Empowering the Future: Exploring the Construction and Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li . Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO4, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.

Low-temperature replacement construction of three-dimensional corrosion-resistant interface for deeply rechargeable Zn metal batteries

Aqueous Zn batteries are promising candidates for grid-scale renewable energy storage.Foil electrodes have been widely investigated and applied as anode materials for aqueous Zn batteries,however,they suffer from limited surface area and severe interfacial issues including metallic dendrites and corrosion side reactions,limiting the depth of discharge(DOD)of the foil electrode materials.Herein,a low-temperature replacement reaction is utilized to in-situ construct a three-dimensional(3D)corrosion-resistant interface for deeply rechargeable Zn foil electrodes.Specifically,the deliberate low-temperature environment controlled the replacement rate between polycrystalline Zn metal and oxalic acid,producing a Zn foil electrode with distinct 3D corrosion-resistant interface(3DCI-Zn),which differed from conventional two-dimensional(2D)protective structure and showed an order of magnitude higher surface area.Consequently,the 3DCI-Zn electrode exhibited dendrite-free and anticorrosion properties,and achieved stable plating/stripping performance for 1000 h at 10 mA cm^(-2)and 10 mAh cm^(-2)with a remarkable DOD of 79%.After pairing with a MnO2cathode with a high areal capacity of 4.2 mAh cm^(-2),the pouch cells delivered 168 Wh L^(-1)and a capacity retention of 89.7%after 100 cycles with a low negative/positive(N/P)ratio of 3:1.

Depth Profiles of Absorbed Hydrogen in Ni-Nb-Zr Amorphous Alloy Ribbons by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Depth profiles of absorbed hydrogen introduced by electrochemical charging and light elements were analyzed in Ni-Nb-Zr-H amorphous alloy ribbons using a glow discharge optical emission spectrometer. It was clarified that the absorbed hydrogen was comparatively well-distributed on the sample surface and that the content of the hydrogen decreased with increasing depth from the surface. That is, the amount of absorbed hydrogen on the surface was about 17 at %, while that inside the specimens decreased to several atomic percent. The depth profiles of the hydrogen which were close to the surface were slightly different between those on the roller side and those on the free side in the melt-spun ribbon. The difference is thought to originate from the existence of oxygen impurity on the surface and from the difference of the Zr content.

Assessment of water depth change patterns in 120° sharp bend using numerical model

In this study,FLUENT software was employed to simulate the flow pattern and water depth changes in a 120° sharp bend at four discharge rates.To verify the numerical model,a 90° sharp bend was first modeled with a three-dimensional numerical model,and the results were compared with available experimental results.Based on the numerical model validation,a 120° bend was simulated.The results show that the rate of increase of the water depth at the cross-section located 40 cm before the bend,compared with the cross-sections located 40 cm and 80 cm after the bend,decreases with the increase of the normal water depth in the 120° curved channel.Moreover,with increasing normal water depth,the dimensionless water depth change decreases at all cross-sections.At the interior cross-sections of the bend,the transverse water depth slope of the inner half-width is always greater than that of the outer half-width of the channel.Hence,the water depth slope is nonlinear at each crosssection in sharp bends.Two equations reflecting the relationships between the maximum and minimum dimensionless water depths and the normal water depth throughout the channel were obtained.

基于跌坎压力自相似分布的明渠水深−流量关系推求

明渠流量计量是高效灌溉、合理分配水资源和进行用水有效管理的重要手段。跌水是常见的明渠水流上下游衔接的水利设施。当跌落水流不受跌坎下游水流影响时形成自由跌流,可用于明渠流量的精确计量。受自由跌流影响,跌坎断面水流由缓流向急流转变,压力分布显著偏离静水压力分布规律。而获得跌坎压力分布及其准确描述方程则正是明渠自由跌流流量公式推求的关键,其准确与否决定了利用跌流进行流量计量的精度。本文首先通过模型试验和数值计算对矩形明渠自由跌流的断面压力分布特征进行研究,而后利用理论推导建立了明渠跌流的水深−流量关系公式。研究发现,明渠跌水跌坎断面压力呈典型自相似分布规律,其无量纲压力值分布倾向于一条曲线,压力最大值为0.238he(he为跌坎水深),出现在竖向距跌坎0.209he水深处,并且压力自相似分布规律与明渠流量、渠道底坡和边壁糙率无关。在此基础上,结合幂函数和尾迹函数提出了描述跌坎断面压力分布的函数方程,并给出了最大压力和最大压力位置的计算公式,然后根据动量方程和流量连续方程推求了明渠自由跌流的流量计算公式。最后,对本文和其他研究者提出的流量计算公式采用试验数据进行了对比分析,结果表明:本文提出的流量公式在明渠流量为5~100 L/s,底坡为–0.0112~0.0534、糙率为0.0930~0.0193的研究范围内,具有更高的精度和适用性,计算误差在±5%之内,可适用于该流量、底坡和边壁糙率范围内矩形明渠自由跌流的流量精确计算。本文研究结果对于利用自由跌流进行明渠流量计量提供了理论与技术支撑,具有重要的工程应用价值。

