Optimization of desert lake information extraction from remote sensing images using cellular automata

Desert lakes are important wetland resources in the blown-sand area of western China and play a significant role in maintain-ing the regional ecological environment.However,large-scale coal mining in recent years has considerably impacted the deposition condition of several lakes.Rapid and accurate extraction of lake information based on satellite images is crucial for developing protective measures against desertification.However,the spatial resolution of these images often leads to mixed pixels near water boundaries,affecting extraction precision.Traditional pixel unmixing methods mainly obtain water coverage information in a mixed pixel,making it difficult to accurately describe the spatial distribution.In this paper,the cellular automata(CA)model was adopted in order to realize lake information extraction at a sub-pixel level.A mining area in Shenmu City,Shaanxi Province,China is selected as the research region,using the image of Sentinel-2 as the data source and the high spatial resolution UAV image as the reference.First,water coverage of mixed pixels in the Sentinel-2 image was calculated with the dimidiate pixel model and the fully constrained least squares(FCLS)method.Second,the mixed pixels were subdivided to form the cellular space at a sub-pixel level and the transition rules are constructed based on the water coverage information and spatial correlation.Lastly,the process was implemented using Python and IDL,with the ArcGIS and ENVI software being used for validation.The experiments show that the CA model can improve the sub-pixel positioning accuracy for lake bodies in mixed pixel image and improve classification accuracy.The FCLS-CA model has a higher accuracy and is able to identify most water bodies in the study area,and is therefore suitable for desert lake monitor-ing in mining areas.

Late Pleistocene/Holocene wetland events recorded in southeast Tengger Desert lake sediments,NW China

The area along the eastern and southeastern margins of the Tengger Desert, NW China, which is sensitive to the summer monsoon variations, was selectedfor studying the environmental conditions surrounding the transition between Paleolithic foragers and Neolithic farmer/pastoral- ists. Short cores were obtained from four lake basins in the southwestern Tengger using a hand-driven piston coring device. Proxies from these cores were supplemented by ra- diocarbon ages obtained from lake sediment cores, shoreline features and spring mound deposits. Together these records provide evidence of millennial-scale climate change events from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to the present. Lake/wetland events, representing periods of more intensive summer monsoon, occur in the records at ～12.7-11.6, ～10.1, ～9.3, ～8.0, ～5.4, ～1.5, and ～0.8 ka BP. They do suggest that century- to millennial-scale climatic cycles are characteristic of the Holocene in the southeastern Tengger Desert although the chronology must be considered extremely tentative.

Lake Area Changes and the main causes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert during 1973–2010,China

Lake area information in the Badain Jaran Desert in 1973, 1990, 2000, and 2010 was obtained by visual interpretation and water index analysis of remote sensing images, based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of lake area changes during 37 years. Results indicated that the nttmber of lakes declined from 94 to 82 and the total surface area was reduced by 3.69 km2 during 1973-2010. The desert lake area reduced by different degrees in different periods, but this occurred most rapidly during 1973-1990. According to the statistics of lake area changes, lake area decreases mainly occurred in the lakes with areas less than 0.2 km2, while the areas of lakes greater than 0.9 km2 only fluctuated. The changes of lake areas were probably due to changes in the quantity of underground water supplies rather than the effects of local climate change or human factors.

The Role of Groundwater in the Salt Lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

The Badain Jaran Desert is the second largest desert in China with tallest sand dunes on the earth.In contrast to the extremely dry climate,there are about 100 lakes spreading regularly over the depressions among high

Eddy covariance measurements of water vapor and energy flux over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Exploring the surface energy exchange between atmosphere and water bodies is essential to gain a quantitative understanding of regional climate change, especially for the lakes in the desert. In this study, measurements of energy flux and water vapor were performed over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert, China from March 2012 to March 2013. The studied lake had about a 2-month frozen period （December and January） and a 10-month open-water period （February-November）. Latent heat flux （LE） and sensible heat flux （Hs） acquired using the eddy covariance technique were argued by measurements of long＇wave and shortwave radiation. Both fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiation showed seasonal dynamics and daily fluctuations during the study period. The reflected solar radiation was much higher in winter than in other seasons. LE exhibited diurnal and seasonal variations. On a daily scale, LE was low in the morning and peaked in the afternoon. From spring （April） to winter （January）, the diurnal amplitude of LE decreased slowly. LE was the dominant heat flux throughout the year and consumed most of the energy from the lake. Generally speaking, LE was mostly affected by changes in the ambient wind speed, while Hs was primarily affected by the product of water-air temperature difference and wind speed. The diurnal LE and Hs were negatively correlated in the open-water period. The variations in Hs and LE over the lake were differed from those on the nearby land surface. The mean evaporation rate on the lake was about 4.0 mm/d over the entire year, and the cumulative annual evaporation rate was 1445 mm/a. The cumulative annual evaporation was 10 times larger than the cumulative annual precipitation. Furthermore, the average evaporation rates over the frozen period and open-water period were approximately 0.6 and 5.0 mm/d, respectively. These results can be used to analyze the water balance and quantify the source of lake water in the Badain Jaran Desert.

