The Lateral Eddy Viscosity Derived from the Decay of Oceanic Mesoscale Eddies

The relationship of lateral eddy viscosity depending on length scale is estimated with the decay rate of mesoscale eddies identified from sea level anomaly of satellite observations. The eddy viscosity is expressed in terms of the mesoscale eddy parameters according to vortex dynamics. The census of mesoscale eddies shows, in general, that the eddy numbers obey the e-folding decay laws in terms of their amplitude, area and lifetime. The intrinsic values in the e-folding laws are used to estimate the lateral eddy viscosity. Dislike the previous theory that diffusivities are proportional to the length square, the eddy mixing rates (diffusivity and viscosity) from satellite mesoscale eddy datasets are proportional to rs to power of 1.8 (slightly less than 2), where rs is the radius of eddy with radius larger than the Batchelor scale. Additionally, the extrapolation of the eddy mixing to the molecule scale implies that the above power laws may hold until the value of rs is less than O (1 m). These mixing rates with the new parameterizations are suggested to use in numerical schemes. Finally, the climatological distributions of eddy viscosity are calculated.

Modeling of the eddy viscosity by breaking waves

Breaking wave induced nearsurface turbulence has important consequences for many physical and biochemical processes including water column and nutrients mixing, heat and gases exchange across air-sea interface. The energy loss from wave breaking and the bubble plume penetration depth are estimated. As a consequence, the vertical distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy （TKE）, the TKE dissipation rate and the eddy viscosity induced by wave breaking are also provided. It is indicated that model results are found to be consistent with the observational evidence that most TKE generated by wave breaking is lost within a depth of a few meters near the sea surface. High turbulence level with intensities of eddy viscosity induced by breaking is nearly four orders larger than vw1（ = κu ＊wz）, the value predicted for the wall layer scaling close to the surface, where u ＊w is the friction velocity in water, κ with 0. 4 is the yon Kármán constant, and z is the water depth, and the strength of the eddy viscosity depends both on wind speed and sea state, and decays rapidly through the depth. This leads to the conclusion that the breaking wave induced vertical mixing is mainly limited to the near surface layer, well above the classical values expected from the similarity theory. Deeper down, however, the effects of wave breaking on the vertical mixing become less important.

Estimation of eddy viscosity on the South China Sea shelf with adjoint assimilation method

The eddy viscosity of the ocean is an important parameter indicating the small-scale mixing process in the oceanic interior water column. Ekman wind-driven current model and adjoint assimilation technique are used to calculate the vertical profiles of eddy viscosity by fitting model results to the observation data. The data used in the paper include observed wind data and ADCP data obtained at Wenchang Oil Rig on the SCS （the South China Sea） shelf in August 2002. Different simulations under different wind conditions are analyzed to explore how the eddy viscosity develops with varying wind field. The results show that the eddy viscosity endured gradual variations in the range of 10^-3 -10^-2 m^2 /s during the periods of wind changes. The mean eddy viscosity undergoing strong wind could rise by about 25% as compared to the value under weak wind.

A Study of Eddy Viscosity Coefficient in Numerical Tidal Simulation

Based on the fluid motion equations, the physical meaning of eddy viscosity coefficient and the rationality of the Boussinesq hypothesis are discussed in this paper. The effect of the coefficient on numerical stability is analyzed briefly. A semi-enclosed rectangular sea area, with an orthogonal spur dike, is applied in a 2-D numerical model to study the effect of horizontal eddy viscosity coefficient (A(H)), The computed result shows that A(H) has little influence on the tidal level and averaged flow velocity, but has obvious influence on the intensity and the range of return flow around near the spur dike. Correspondingly, a wind-driven current pool and an annular current are applied in a 3-D numerical model respectively to study the effect of vertical eddy viscosity coefficient (A(V)). The computed result shows that the absolute value of A(V) is inversely proportional to that of horizontal velocity, and the vertical gradient value of A(V) determines the vertical distribution of horizontal velocity, The distribution form of A(V) is theoretically recommended as a parabolic type, of which the maximum value appears at 0.5 H.