Design Strategies for Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries with High Zinc Utilization: From Metal Anodes to Anode-Free Structures

Aqueous zinc metal batteries(AZMBs)are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage due to the excellent safety, environmental friendliness, natural abundance, high theoretical specific capacity, and low redox potential of zinc(Zn) metal. However,several issues such as dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and passivation of Zn metal anodes cause irreversible loss of the active materials. To solve these issues, researchers often use large amounts of excess Zn to ensure a continuous supply of active materials for Zn anodes. This leads to the ultralow utilization of Zn anodes and squanders the high energy density of AZMBs. Herein, the design strategies for AZMBs with high Zn utilization are discussed in depth, from utilizing thinner Zn foils to constructing anode-free structures with theoretical Zn utilization of 100%, which provides comprehensive guidelines for further research. Representative methods for calculating the depth of discharge of Zn anodes with different structures are first summarized. The reasonable modification strategies of Zn foil anodes, current collectors with pre-deposited Zn, and anode-free aqueous Zn metal batteries(AF-AZMBs) to improve Zn utilization are then detailed. In particular, the working mechanism of AF-AZMBs is systematically introduced. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for constructing high-utilization Zn anodes are presented.

考虑充放电策略对储能寿命影响的新型分布式储能优化配置研究

针对储能使用寿命在投资决策中的关键作用及其与充放电策略和放电深度的非线性复杂关系,提出一种考虑充放电策略对储能寿命影响的新型储能规划配置方法。首先,根据放电深度与储能寿命及循环次数的关系建立了储能年等效额定放电量计算方法。其次,建立考虑充放电策略对储能寿命影响的电池储能优化配置模型,在确保储能设计使用寿命的同时使储能全寿命周期内的收益最大。而且进一步提出了改进的多种群遗传算法进行优化求解,提高了求解速度与收敛性。最后,利用改进的IEEE-39节点风光水系统进行测试,证实了方法的有效性。

A review of microwave-metal discharge interaction:Mechanism,regulation,and application for synthesis of nanomaterials

Placing metals within microwave ovens has been generally viewed as a dangerous practice because of occurrence of violent discharge,but in recent years such discharge phenomenon has attracted increasing attention and has enabled a variety of exciting applications.In this work,we provide a comprehensive review of fundamental understanding of microwave-metal discharge interaction and its state-of-the-art application for nanomaterials synthesis.We introduce the microscopic interaction between different categories of materials and the electric and magnetic field of microwaves.For microwave-metal interaction,we highlight its size-dependence and point out the influence of the oxide layer on the surface of metals.We discuss the required conditions for occurrence of discharge,microscopic formation mechanism,and characteristic features of microwave-metal discharge processes.Through analyzing the influence from the microwave input,discharging metals,and surrounding discharging media,we discuss the strategy for systematical regulation of the discharge process.We describe the applications of the microwave-metal discharge for facile synthesis of various functional nanomaterials including core-shell carbon/metal,metal oxides,metal chalcogenides,intermetallic compounds,metallic nanoparticles and metallic compounds,and organic compounds.Finally,the challenges in precise characterization and dynamic regulation of the discharge process as well as exciting application opportunities are discussed.

基于滑模控制的飞轮储能直接功率母线电压控制策略研究

飞轮储能以其瞬时充放电功率大、功率密度高等特点而在储能微电网、大功率UPS中得到广泛应用。飞轮系统可快速输出能量,调节微电网输出频率和电压。然而,储能飞轮在宽速度范围放电时,很难兼顾输出电压的高动态响应和低速稳定性,严重影响了动态性能和放电深度。为提高飞轮储能在放电模式下的动态响应速度和稳定性,提出了一种基于积分滑模控制的固定开关频率直接功率控制策略。该控制策略兼顾了高动态性和飞轮低速稳定性,在负载突变时电压调整率提高了45%,在低速段也能稳定跟随跟定电压,飞轮的利用率提高了7.5%。最后通过仿真分析验证了该控制策略的可行性。

