Impact of depth ratio on flow structure and turbulence characteristics of compound open channel flows

Compound open channel flows appear in most natural rivers are of great importance in river management and flood control.In this study,large eddy simulations were carried out to simulate the compound open channel flows with four different depth ratios(hr=0.10,0.25,0.50,and 0.75).The main flow velocity,secondary flow,Reynolds stress,and bed shear stress were obtained from numerical simulations.The depth-averaged stream wise momentum equation was used to quantify the lateral momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplain.The instantaneous coherent structures were presented by the Q criterion method.The impact of hr on flow structure and turbulence charac-teristics was analyzed.The results showed that with the increase of hr,the high velocity area in the main channel shifted to the floodplain,and the dip phenomenon became more obvious;the Reynolds stress largely contributed to the lateral momentum exchange within the flows near the side walls of floodplain;and the vortex structures were found to significantly increase in the floodplain region.

A GENERALIZED EXPLICIT SOLUTION OF THE SEQUENT DEPTH RATIO FOR THE HYDRAULIC JUMP

By use of the property of the momentum equation describing the hydraulic jump in rectangular channels, a generalized solution of the sequent depth ratio was given. On the basis of the generalized solution the explicit solutions of the sequent depth ratio were obtained for the hydraulic jump in gradual enlargements, the corresponding relative energy losses were also presented, and a method to determine the location of hydraulic jump in gradual enlargements was proposed.

Evaluation of mechanical properties of structural materials by a spherical indentation based on the representative strain-an improved algorithm at great depth ratio

At great depth ratio, two methodologies based on the representative strain were improved to extract mechanical properties of metallic engineering structural materials from P-h curve of an indentation response. The improved aspects include： the com- bination of great ratio h1/R=0.1 and h2/R=0.4 replaced h1/R=0.01 and h2/R=0.06 （Cao＇s method） and h1/R=0.1 and h2/R=0.3 （Ogasawara＇s method）; three types of metallic engineering structural materials with obviously different elastic modulus were dealt with to get their calculation parameters, respectively; a new parameter reflecting the effect of work-hardening exponent n was introduced to get the dimensionless function which is independent of n and a relationship between W/（h3σrS） and E^＊/（σrS） at great depth ratio. By using the results of finite element simulation, the efficiency and accuracy of the improved method have been proved, and it showed that the accuracv of the improved method is much better than the former method.

Effects of process parameters on the depth-to-width ratio of flux-cored wire underwater wet welding

The effects of process parameters on the depth-to-width ratio （D/W） of flux-cored wire underwater wet welding with a certain type of homemade .flux-cored wire are studied. It is found that the welding .speed, wire feeding speed and torch oscillating amplitude hare significant effects on the dopth-to-width ratio （D/W） of welds. The D/W ratio of welds increases significantly with the increase of welding speed without the oscillating of welding torch. It increased （from 0. 14 to 0. 26 ） with the increase of wire feeding speed while the torch oscillating. And it decreased linearly with the increase of torch oscillating amplitude. However, the influelwe of oscillating speed, wire extension and welding voltage on the D/W ratio of welds was not obvious.

Influence of depth-thickness ratio of mining on the stability of a bedding slope with its sliding surface in concave deformation

In order to study the influence of depth-thickness ratio on bedding slope stability, whose sliding surface is flexural concave in shape under mining conditions, this paper aims to study the characteristics of deformation and damage of bedding sliding with depth-thickness ratios of 200:1, 150:1, 120:1, 100:1 and 50:1by adopting numerical simulation analysis software combined with laboratory-made ‘‘under the influence of mining variable sliding surface slope similar simulation test bed", and to propose identification methods for slope stability under the influence of mining. The results show that mining activities under the slope reduce slope stability. With a decrease in the mining depth ratio, the influence of mining on the slope increases gradually, and the damage to the slope gradually expands, the stability of the slope gradually reduces, fracture occurs on the slope toe and the central fissure gradually develops to the surface,and reaches slide threshold when the depth-thickness ratio is 50:1.

Theoretical analyses on bed topography responses in large depth-to-width ratio river bends with constant curvatures

Bed morphology is the result of a dynamic response to a complex meandering river system. It is an important factor for the further development of river. Based on the meandering river characterized by a large depth-to-width ratio, a theoretical model is established with the coupling of Navier-Stokes （N-S）~ sediment transport, and bed deformation equations. The flow characteristics and bed response of river are obtained with the perturbation method. The research results show that, under the effect of two- dimensional flow disturbance, the bars and pools present the regular response. For a given sinuousness, the amplitude of the bed response can be used as a criterion to judge the bedform stability. The effects of the Reynolds number, disturbance wavenumber, sinuousness, and bed morphology gradient on the bed response development are described.