3D Modal Solution for Tidally Induced Lagrangian Residual Velocity with Variations in Eddy Viscosity and Bathymetry in a Narrow Model Bay

In this study, we examine the results obtained by the Finite-volume Coastal Ocean Circulation Model(FVCOM) regarding the effects of eddy viscosity and bathymetry on the three-dimensional(3 D) Lagrangian residual velocity(LRV) in a narrow bay. The results are cast in terms of two nondimensional numbers: the ratio of friction to local acceleration(δ) and the ratio of the minimum depth over shoals to the maximum depth in the channel(ε). The ratio δ depends on the eddy viscosity and mean depth. For a given eddy viscosity, when ε > 0.5, the along-estuary LRV tends to be vertically sheared and when ε < 0.5, the exchange is laterally sheared. When ε << 1, the structure of the 3 D, depth-integrated, and breadth-averaged LRV changes only slightly as δ increases. For ε values between 0.33 and 0.5, the structure of the 3 D LRV is mainly laterally sheared. In the same ε range, the 3 D and depth-integrated LRV exhibit reversed structures from high to low δ values. In addition, the breadth-averaged LRV weakens the typical twolayered circulation when δ decreases. When ε is 1, the two-layered vertical structure reverses direction, and a three-layered vertical structure develops in the outer bay as δ decreases.

Analytical Solution for 3D Tidal Flow with Vertically Varying Eddy Viscosity

In this study, a 3D idealized model of tidal flow, in which the tidal elevation and velocities are solved analytically, is developed. The horizontal eddy viscosity is neglected, and the vertical eddy viscosity used in the study is assumed to be independent of time and only varies as a parabolic function in the vertical direction. The analytical solution is obtained in a narrow rectangular bay, with the topography varying only across the bay. The model results are compared with the field observations in the Xiangshan Bay. The results show that the influence of varying vertical eddy viscosity mainly has two aspects. On one hand, it amplifies the magni- tude of the tidal elevation, particularly the amplitude near the head of the bay. On the other hand, it adjusts the axial velocity profile, resulting in an obvious frictional effect. Furthermore, the tidal elevation and velocities are more sensitive to the magnitude of the eddy viscosity near the bottom than the structure in the upper water layer.

A Simple Eddy Viscosity Model of Rough Turbulent Wave Boundary Layer

A one-layer time-invariant eddy viscosity model is specified to develop a mathematical model for describing the essential features of the turbulent wave boundary layer over a rough bed. The functional form of the eddy viscosity is evaluated based on computational results from a two-equation turbulence model in which the eddy viscosity varies with time and space. The present eddy viscosity model simplifies much of the mathematical complexity in many existing models. Predictions from the present model have been compared with a wide range of experimental data. It is found that the eddy viscosity model adopted in the present study is physically reasonable.

在役风力发电机组变桨轴承高黏润滑油脂附着状态下阵列涡流检测

为实现在役风力发电机组变桨轴承高黏润滑油脂附着状态下轮齿齿面的高效精准检测,采用仿形阵列涡流技术,研究不同线圈排布方式和提离距离对轴承轮齿齿面缺陷检测结果的影响。结果表明:Z字型和复合型线圈排布方式的边缘效应范围不同,复合型仿形探头较Z字型明显缩短;通过检测10.00 mm×0.50 mm×1.00 mm(槽长×槽宽×槽深)人工槽缺陷,得出内、外齿型轴承的提离距离极限分别为1.04 mm和1.43 mm;对在役风机轴承在表面有高黏润滑油脂条件下进行了试验验证,检测缺陷尺寸与位置结果准确,误差小于5%。该研究成果可为变桨轴承轮齿齿面在役状态下的监督检测提供技术支撑及新思路。