Subtropical Air-Sea Interaction and Development of Central Pacific El Nio

The standard deviation of the central Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） during the period from October to February shows that the central Pacific SSTA variation is primarily due to the occurrence of the Central Pacific E1 Nifio （CP-E1 Nifio） and has a connection with the subtropical air-sea interaction in the northeastern Pacific. After removing the influence of the Eastern Pacific E1 Nifio, an S-EOF analysis is conducted and the leading mode shows a clear seasonal SSTA evolving from the subtropical northeastern Pacific to the tropical central Pacific with a quasi-biennial period. The initial subtropical SSTA is generated by the wind speed decrease and surface heat flux increase due to a north Pacific anomalous cyclone. Such subtropical SSTA can further influence the establishment of the SSTA in the tropical central Pacific via the wind-evaporation-SST （WES） feedback. After established, the central equatorial Pacific SSTA can be strengthened by the zonal advective feedback and thermocline feedback, and develop into CP-E1 Nifio. However, as the thermocline feedback increases the SSTA cooling after the mature phase, the heat flux loss and the reversed zonal advective feedback can cause the phase transition of CP-EI Nifio. Along with the wind stress variability, the recharge （discharge） process occurs in the central （eastern） equatorial Pacific and such a process causes the phase consistency between the thermocline depth and SST anomalies, which presents a contrast to the original recharge/discharge theory.

慢脉冲快速充电对蓄电池不同DoD循环寿命影响的研究

总结了利用慢脉冲快速充电方法,采用计算机自动控制、记录存盘,以蓄电池不同DoD循环寿命进行的试验,分析了蓄电池不同DoD循环寿命的影响。大量的试验证实,慢脉冲快速充电方法不仅能在不损坏电池的前提下,加速蓄电池循环寿命试验,而且使铅酸蓄电池真正实现快速充电,使用寿命延长。

Assessment of Sediment Load of Langtang River in Rasuwa District, Nepal

This paper assesses the sediment load of the glacier fed Langtang River, Nepal from April 2014 to March 2015. Water samples were collected from the centre of the river with a frequency of two samples per each sampling day using the Depth Integration Technique (DIT) on daily basis in the monsoon season, weekly in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons and bi-monthly in the winter season. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is calculated from the water samples using filtration followed by oven-drying, and a rating curve is used to calculate daily discharge of the Langtang River. The annual sediment yield is 109,276.75 tons and 37.69, 11.52 and 5.54 tons of sediment is transported per day in the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons, respectively. There is a very high value of 872.86 tons per day in the monsoon season, which contributes the highest sediment load among all of the seasons comprising 83% of the total sediment transport. Diurnal cycle of sediment discharge is clearly seen with higher sediment discharge during the evening than the morning and reaching maximum values of 41.1 kg·s-1 and 61.5 kg·s-1, respectively. A clock-wise hysteresis loop has been obtained for discharge and sediment discharge where sediment flux is higher in the early monsoon than in the late monsoon for a corresponding discharge.

A Simulating Experiment in the Process of Soil Erosion on Bare Land in Mt.Tanakami

In order to understand the process of surface erosion and acquire basic data of conditions on hillslope without vegetation, a sprinkling experiment is conducted on a bare slope in Mt.Tanakami in the central part of Japan. Based on the measurements of runoff, mean soil erosion depth, and sediment yield, etc., the results suggest the following characteristics in the process of surface erosion in the experimental area. (1) The occurrence of sediment discharge is interrupted; (2) Surface runoff is a saturated overland flow; (3) The mean soil erosion depth is thick compared with other areas in Mt.Tanakami; (4) Sediment discharge process is detachment-limited.

基于VOF模型的排洪竖井底板脉动压力数值模拟与分析

竖井排洪是火电厂储灰场及选矿厂尾矿库常用的泄洪方式,排洪竖井底板脉动压力变化是确定排洪竖井底板合理高程的重要参数。采用VOF法和RNG k紊流计算方法对排洪竖井底板脉动压力变化进行数值模拟分析,分析结果与物理模型实测值结果吻合较好,说明基于VOF法和RNG k紊流计算方法的数值模拟对排洪竖井脉动压力分析是可行的;分析也同时表明了竖井底板振动的优势频率主要集中在05Hz,属于低频振动,不会对排洪竖井产生共振破坏。但对于水库水位较低、排泄流量较小的排洪竖井可在考虑经济成本的情况下,适当降低竖井底板高程、加深水垫,以减轻水流对竖井底板的垂直冲击作用。

基于无通讯的微电网储能系统主动SOH协同控制方案

针对传统有功功率-频率(P-f)下垂控制无法实现交流微电网内分布式电池储能系统(DBESS)健康状态(SOH)均衡问题,提出一种基于无通讯的微电网DBESS主动SOH协同控制方案。该方案研究下垂控制调节SOH机理,将DBESS放电深度(DOD)信息加入传统下垂控制,使DBESS能根据SOH状态平移下垂曲线,调节DBESS逆变器输出有功功率,实现DBESS组间SOH协同控制。建立小信号模型分析控制参数对系统稳定性的影响。该方案属于主动控制方案,具有无通讯和分流电阻、造价低的优点。通过仿真模型和实验平台对所提策略的可行性和有效性进行验证。