Research on Large Depth Diameter Ratio Ultra-precision Aspheric Grinding System

In this paper, the factors of affecting surface roughness and profiles accuracy of the machined larege depth diamter ratio aspheric surfaces in ultra-precision grinding process are analyzed theoretically. An ultra-precision aspheric grinding system is then designed and manufactured. Aerostatic form is adopted to build the spindle of the workpiece, transverse guideway, longitudinal guideway and the spindle of the grinder in this system. The following specification is achieved, such as the turning accuracy of the spindle of the workpiece is 0.05 μm, radial rigidity of the spindle is GE 220N/μm, axial rigidity is GE 160 N/μm, radial rigidity of the guideway is GE 200N/μm, the highest rotational speed of the grinder is 80 000 rev/min and its turning accuracy is 0.1 μm, the resolution of linear displacement of the transverse and longitudinal guideway is 4.9 nm. Adjusting range of this adjusting mechanism is 2 mm in the Y direction, the adjusting accuracy of the precise adjusting mechanism is 0.1 μm. Micro displacement measuring system of this ultra-precision aspheric grinding adopts two-backfeed strategy, and angle displacement back-feed is realized by photoelectric encoder, it’s resolution is 655 360 pulse/rev. after 4 frequency multiplication, it’s angle displacement resolution is achieved 2 621 440 pulse/rev. Straight-line displacement is monitored by single frequency laser interferometer (DLSTAX LTM-20B, made in Japan). This CNC system adopts inimitable bi-arc step length flex CN interpolation algorithm, it’s CN system resolution is 5 nm.So this aspheric grinding system ensures profile accuracy of the machined part. The resolution of this interferometer is 5 nm. Finally, lots of ultra-precision grinding experiments are carried out on this grinding system. Some optical aspheric parts, with profiles accuracy of 0.3 μm, surface roughness less than 0.01 μm, are obtained.

Evaluation of EEG β2/θ -ratio and channel locations in measuring anesthesia depth

In this paper, the ratio of powers in the frequency bands of β2 and θ waves in EEG signals (termed as the β2/θ -ratio) was introduced as a potential enhancement in measuring anesthesia depth. The β2/θ -ratio was compared to the relative β-ratio which had been commercially used in the BIS monitor. Sensitivity and reliability of the β2/θ -ratio and EEG measurement locations were analyzed for their effectiveness in measuring anesthesia depth during different stages of propofol induced anesthesia (awake, induction, maintenance, and emergence). The analysis indicated that 1) the relative β -ratio and β2/θ-ratio derived from the prefrontal, frontal, and the central cortex EEG signals were of substantial sensitivity for capturing anesthesia depth changes. 2) Certain channel positions in the frontal part of the cortex, such as , had the combined benefits of substantial sensitivity and noise resistance. 3) The β2/θ-ratio captured the initial excitation, while the relative β -ratio did not. 4) In the maintenance and emergence stages, the β2/θ -ratio showed improved reliability. Implications: The ratio of powers in EEG frequency bands and derived from the frontal cortex EEG channels has combined benefits of substantial sensitivity and noise resistance in measuring anesthesia depth.

砂土中螺旋桩在斜拉荷载作用下的承载性能

为研究斜拉荷载倾斜角度和叶片埋深对螺旋桩极限承载力的影响,基于ABAQUS软件构建了砂土中螺旋桩的有限元模型,通过螺旋桩水平承载机理砂箱试验与竖向拉拔试验数据,对模型的准确性和可行性进行验证。设置4组不同叶片埋深的螺旋桩模型,分别施加不同角度的斜拉荷载,探讨了砂土地基中螺旋桩的承载性能与斜拉角度、叶片埋深的相关性。结果表明:砂土中螺旋桩的极限承载力随着斜拉角度的增大不断减小;当斜拉角度小于30°时,螺旋桩极限承载力与斜拉角度的关系曲线近似呈线性;螺旋桩极限承载力存在一个临界埋深比,当埋深比大于等于4时,承载力不随埋深比的增大而变化。推导了深埋状态下螺旋桩受斜拉荷载作用的极限承载力公式,经验证该公式能较好反映螺旋桩极限承载力随斜拉角度增大而逐渐下降的规律。