Study on the Resistance Indexes of Four Kinds of Desert Plants in Qinghai Lake Area

[Objective] The research aimed to study the resistance of four kinds of desert plants in Qinhai Lake area.[Method] By contrasting the resistance indexes of four kinds of plants which included Ephedra intermedia,Stellera chamaejasme,Achnatherum splendens and Xanthopappus subacaulis,the resistance of four kinds of plants in Qinghai Lake area was analyzed.The resistance indexes included the soluble protein,MDA,free Pro content and the activities of SOD,POD,CAT.Moreover,the resistance of four kinds of plants was evaluated comprehensively by using Fuzzy membership function method.[Result] Under the low-temperature and arid adversity in Qinghai Lake area,SOD activity presented as Stellera chamaejasme>Xanthopappus subacaulis>Ephedra intermedia>Achnatherum splendens,and CAT activity presented as Stellera chamaejasme>Xanthopappus subacaulis>Achnatherum splendens>Ephedra intermedia.Under the same high-salt environment,CAT activity of Stellera chamaejasme was eight times higher than that of Ephedra intermedia.It illustrated that the salt resistance of Stellera chamaejasme was stronger than that of Ephedra intermedia.The free Pro content showed as Xanthopappus subacaulis>Ephedra intermedia>Stellera chamaejasme>Achnatherum splendens.Under the same adversity,Pro content of Ephedra intermedia was 2.83 times of Stellera chamaejasme.It was because that MDA content in Stellera chamaejasme was the lowest,and the membranous peroxide harm was the smallest.It caused that Pro content (stress penetration material) was low.It also illustrated that the resistance of Stellera chamaejasme was stronger than that of Ephedra intermedia.The comprehensive evaluation of Fuzzy membership function showed that the resistance presented as Xanthopappus subacaulis>Stellera chamaejasme>Ephedra intermedia>Achnatherum splendens.[Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for the breeding of drought-resistance new variety and the development of good germ plasm resource in Qinghai Lake area.

Radionuclide dating(^(210)Pb,^(137)Cs) of recent inter-dune saline lake sediment cores in the Badain Jaran Desert,Inner Mongolia,Northwest China

Inter-dune lake sediment cores are ideal and unavailable materials for study climate and environmental changes of arid region.The precious dating of lake sediment cores is required for carrying out high resolution climate and environmental changes with these cores.The Badain Jaran inter-dune lake group embedding in the sand sea is the

Vegetation and climate history of Anggertu Lake in the Tengger Desert over the last millennium

Reconstructing climate change of the last millennium is important to understand the current relationship between human-social activities and natural environmental changes. Pollen assemblages, losson-ignition(LOIo rg at 550°C), and grain size data collected from sediment core AGE15 A from the center of Anggertu lake(eastern Tengger Desert, Inner Mongolia) were used to reconstruct the regional vegetation and climate history of the last millennium. Desert or steppe desert, dominated by A rtemisia and Amaranthaceae, expanded around this region during the period of 988–1437 AD indicating a generally dry climate condition with two short humid periods(1003–1082 AD and 1388–1437 AD). These two wet periods were characterized by relatively high vegetation cover and bioproductivity, as reflected by high pollen concentrations and LOIo rg values. Increases in steppe and meadow vegetation communities(Poaceae, Cyperaceae) and vegetation cover during 1437–2015 AD suggest a wetting trend, which was also deduced from a gradual trend towards fine grains and higher lake biological productivity as reflected by LOIo rg values. An unstable lacustrine environment was identified via frequent fluctuations in pollen concentration and grain size after 1842 AD. This study also recorded a relatively dry Medieval Warm Period(MWP, 1082–1388 AD) and a wet Little Ice Age(LIA, 1437–1842 AD). Increased Amaranthaceae and high abundance of Poaceae may be related to overgrazing and agricultural activities that took place during those time periods. The evolution of vegetation in the lake region was influenced by climate change and human activities. These results could provide more fundamental support for studies of the environmental evolution of the Tengger Desert.

