Relationships between daily total fluoride intake and dental fluorosis and dental caries

Objective： To explore the relationships between the daily total intake of fluoride, dental fluorosis and dental caries. Methods： An epidemiological method was used to investigate the daily total intake of fluoride, dental fluorosis, and dental caries among 236 and 290 children aged 8-13 years in a severe endemic area and in a non-fluorosis control area, respectively. The children were divided into eight subgroups according to each child＇ s estimated daily total intake of fluoride. The prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in each group was calculated. Results： As expected, elevated levels of fluoride intake were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis and an increasing amount of more severe defect dental fluorosis. When the daily total F intake was 2.78 mg/child/day, the prevalence of dental fluorosis was nearly 100%, with the prevalence of defect dental fluorosis increasing with increasing fluoride intake. There was also a significant negative（inverse） dose-response relationship between the daily total intake of fluoride and the overall prevalence of dental caries, the prevalence of which decreased when the daily total intake of fluoride increased up to 3.32 mg/child/day. However, at higher levels of daily total intake of fluoride the prevalence of dental caries increased, giving rise to a U-shaped dose-response relationship curve. Conclusion： It is important to monitor total fluoride exposure and protect children from excessive fluoride intake, especially during the years of tooth development.

Groundwater Quality and Its Impact on Health: A Preliminary Evaluation of Dental Fluorosis in Julimes, Chihuahua, Mexico

Medical Geology can be defined as the branch of geology dealing with the relationship between natural geological aspects and health in organisms (humans and animals), trying to determine the influence of ordinary environmental factors on the geographical distribution of health issues. The main goals of this research were: 1) to evaluate the severity of dental fluorosis (DF) and fluoride concentration in groundwater, used for human consumption, as an indicator of overexposure to fluorides, 2) to estimate the Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) in the Julimes municipality in Chihuahua, Mexico. Nine water samples were collected in four locations in the Julimes area: Hacienda Humboldt, La Regina, Colonia San Jose, and Julimes. Samples were collected and stored in accordance with the Mexican standard (NOM-014-SSA1-1993). All the samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit established in the modified Mexican standard (NOM-127-SSA1-1994) of 1.5 mgL-1 for fluoride in water for human consumption. Average concentrations of 2.74 mgL-1 were found in Colonia San Jose, 2.19 mgL-1 in La Regina, 2.17 mgL-1 in Julimes and 2.06 mgL-1 in Hacienda Humboldt. Dental Fluorosis diagnosis was evaluated using the Dean Index and the CFI applied to residents. A total of 100 inhabitants were examined, with interviews and oral examinations also carried out. Dental Fluorosis prevalence was 92% overall for the municipality, while for Colonia San Jose was of 100%, of 88.89% for Hacienda Humboldt, 88.24% for Julimes and 96% for La Regina. Dental Fluorosis’ severity for the Julimes municipality was distributed as follows: 2% normal, 6% questionable, 8% very mild, 13% mild, 19% moderate, and 52% severe. An average CFI was found for the four localities of 3.02 points, with a very notable impact on public health.

Relationship between family economic status and dental fluorosis of primary school students in Douqing Minority Village of Shuicheng County,Guizhou Province

Objective To investigate ethnic belonging,family economic status,staple food,dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride level of primary school students in Douqing Minority(Miao and Yi)Village,where is a severe area of coal-burning type of endemic fluorosis,in order to provide a base for diminishing the disease in ethnic minori-

Effectiveness of a microabrasion technique using 16% HCL with manual application on fluorotic teeth: A series of studies

BACKGROUND Dental fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride ingestion during tooth formation.As a consequence,there is a higher porosity on the enamel surface,which causes an opaque look.AIM The aim of this study was to identify a dental intervention to improve the smile in patients with tooth fluorosis.Additional aims were to relate the stain size on fluorotic teeth with the effectiveness of stain removal,enamel loss and procedure time using a manual microabrasion technique with 16%hydrochloric acid(HCL).METHODS An experimental study was carried out on 84 fluorotic teeth in 57 adolescent patients,33 females and 24 males,with moderate to severe fluorosis.The means,standard deviations and percentages were analyzed using nonparametric statistics and ArchiCAD 15 software was used for the variables including stain size and effectiveness of stain removal.RESULTS The average enamel loss was 234μm and was significantly related to the procedure time categorized as 1-4 min and 4.01-6 min,resulting in a P>0.000.The microabrasion technique using 16%HCL was effective in 90.6%of patients and was applied manually on superficial stains in moderate and severe fluorosis.Procedure time was less than 6 min and enamel loss was within the acceptable range.CONCLUSION Microabrasion is a first-line treatment;however,the clinician should measure the average enamel loss to ensure that it is within the approximate range of 250μm in order to avoid restorative treatment.

Temporary fluoride concentration changes in groundwater in the context of impact assessment in the Vaniyar sub-basin, South India

India＇s surface water and groundwater distribu- tion is temporally variable due to the monsoon. Agriculture is one of the dominant economic sectors in India. Groundwater quality is regularly assessed to determine usability for drinking and irrigation. In this study, World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standards guidelines were used to determine suitability of ground- water near artificial recharge structures （ARS） with a focus on the structureg impact on groundwater quality. Ground- water resources were evaluated for irrigation suitability using electrical conductivity （EC）, sodium adsorption ratio, the US Salinity Laboratory diagram, sodium concentration, Wilcox＇s diagram, Kelly＇s index, and Doneen＇s perme- ability index. EC and major ions were tested in recharge areas at different distances from the ARS. The construction of ARS at optimal distances along major streams has improved groundwater quantity and quality in the subbasin. Before construction of ARS, fluoride concentrations were higher; after construction, fluoride was reduced in most locations. Water stored in the check dam and groundwater in the wells closer to the structure were suitable for both drinking and irrigation purposes. Impact of ARS on nearby groundwater quality was observed at Pal- lipatti, Mulayanur, Venkadasamuthram, Pudupatti, Poyyappatti, Harurl, and Sekkampatti. More distant sites included Pappiredipatti, Nambiyappati, Menasi, Harur, Todampatti, and Adikarapatfi. Data demonstrated improved groundwater quality in the area of the ARS. Through recharge, the non-potable fluoride in the region is reduced to the permissible limit for human consumption.