基于分段削峰的用户侧储能容量优化配置启发式方法

本文对配电网用户侧储能系统优化配置的实用方法进行了研究。模型目标为保持储能系统配置的净收益最大,涉及低储高发电价套利和需量调节收益以及储能系统最优放电深度优化。本文从实际规划应用的目的出发,提出了偏向解析方法的分段削峰启发式模型求解方法,涉及削峰大小和放电深度的枚举,并针对储能配额规律的研究提出了合理的指标设计。算例表明了优化放电深度的意义,以及本文启发式方法的直观、简洁、快速、稳定和实用。

基于SWMM的村镇易涝小区雨水系统改造与优化研究

以某村镇居民小区内涝防治工程为例,应用SWMM雨水管理模型模拟该小区在多个重现期下雨水系统改造效果,分析雨水管道泄流能力、雨水井最大水深、排放口峰值流量等水力特征;考察增加海绵设施后子汇水区径流量、雨水井最大水深和排放口峰值流量等水力特征,并通过雨水井积水深度随时间的变化曲线分析了雨水井累积雨水量。结果表明:无海绵设施的情况下,改造后雨水管网重现期提升至20 a, GQ32雨水管道泄流能力提升2.70%~22.81%,雨水井最大积水深度下降值为0.024~1.651 m, PFK1水流频率下降4.69%~8.02%,PFK2水流频率下降4.72%~8.12%。增加海绵设施的情况下,改造后雨水井积水深度下降0.020~0.298 m, PFK1峰值流量下降0.051~0.144 m3/s, PFK2峰值流量下降0.043~0.143 m3/s;雨水径流削减率随重现期的增加而减少,最高达28.68%。该研究结果可为村镇居民环境优化提供思路和技术支撑。

基于机器视觉辅助测量的精密电火花刻伤方法与系统

传统电火花刻伤机在工作时只对电机动作进行反馈,刀片损耗带来的误差通常靠人为增加进给量进行补偿,难以保证刻槽的形状与尺寸公差。为了更精确地获得刻伤过程中的刀片损耗量,提升闭环控制的电机精度,提出了一种基于机器视觉辅助测量刀片损耗的电火花刻伤方法,并依此设计了一套刻伤系统。实验中使用该系统计算出的刀片损耗量和实际测量值的误差在±5μm以内,同时得到的刻槽实际测量深度与系统计算的刻槽深度的误差在±10μm内。

堰塞坝溃口及洪峰参数模型评估与优化

由滑坡等失稳地质体快速堆积并堵塞河道形成的堰塞坝溃决后会对下游人民生命财产安全造成极大威胁。建立快速准确的溃决参数预测模型,是制定有效防灾减灾措施的必要条件。本文收集了75例包含坝高、库容、溃口峰值流量、坝体冲蚀系数等参数的堰塞坝案例,基于均方根误差、回归相关系数、百分比偏差三个指标对具有代表性的土石坝和堰塞坝参数模型进行评估。通过回归分析建立新的堰塞坝溃口深度预测模型及溃口峰值流量预测模型,将新建模型与现有模型对比,在实际案例中验证了模型的适用性。研究结果表明:现有模型中单参数、双参数及土石坝模型对于堰塞坝溃决参数预测效果不佳,考虑坝体易蚀性的参数模型具有较高准确性,本文所建新模型预测效果有所提升,使用范围更广,预测结果可为堰塞坝的防灾减灾措施提供参考。

基于改进深度残差网络的GIS局部放电在线监测白噪声干扰抑制

针对GIS局部放电(partial discharge,PD)监测中背景白噪声较多、GIS局部放电信号干扰较大的问题,应用改进深度残差网络设计一种新的GIS局部放电在线监测白噪声干扰抑制方法。进行局部放电在线监测中白噪声、局部放电脉冲信号的多尺度特性分析,在局部放电脉冲染噪信号中提取白噪声信号。加入感知损失,设计由生成图像网络与损失网络构成的改进深度残差网络,对白噪声信号波形图像实施超分辨率重建。通过SN-EMD算法提取白噪声信号波形图像的模态域特征。通过构建复小波滤波器组,对模态域特征实施滤波处理,实现GIS局部放电在线监测中的白噪声干扰抑制。实验测试结果表明,设计方法去噪后的信噪比最高可达97.22 dB,干扰抑制前后信号的幅值相对误差最高可达63.20 dB,干扰抑制前后信号相关系数一直大于0.75,完成GIS局部放电在线监测白噪声干扰抑制。