石羊河尾闾青土湖荒漠植物群落种间关联及生态位研究

探究荒漠植物群落种间关系,为石羊河尾闾干涸湖泊植被恢复与重建提供理论支撑。2018年9月,在石羊河下游青土湖设置3条调查样带,共调查灌木样方27个,草本样方81个。采用方差比率法、χ^(2)检验、Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关、联结系数Ochiai和生态位量化方法,开展荒漠植物群落种间关联程度、生态位宽度及生态位重叠特征研究。结果表明:青土湖荒漠植物群落包括24种植物,其中灌木8种,多年生草本8种,一年生草本8种,草本植物占总物种数的66.67%。不同生活型荒漠植物中重要值最大的分别为白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和猪毛菜(Salsola collina)。方差比率分析表明,青土湖荒漠植物群落种间总体上呈不显著负联结关系,群落处于波动演替状态。Ochiai系数0~0.3的种对占总对数的72.83%,种对间的相关性较弱。生态位宽度较大的灌木有白刺(21.728)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)(10.321)、黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)(5.711);多年生草本有芦苇(12.556)、黄花补血草(Limonium aureum)(4.874)、荒漠黄耆(Astragalus grubovii)(4.248);一年生草本有猪毛菜(9.340)、盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)(7.822)、雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)(6.237)。生态位重叠较大的种对有灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum)和碟果虫实(Corispermum patelliforme)(0.84)、沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)和戈壁驼蹄瓣(Zygophyllum gobicum)(0.77)、黄花补血草和画眉草(Eragrostis pilosa)(0.77)、砂蓝刺头(Echinops gmelinii)和红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)(0.75)。群落物种生态位重叠均值为0.12,种间竞争较小。建议在石羊河下游青土湖人工植物群落构建过程中重视种间关系,选择种间竞争小的灌木和多年生草本植物作为生态恢复的植物种。

Bacterial diversity in the sediment of Crescent Moon Spring,Kumtag Desert,Northwest China

Desert lake, a unique oasis in desert ecosystems, harbours different bacterial communities. Thus, it is considered as a hub of bacterial diversity. In this study, bacterial diversity in the sediment of Crescent Moon Spring, Kumtag Desert, Northwest China was analyzed using high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing analysis. The sequences of the most abundant OUTs （Operational Taxonomic Units） in the sediment of Crescent Moon Spring were compared with the sequences of those most abundant OUTs of various origins from NCBI GenBank database to detect the origins of bacteria in the sediment of Crescent Moon Spring. Also, bacterial compositions between sediment of Crescent Moon Spring and other desert and lake ecosystems （including desert lakes） worldwide were compared using cluster analysis to determine the possible factors affecting bacterial compositions. In total, 11,855 sequences were obtained and 30 phyla were identified. At the phylum level, the dominant phylum was Proteobacteria with α-Proteobacteria being the first dominant class and the second dominant phylum was Planctomycetes. Our finding that α-Proteobacteria being the first dominant class of Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes being the second dominant phyla are somewhat contradictory with reports from other desert lake sediments. This difference could be resulted from water hydration and conductivity, as well as oligotrophic conditions of Crescent Moon Spring. At the genus level, Rhodobacter, Caldilinea, Planctomyces, and Porphyrobacterwere the dominant genera in the sediment of Crescent Moon Spring. Comparisons on sequences of the most abundant OUTs （including OTU3615, OTU6535, and OTU6646） between sediment of Crescent Moon Spring and various origins from NCBI GenBank database indicate that the origins of bacteria in the sediment of Crescent Moon Spring are likely from the underground water. Furthermore, cluster analysis on comparisons of bacteria compositions between sediment of Crescent Moon Spring and other desert and lake ecosystems （including desert lakes） worldwide shows that at regional scales, bacterial compositions may be mainly affected by geographical patterns, precipitation amounts, and pH values. Collectively, our results provide new knowledge on the bacterial diversity in desert lake ecosystems.