基于数据同化的棒束流场湍流模型常数标定方法研究

为了提升压水堆棒束燃料组件内二次流预测精度,采用基于集合卡尔曼滤波算法的数据同化策略对非线性涡粘模型的关键模型系数进行标定。为了提升数据同化策略的收敛速度,降低模型常数的收敛残差,采用基于模型常数敏感性分析的定向抽样和基于空间相关长度的局部修正等方法,改进了数据同化策略和集合卡尔曼滤波算法。本文基于改进的数据同化策略,利用5×5棒束通道定位格架下游流场实验观测数据,标定了非线性涡粘模型。研究结果表明,与标准非线性涡粘模型相比,标定后的非线性涡粘模型对棒束通道定位格架下游二次流的预测精度显著提高,成功预测了标准模型常数未能准确预测的横截面涡结构。

圆柱绕流的三大类型湍流模型及稳定性数值模拟研究

海港桩基码头下方桩柱周围的绕流特性对港口水动力与泥沙输运具有重大影响。为探究湍流数值模拟方法对三维桩柱绕流精度的影响,基于CFD方法建立OpenFOAM湍流模型,在雷诺数Re=3900条件下,研究不同近壁取值范围y+=0.95~5.00内的大涡模拟LES、原始雷诺时均法(RANS)湍流模型和增加涡流黏度限制公式的RANS湍流模型的阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔数、平均压力系数、平均速度和涡流结构。研究结果表明,与前人RANS各湍流模型及试验计算结果比较,RNGκ-ε湍流模型对阻力系数和斯特劳哈尔数模拟较准确,对涡捕捉精细程度最好;κ-ω、κ-ωSST湍流模型对斯特劳哈尔数模拟较准确,在y+=0.95~2.00时对平均压力系数模拟较准确;各RANS湍流模型对平均速度的模拟均存在回流区内速度偏差较大的问题;大涡模拟LES湍流模型在近壁网格精度较高时,所有水动力模拟结果相对准确。研究还发现增加涡流黏度限制后的RANS湍流模型,对涡结构捕捉的精细程度更高,更符合真实流动。通过对不同湍流模型下单桩水动力特性的分析研究,可为海港码头下圆形桩群的水动力计算提供参考。

基于不同涡黏模型的三心拱巷道风流数值模拟研究

为了研究不同湍流模型在预测U形钢支护三心拱巷道截面风速分布的差异性,选取相同边界条件下风洞实测风速与基于标准k-epsilon模型、标准k-omega模型、Spalart-Allmaras模型等3种湍流模型的仿真风速进行比较。结果表明,上述3种湍流模型均能大致描述巷道风流特征,巷道截面处风速实测值与仿真值的绝对误差与入口风速呈正相关关系,与壁面距离呈负相关关系;以绝对误差平均值和均方根误差为评判准则,标准k-epsilon模型在模拟巷道风速时与现场实测风速数据的拟合度较高,Spalart-Allmaras模型次之,标准k-omega模型拟合度较低。

Effect of constant eddy viscosity assumption on optimization using a discrete adjoint method

This paper presents a thorough study of the effect of the Constant Eddy Viscosity(CEV)assumption on the optimization of a discrete adjoint-based design optimization system.First,the algorithms of the adjoint methods with and without the CEV assumption are presented,followed by a discussion of the two methods’solution stability.Second,the sensitivity accuracy,adjoint solution stability,and Root Mean Square(RMS)residual convergence rates at both design and offdesign operating points are compared between the CEV and full viscosity adjoint methods in detail.Finally,a multi-point steady aerodynamic and a multi-objective unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic coupled design optimizations are performed to study the impact of the CEV assumption on optimization.Two gradient-based optimizers,the Sequential Least-Square Quadratic Programming(SLSQP)method and Steepest Descent Method(SDM)are respectively used to draw a firm conclusion.The results from the transonic NASA Rotor 67 show that the CEV assumption can deteriorate RMS residual convergence rates and even lead to solution instability,especially at a near stall point.Compared with the steady cases,the effect of the CEV assumption on unsteady sensitivity accuracy is much stronger.Nevertheless,the CEV adjoint solver is still capable of achieving optimization goals to some extent,particularly if the flow under consideration is benign.

