The concentration of ice nuclei (IN) and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangs...The concentration of ice nuclei (IN) and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature (Ta) of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water (Sw) and with respect to ice (Si) were set to 5%,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways.展开更多
Uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrite will lead to low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycle stability,which hinders the commercialization of lithium metal batteries.Herein,a novel modified lithium anode with reduced ...Uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrite will lead to low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycle stability,which hinders the commercialization of lithium metal batteries.Herein,a novel modified lithium anode with reduced graphene oxide conductive network containing trace lithiophilic phosphorus(P-rGO/Cu)is prepared by electrospraying technique combined with heat treatment process.The rGO layer has a concave and undulating conductive structure,which can significantly improve the effective electrical contact between lithium metal and the current collector,speed up the kinetics of interfacial electron transport and reaction,and improve the resistance of the negative electrode to the internal stress caused by volume change of the lithium,which is advantageous for the stability of the SEI film.The extremely small and uniformly distributed red phosphorus element avoids the volume change caused by lithiation to the maximum extent.Lithiophilic two-phase compound Li_(3)P obtained by alloying P with Li can directionally induce the homogeneous nucleation and dense deposition of lithium metal,address the issue of lithium dendrites and extend the cycle life of the batteries.The obtained P-rGO/Cu exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with an average Coulombic efficiency(CE)of 98%at a current density of 1 mA·cm^(−2) for 400 cycles,and the capacity retention rate of the full cell matched with lithium iron phosphate(LFP)is 83%after 400 cycles at 1C.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41030962)the Special Fund for doctorate programs in Chinese Universities (Grant No. 20113228110002)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program of Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)the Key Laboratory for Aerosol–Cloud– Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. KDW1101)
文摘The concentration of ice nuclei (IN) and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature (Ta) of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water (Sw) and with respect to ice (Si) were set to 5%,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways.
基金This study was financially supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2020B090919003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52261160384,51872157 and 52072208)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Project of Shenzhen(No.JCYJ20190808153609561)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(No.2017BT01N111)the Support Plan for Shenzhen Manufacturing Innovation Center(No.20200627215553988).
文摘Uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrite will lead to low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycle stability,which hinders the commercialization of lithium metal batteries.Herein,a novel modified lithium anode with reduced graphene oxide conductive network containing trace lithiophilic phosphorus(P-rGO/Cu)is prepared by electrospraying technique combined with heat treatment process.The rGO layer has a concave and undulating conductive structure,which can significantly improve the effective electrical contact between lithium metal and the current collector,speed up the kinetics of interfacial electron transport and reaction,and improve the resistance of the negative electrode to the internal stress caused by volume change of the lithium,which is advantageous for the stability of the SEI film.The extremely small and uniformly distributed red phosphorus element avoids the volume change caused by lithiation to the maximum extent.Lithiophilic two-phase compound Li_(3)P obtained by alloying P with Li can directionally induce the homogeneous nucleation and dense deposition of lithium metal,address the issue of lithium dendrites and extend the cycle life of the batteries.The obtained P-rGO/Cu exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with an average Coulombic efficiency(CE)of 98%at a current density of 1 mA·cm^(−2) for 400 cycles,and the capacity retention rate of the full cell matched with lithium iron phosphate(LFP)is 83%after 400 cycles at 1C.