基于冲刷指数的雨水管渠冲刷淤积分析

流速、雷诺数、充满度等单因素指标虽然与雨水管渠的冲刷和淤积量有一定的关联,但是通过单因素指标不足以全面地判断雨水管道的冲刷和淤积。在起动流速和止动流速的基础上,提出了冲刷指数的概念。结合连续非恒定流不同工况下冲刷和淤积量模拟,计算了流速、雷诺数、充满度、冲刷指数4个因素与冲刷量的灰色关联度,其关联度大小依次为:冲刷指数>雷诺数>充满度>流速。根据不同工况的恒定流模型实验的结果,其关联度大小依次为:冲刷指数>>流速>雷诺数>充满度。可以认为,在恒定流与非恒定流工况下,冲刷量和冲刷指数有显著的强相关性,冲刷指数能代替具体的冲刷量计算实现对冲刷程度和趋势的合理判断。

气候变暖对吉林省降雪量与新增雪深关系的影响

降雪量和积雪深度的关系是降雪预报及水文气候模拟中的重要参数。本文利用吉林省50个站点1961—2021年的降水量、积雪深度、气温、风速和天气现象等气象观测资料,分析了降雪量和新增积雪深度的关系及主要气候影响因子。结果表明,在中等及以上强度的降雪过程中,吉林省新增积雪深度(D)与降雪量(S)的比值(深量比,Rds)平均为0.96 cm·mm^(-1);该比值存在空间差异,呈西部小东部大的分布特征,且存在明显的月际、年际和年代际变化特征,其中月际变化呈现不对称的抛物线型,12月和1月为大值时段;近60年来Rds呈减小趋势,变化速率为-0.01 cm·mm^(-1)·(10a)^(-1);降雪日Rds与气温呈明显反相关关系,其中在-12~0℃的温度区间,Rds随气温上升呈明显减小趋势。气候变暖、降水量增加和风速的减小是降雪过程中降雪量与新增雪深关系年代际变化的直接原因。揭示降雪量和新增雪深的关系对于认识东北亚中高纬度降雪积雪特征及其成因具有重要意义。

磨粒有序化砂轮排布参数对磨削筋条表面影响

为了使用磨粒有序化砂轮磨削出减阻筋条表面,首先,分析了磨粒有序化砂轮的排布参数与磨削减阻筋条表面深宽比的关系,设计出了磨粒有序化砂轮的几何和数学模型,并且建立了磨粒运动轨迹方程;然后,建立了减阻筋条深宽比与有序化砂轮排布参数之间的数学方程;最后,由仿真结果得到了砂轮排布参数对减阻筋条表面形貌与深宽比的影响规律。研究结果表明,在磨粒有序化砂轮的排布参数中,倾斜角度、磨粒间距和磨削深度的改变会直接对减阻筋条尺寸有影响并且对其深宽比的大小起到决定性作用。

方形圆弧角养殖池径深比对水动力特性的影响

为研究方形圆弧角养殖池径深比对养殖池内流场的影响,本文建立以实际工厂化循环水养殖池尺寸按比例缩小的单通道排污结构养殖池物理模型实验系统,采用声学多普勒流速仪开展了进水管布设位置、水体日循环次数、入射角度等参数工况下不同径深比(即养殖池边长与水深之比)的流场监测,系统分析了径深比(2∶1~7∶1)对养殖池内流场特性的影响规律。研究表明:径深比参数明显影响养殖池内的水动力特性,随着径深比增大养殖池水体平均流速呈下降趋势,且在径深比为2∶1~4∶1时下降较快;当径深比为3∶1~6∶1时,养殖池具有较好的水动力特性,此径深比范围低流速区比例较低、水体较均匀,有利于养殖池空间高效利用和营养物质均匀分布。

基于循环神经网络的超大直径盾构掘进地表沉降预测方法研究

为了研究超大直径盾构掘进过程地面沉降规律,以武汉市和平大道南延线盾构工程为研究对象,首先收集了超大直径盾构下穿过程掘进参数和地层地质参数,并使用盾构掘进过程深跨比描述超大直径盾构影响特征;其次,通过收集现场沉降测点数据分析盾构隧道施工阶段地表沉降的影响范围,计算了90%、95%、99%三种置信区间下地表沉降影响范围;最后,选取不同范围内的多元时序数据作为输入参数,分别建立了基于贝叶斯优化算法(BO)的长短期记忆(LSTM)、BP神经网络和随机森林(RF)大直径盾构地面沉降预测模型.模型运行过程中,通过贝叶斯优化算法分别寻找三种不同模型下的最优超参数,并通过四种评价指标对比模型精度.结果如下:①在90%置信水平下三种算法均表现出最高精度,通过区间计算筛选有效输入参数能有效提高模型预测精度;②LSTM对隧道沉降的预测结果优于传统机器学习算法模型,MAPE最低达到8.91%,R^(2)达到90%.