不同布设间距和来流速度下方型人工鱼礁上升流效应的数值模拟

合理的人工鱼礁组合可以有效改善投放水域的流场效应,提高投放水域底层与上层水体之间的扰动。通过使用并行大涡模拟模式及被动示踪物模块,并通过调整人工鱼礁布设间距,研究了在不同背景流速条件(0.1、0.5、0.6和1.0 m/s)下,在不同的横向间距(1L、2L、3L)(L表示人工鱼礁的边长)或纵向间距(1L、2L、3L、4L、5L)情况下,方型人工鱼礁对上升流体积、营养盐的抬升和垂向涡黏系数的影响。研究结果表明,在同一布置条件下,单排布置下的三块人工鱼礁形成的上升流体积大小与来流速度成正相关,体积随来流流速增加而增大6.4%~80.5%;在同一流速条件下,上升流体积大小与纵向布置的间距成正比,与横向布置的间距成反比;在横向布置条件下,当来流速度为1.0 m/s、布设间距为1L时,上升流体积参数最佳。总体来说,上升流体积参数、示踪物浓度差和垂向涡黏性系数均显示横向布置优于纵向布置,相较于布设间距,来流速度是影响上升流体积最重要的因素。

基于涡黏度模型的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解

冰盖的存在显著改变了河道水流结构,使流速垂向分布关于零切应力平抛物线面呈型。考虑到准确预测冰盖下水流流速分布是计算冰封河道流量、泥沙输移率和河床演变预估的基础,本文应用双层假定和冰盖流涡黏度模型,推导出一个物理意义明确且速度梯度连续的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解,并明确常见的冰盖流对数流速公式和双幂律流速公式的应用条件。采用水槽实测数据和原型实验数据,对比分析所提出的解析解与现有对数公式和双幂律公式的有效性和精确性,并基于本文解析解探究了纵向时均流速垂向分布对各物理特征参数的敏感性。结果表明,该解析解的流速计算值与实测值吻合较好且较现有对数公式和双幂律公式具有较高精度;雷诺数的较小变化并不会引起纵向时均流速垂向分布的较大改变,但流速分布对冰盖糙率与河床糙率的相对值比较敏感,且纵向时均流速的最大值偏向于较光滑边界一侧,该结论与以往基于k-ε湍流模型所得到的数值结果是一致的,再次证实了本文解析解的有效性。

基于SST全湍流伴随的尾桨翼型优化方法

为解决当前翼型优化中广泛使用的冻结湍流黏性假设存在的固有缺陷和基于Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)全湍流伴随中湍流模型对气动力计算精度较差的问题,提出一套新的翼型优化方法,其耦合了全湍流连续伴随求解、剪切应力传递(SST)湍流模型封闭的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程、自由变形参数化方法和动网格变形技术。基于所提方法,在气动力系数相较于S-A模型有更高捕捉精度的基础上,对NPL9615翼型以最大升阻比为优化目标,并与冻结湍流黏性假设方法对比。结果表明:所提方法将原有翼型的升阻比提高了16.39%,而冻结湍流黏性假设方法获得最终翼型的升阻比仅提高了原有翼型的9.84%,说明所提方法在最优外形的获取上要领先于冻结湍流黏性假设,并且当翼型周围的湍流动能显著提高时,其优势愈发扩大。

A NEW STABILIZED SUBGRID EDDY VISCOSITY METHOD BASED ON PRESSURE PROJECTION AND EXTRAPOLATED TRAPEZOIDAL RULE FOR THE TRANSIENT NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

We consider a new subgrid eddy viscosity method based on pressure projection and extrapolated trapezoidal rule for the transient Navier-Stokes equations by using lowest equal-order pair of finite elements. The scheme stabilizes convection dominated problems and ameliorates the restrictive inf-sup compatibility stability. It has some attractive fea- tures including parameter free for the pressure stabilized term and calculations required for higher order derivatives. Moreover, it requires only the solutions of the linear system arising from an Oseen problem per time step and has second order temporal accuracy. The method achieves optimal accuracy with respect to solution regularity.