鄱阳湖湖滨多宝沙山成因机制

鄱阳湖地区属于亚热带季风性湿润气候带,湖滨却多处发育沙漠。多宝沙山是湖滨面积最大的沙漠,给当地环境造成了非常严重的危害。前人多认为多宝沙山是风成的;然而,沙山多处沿岸露头的地层层理均表现为水成特征。为进一步明确多宝沙山成因,本研究进行了物探(高密度电阻率法和瞬变电磁法)和野外地质露头调查,发现第四系除风成特征外,还具有水成的厚度分布及层序地层特征。本研究认为多宝沙山是风力搬运和水下沉积共同作用的结果,其形成与湖平面多次起伏、彭蠡泽南扩、湖底平坦的地形、三角洲快速沉积、断块差异运动、强劲的冬季风等多重因素在时间和空间上的耦合相关。多宝沙山形成于全新世时期,位于古赣江三角洲前缘亚相,后期发生构造抬升,多宝沙山被强风改造,风沙覆盖了除西山、笔架山之外的古构造高地,最终形成了现今的多宝沙山。

基于自然的山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复技术路径探索

研究目的:探索将基于自然的解决方案(NbS)融入山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程实施全过程的理论框架、技术路径,对其全过程技术体系和适应性管理进行研究,为科学推进工程实施提供理论基础和技术参考。研究方法:文献梳理、对比分析和归纳总结。研究结果:(1)山水工程实施的全过程应围绕NbS准则和指标要求,在调查评价、规划设计、工程实施和管理维护全过程融入NbS理念,以有效指导工程实施;(2)将NbS作为山水工程的理论指引,应针对特定生态问题和修复对象,识别关键修复要素并选择对应工程技术;(3)串联关键生态系统要素、贯通区域(流域)—保护修复单元—场地三个尺度是将NbS融入山水工程,推动全要素、多尺度、多层级治理的实现路径。研究结论:将NbS准则融入山水工程调查评价、规划设计、工程实施和管理维护全过程,是保证山水工程实施成效的关键,需尽快完善相关理论和实践研究、形成具体标准和范式,推动生态系统整体保护、系统修复和综合治理。

基于大小循环的矿井水节约集约利用模式研究

以黄陵矿业公司为典型,提出了基于煤矿小循环和矿区大循环的矿井水综合利用模式和基于场内循环和场外减排的矿区废水循环利用模式,将矿井水和废水纳入区域水资源统一管理,解析优化矿井水配置技术方法,具有较强的理论研究和实践指导作用。

吉兰泰荒漠绿洲过渡带不同生境植被多样性与土壤养分特征研究

以吉兰泰荒漠绿洲过渡带的植被和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,研究了不同生境植被群落多样性和土壤养分特征,以期为该地区植被恢复重建提供参考依据。结果表明:1)研究区群落多样性水平较低,且Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现为固定沙地>半固定沙地>盐碱滩地>流动沙地。2)研究区土壤粒径主要以中砂与细砂为主,其含量分别介于35.13%~40.23%和46.02%~56.59%。3)4种生境平均土壤有机碳(SOC)、有效氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和有效钾(AK)含量分别介于3.12~8.32 g·kg^(-1)、2.70~5.86 mg·kg^(-1)、2.50~4.85 mg·kg^(-1)和476.86~690.87 mg·kg^(-1),土壤养分含量随着沙地固定逐渐增加。4)土壤SOC和AN含量与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数和植被盖度呈极显著正相关。

基于山水林田湖草沙一体化保护理念的废弃矿山生态修复——以铁山嶂铁矿为例

铁山嶂铁矿开采历史悠久,为兴宁市的经济发展做出突出贡献,但也对生态环境造成负面影响。阐述铁山嶂铁矿的生态环境现状,主要包括地质灾害频发、水土流失严重、水土酸化及重金属污染、生态功能退化等。同时,基于山水林田湖草沙一体化保护理念,提出以官田河小流域为修复单元,全面实施地质灾害治理工程、水土流失治理工程、水土污染修复工程以及流域水生态环境保护与修复工程,以达到“山上山下,流域上下,水土协同”的系统治理效果。