同轴兆声辅助射流电解加工工艺研究

针对电解加工的杂散问题,提出了同轴兆声辅助射流电解加工方法,利用该方法对304不锈钢的电解加工过程进行理论分析与实验研究。分析结果表明,兆声辅助不仅能增强电解液流速,使阳极被加工区域的电解液不断更新,还能促进反应气体排出,从而提高电解加工精度与加工效率。研究结果表明,固定电解液流量0.9 L/min、电解电压50 V时,22 W兆声功率下的电解圆形凹坑的深径比为0.173,相比无兆声下提高12.34%,同时也进一步提升了沟槽刻蚀深宽比,验证了兆声辅助射流电解的有效性。

山东深秋一次暴雪过程雪水比影响因子分析

利用地面气象观测站资料、加密地面观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)第五代大气再分析数据(ECMWF Reanalysis v5,ERA5;分辨率为0.25°×0.25°)逐小时资料,对山东2021年11月6—8日极端暴雪过程雪水比影响因子进行研究。结果显示:此次暴雪过程平均雪水比分布总体呈“北大南小、西大东小”的分布特征,降雪初期产生的雪水比小,降雪中后期产生的雪水比大;温度偏高、云内液态水含量较高的地区雪水比较小,温度偏低、云内液态水含量较低的地区雪水比较大;雪水比与地面气温、地表温度呈负相关,地面气温与雪水比的相关性最大,积雪产生之后地表温度与雪水比变化无明显相关。

承插式连接预制拼装桥墩抗震性能试验研究

为研究不同连接构造、轴压比和承插深度对承插式连接预制拼装桥墩(简称“承插式桥墩”)抗震性能的影响,制作1组现浇桥墩试件和3组承插式桥墩试件开展拟静力试验。对比试件破坏模式、滞回曲线、骨架曲线及特征值、耗能能力、刚度特性和残余位移、纵筋应变,分析承插式桥墩与现浇桥墩抗震性能差异以及增设钢榫进行结构优化后桥墩抗震性能改善效果。结果表明:承插式桥墩与现浇桥墩试件破坏模式、损伤范围、承载能力、耗能能力、残余位移和钢筋应变沿梁高分布相近;提高承插式桥墩轴压比,能提高桥墩承载能力,降低延性和累积耗能能力,破坏时残余位移远小于其它构件,具有可靠的自复位能力;提高承插深度,会增大桥墩承载能力和耗能能力;墩底增设钢榫能增强承插式桥墩与承台间的连接,承载能力、延性、耗能能力等与承插式和现浇桥墩保持一致,但各加载位移下的累积耗能较高,有助于提高承插式桥墩的耗能能力,具有良好的抗震性能。

装配式变电站钢框架梁截面选型与优化研究

钢框架结构已取代钢筋混凝土框架结构成为装配式变电站配电装置楼的主要结构型式。不同于钢筋混凝土结构,钢结构设计标准未对钢框架梁高跨比做出明确规定,其截面选型依赖于设计人员经验和多次试算,选型不当易造成用钢量浪费。文章通过对钢框架结构简化模型静力分析和理论推演,得到最优梁柱线刚度比和梁临界高跨比,并结合变电站实际案例分析,从而推导出适合变电站的钢框架梁推荐高跨比,为变电站钢框架梁截面选型和优化提供依据。

超高性能混凝土T形截面梁受剪性能试验研究

对9片超高性能混凝土(UHPC)T形梁设计进行了受剪性能试验,分析钢纤维掺量、配箍率和剪跨比等主要参数对试验梁破坏形态、裂缝开展过程和抗剪承载力的响应影响规律。基于公开发表的57片UHPC梁受剪实测数据,分析对比了既有多国规范的抗剪承载力计算方法。试验结果表明:UHPC-T梁具有较高的抗剪承载力和延性,2%~3%的配纤率有助于更好地发挥钢纤维的抗剪贡献,既有规范对UHPC-T梁的抗剪承载力计算偏保守,对钢纤维的贡献有待进一步研究。

阵列涡流检测不同深宽比裂纹的研究

设计有不同深宽比裂纹的2组对比样管,探究阵列涡流对于不同深宽比裂纹的敏感性。使用阵列涡流检测方法,对样管上的缺陷进行检测对比。结果表明:在对裂纹深宽比特征参数研究中发现,当宽度一定、深宽比大于1时,涡流幅值随深宽比增加逐渐变大,深宽比小于1时,涡流幅值与深宽比无明显对应关系;当深度一定、深宽比大于1时,涡流幅值大小随深宽比增加逐渐变大。在宽度相同、深度不同和的深度相同、宽度不同的深宽比研究中发现,深宽比相同时,阵列涡流检测到的模拟裂纹的涡流幅值均随检测频率的增加而逐渐变大。