Experimental investigation of Reynolds stress complex eddy viscosity model for coherent structure dynamics

Time sequence signals of streamwise and normal velocity components,as well as velocity strain rate,at different vertical locations in the turbulent boundary layer over a smooth flat plate in a wind tunnel have been finely examined by the use of double-sensor hot-wire anemometry.The local module maximum for wavelet coefficient of longitudinal velocity component,as a detecting index,is employed to educe the ejection and sweep process of the coherent structure burst in the turbulent boundary layer from the random fluctuating background.The coherent waveforms of Reynolds stress residual contribution term for random fluctuations to coherent structure,as well as the velocity strain rate of coherent structure,are extracted by the conditional phase average technique.Based on the theoretical analysis of eddy viscosity coefficient in complex eddy viscosity model for coherent structure,the macro-relaxation effect between Reynolds stress residual contribution term of random fluctuations to coherent structure and the velocity strain rate of coherent structure is studied and the variations of the phase difference between them across the turbulent boundary layer are investigated experimentally.The rationality of complex eddy viscosity model for coherent structure is confirmed through the investigation.

New eddy viscosity modelling of turbulent boundary layer with adverse pressure gradient

A new eddy viscosity modelling of turbulence is proposed in ref. [1], whose characteristicsexpress the anisotropy of the turbulence stress. In ref. [1], the way of proposing somedistributional laws of the eddy viscosity tensor components is found from experimental re-sults for elementary flow of each kind of shearing flow, and then we can forecast thecomplicated shearing flows more accurately. In this way, the distributional laws of the ed-

切向流作用下直通穿孔管阻性消声器传递损失预测

使用考虑涡黏系数的频域线性纳维斯托克斯方程(linearized Navier-Stokes equations, LNSEs)计算切向流作用下直通穿孔管阻性消声器的传递损失,计算步骤为:运用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法求解计算域内的时间平均流动变量,然后将变量映射至声学网格;将声传播介质分为空气和吸声材料,后者等效为具有复声速和复密度的流体,使用频域LNSEs计算声场,最后利用平面波分解法计算消声器的传递损失。计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,从而证明了计算方法的正确性。通过数值计算分析了切向流马赫数对不同流阻率和穿孔结构阻性消声器传递损失的影响规律。随着切向流马赫数的增加,消声器在低频域的传递损失有所降低,中高频消声性能变化无明显规律可循;切向流对低穿孔率消声器传递损失的影响大于高穿孔率。

Tide-Induced Mixing in the Bottom Boundary Layer in the Western East China Sea

The East China Sea(ECS)boasts a vast continental shelf,where strong tidal motions play an important role in the substance transport and energy budget.In this study,the tide-induced mixing in the bottom boundary layer in the western ECS is analyzed based on records measured by moored acoustic Doppler current profilers from June to October 2014.Results show that the M_(2) tide is strong and shows a barotropic feature,whereas the O_(1) tide is much weaker.Based on the M_(2) tidal currents,the eddy viscosity in the bottom Ekman boundary layer is estimated with three schemes.The estimated eddy viscosity values vary within 10^(-4)–10^(-2)m^(2) s^(−1),reaching a maximum at approximately 5 m height from the bottom and decreasing exponentially with the height at all three stations.Moreover,the shear production of turbulent kinetic energy is calculated to quantify the mixing induced by different tidal constituents.The results show that the shear production of the M_(2) tide is much stronger than that of the O_(1) tide and shows a bottom intensified feature.