近60年间巴丹吉林沙漠气温和降水变化及其对湖泊的影响

以巴丹吉林沙漠周围的4个国家气象站1960—2017年的长序列和腹地自建的10个气象站2016—2018年的短序列气象数据为支撑,运用一元线性回归模型、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,系统分析沙漠周边及腹地气温和降水量的时空变化特征;结合项目组及前人对湖泊动态的研究成果,分析其变化特征,初步探讨了巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊变化与气候要素的响应关系。研究表明:巴丹吉林沙漠周边年均气温均呈上升趋势,且由南向北升温速率增大,其中阿拉善右旗以0.74℃/10a的速率显著上升;降水量变化趋势不显著;总体而言,近50a来沙漠东南缘气候呈暖湿化、西北缘气候呈暖干化趋势。巴丹吉林沙漠周边年降水量、气温均在20世纪70—80年代出现突变,降水量突变不明显,气温突变显著,气候自此向暖干化趋势发展;沙漠周边与沙漠区月际气候特征基本一致,均具有水热同期,夏季高温多雨,冬季寒冷干燥的特点,但沙漠区雨季较沙漠边缘区短,雨期较边缘区提前。沙漠区湖泊多年来呈不同程度萎缩趋势,湖泊群加速萎缩受当地气候暖干化突变控制;湖泊年度水位、水量峰值与降水量峰值不一致,表明降水量变化不是湖泊变化的主控因素。

基于“流域—功能—地貌”框架的生态保护修复实施路径--以秦岭北麓(西安段)为例

为解决秦岭北麓(西安段)区域存在的水源涵养功能下降、生物栖息地破碎化、水土流失、湿地萎缩退化等问题,在系统分析秦岭北麓(西安段)生态胁迫因子、生态系统质量和退化程度、生态系统恢复力的基础上,按照“流域—功能—地貌”框架,依据“一中心、两重点、六要素、九工程”的生态保护修复总体思路,聚焦秦岭北麓(西安段)水源涵养、生物多样性维护、水土保持、调节气候等核心生态功能提升,考虑地貌单元与流域单元的完整性,划分生态保护修复分区,确定生态保护修复绩效目标,并提出秦岭北麓(西安段)生态保护修复实施路径。

平茬花棒枝系构型调控及其地表蚀积特征研究

近年来吉兰泰盐湖周边植被衰退现象普遍发生,严重制约了该区防沙治沙工作的进行。合理的平茬处理能有效缓解植株衰退问题,对防护林更新复壮及防风固沙具有重要意义。为了探究平茬处理对盐湖防护林防风固沙效应的影响,本研究以吉兰泰盐湖平茬后的花棒防护林为研究对象,探讨平茬后不同生长年限花棒的枝系构型特征、林内地表机械组成和地表蚀积状况。结果表明:(1)平茬处理有利于花棒的更新复壮。花棒平茬处理后,其各级分生枝数、枝长和基径均随着生长年限增加呈现增大的趋势,新生枝数与之相反。(2)枝径比随生长年限增加呈现增大的趋势,逐步分枝率与之相反;不同生长年限总分枝率介于0.31~0.57之间,3a花棒总分枝率较35a增加74.19%,表明平茬处理增强了花棒的分枝生长能力,提高了花棒枝条对空间的利用效率。(3)1a和2a的花棒林间土壤主要以风蚀为主,而3a花棒主要以风积为主;对于荒漠地区植被,合理的平茬处理能有效促进枝系构型逐渐呈现复杂化。值得注意的是在平茬初期,要采取地表防护措施,防止地表发生风蚀。

生态监测存在问题及发展趋势探讨

生态监测事业是我国生态文明发展进程中的重要组成部分,本文结合生态监测的日常工作实践,从生态监测的基本概念入手,以哈巴湖国家级自然保护区为例,针对荒漠性湿地类型研究目前生态监测中遇到的问题,并提出推动生态监测工作开展的具体建议,以期为当前的生态文明创建工作提供有效的参考和意见。

科学系统推进“山水林田湖草沙”生态保护与修复

坚持“山水林田湖草沙”一体化生态保护修复是习近平生态文明思想的重要内容。本文深刻剖析了“山水林田湖草沙是生命共同体”的哲学内涵,系统综述了“山水林田湖草沙”生态保护修复的顶层布局,科学梳理了“山水林田湖草沙”生态保护修复的工作思路,清晰制定了“山水林田湖草沙”生态保护修复的工程指引,创新提出了“山水林田湖草沙”生态保护修复的监管举措。