。

星地融合网络的上行链路覆盖性能分析模型

星地融合网络可以提供天、空、地、海立体全场景信息覆盖,满足用户多样的业务需求。针对星地融合网络,提出了基于覆盖概率的星座数和基站数的分析模型(AMCP)。该模型为星地融合网络的上行链路覆盖概率提供了分析方法。表述卫星星座数和基站数对用户信号的干扰,构建满足用户覆盖概率条件下的卫星星座数和基站密度的表达式。通过仿真分析了卫星星座数和基站密度对覆盖概率的影响,仿真结果为设计星地融合网络提供分析基础。

基于空间分析技术的明清时期河西走廊城镇风貌特征研究

空间句法认为人与环境间的作用源于空间形态的组织,而空间形态强调的是动态的社会环境。道路是城市的基本骨架,空间句法通过对道路轴线的分析,来解释城市空间结构的特征。Arc GIS一直致力于地理信息以及建筑环境信息的描述,通过分析可以较为直观的了解城市建筑之间的联系和城市结构的特征。本文利用多种空间分析技术,通过系统分析河西走廊主要历史城市明清时期的地理环境、山水格局、城市格局、典型地标等空间要素来研究河西走廊地区的城市风貌特色,从而探讨河西走廊地区城市传统风貌保护和可持续发展的新路径,谋求城市、文化、自然三者的协同发展。