An alternative construction of normalized seismic design spectra for near-fault regions

This paper presents a methodology for constructing seismic design spectra in near-fault regions. By analyzing the characteristics of near-fault pulse-type ground motions, an equivalent pulse model is proposed, which can well represent the characteristics of the near-fault forward-directivity and fling-step pulse-type ground motions. The normalized horizontal seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are presented using recorded near-fault pulse-type ground motions and equivalent pulse-type ground motions, which are derived based on the equivalent pulse model coupled with ground motion parameter attenuation relations. The normalized vertical seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are obtained by scaling the corresponding horizontal spectra with the vertical-to-horizontal acceleration spectral ratios of near-fault pulse-type ground motions. The proposed seismic design spectra appear to have relatively small dispersion in a statistical sense. The seismic design spectra for both horizontal and vertical directions can provide alternative spectral shapes for seismic design codes.

Determination of horizontal and vertical design spectra based on ground motion records at Lali tunnel, Iran

Most acceleration diagrams show high levels of unpredictability, as a result, it is the best to avoid using diagrams of earthquake acceleration spect~＇a, even if the diagrams recorded at the site in question. In order to design earthquake resistant structures, we, instead, suggest constructing a design spectrum using a set of spectra that have common characteristics to the recorded acceleration diagrams at a particular site and smoothing the associated data. In this study, we conducted a time history analysis and determined a design spectrum for the region near the Lali tunnel in Southwestern Iran. We selected 13 specific ground motion records from the rock site to construct the design spectrum. To process the data, we first applied a base-line correction and then calculated the signal-to-noise ratio （]~SN） for each record. Next, we calculated the Fourier amplitude spectra of the acceleration pertaining to the signal window （1）, and the Fourier amplitude spectra of the associated noise （2）. After dividing each spectra by the square root of the selected window interval, they were divided by each other （1 divided by 2）, in order to obtain the ~SN ratio （filtering was also applied）. In addition, all data were normalized to the peak ground acceleration （PGA）. Next, the normalized vertical and horizontal responses and mean response spectrum （50%） and the mean plus-one standard deviation （84%） were calculated for all the selected ground motion records at 5% damping. Finally, the mean design spectrum and the mean plus-one standard deviation were plotted for the spectrums. The equation of the mean and the above-mean design spectrum at the Lali tunnel site are also provided, along with our observed conclusions.

The Importance of Design Spectra and Site Class for the Design of High-Rise Buildings

On November 26,2019 a strong earthquake of magnitude M6.4 occurred close to the City of Durrës,Albania(15.6 km WSW(west southwest)of Mamurras and 22 km SSW(south southwest)of Durrës),causing fatalities and considerable damages in many buildings.In this article we present and analyze,by means of observational data and numerical simulation,the behavior under this earthquake of an 8-floor RC(reinforcement concrete)building,by using design spectra referring to KTP-N.2-89 and Eurocode 8.The main purpose of the authors is to better understand and evaluate the seismic performance of high-rise buildings under the design spectra with a period of soil oscillation close to the fundamental period of the structure.

Bi-normalized response spectral characteristics of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake

To develop uniform and seismic environment-dependent design spectrum,common acceleration response spectral characteristics need to be identified.In this paper,a bi-normalized response spectrum (BNRS) is proposed,which is defined as a spectrum of peak response acceleration normalized with respect to peak acceleration of the excitation plotted vs.the natural period of the system normalized with respect to the spectrum predominant period,Tp.Based on a statistical analysis of records from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake,the conventionally normalized response spectrum(NRS) and the BNRS are examined to account for the effects of soil conditions,epicentral distance,hanging wall and damping.It is found that compared to the NRS the BNRS is much less dependent on these factors.Finally,some simple relationships between the BNRS for a specified damping ratio and that for a damping ratio of 5%,and between the spectra predominant period and epicentral distance for different soil types are provided.

Near-fault ground motion bi-normalized pseudo-velocity spectra and its applications

Ground motions with forward-directivity effect in the near-fault region are obviously different from ordinary far-field ground motions. Design spectral models for this kind of motions have been proposed by correlating simple pulses with parameters attenuation relationships in a previous study of the authors. To further test the applica- bility of the established design spectral model, we analyze ground motion pseudo-velocity response spectra （PVS）, normalized pseudo-velocity spectra （NPVS） and bi-normalized pseudo-velocity spectra （BNPVS） of 53 typical near-fault forward-directivity ground motions. It is found that BNPVS not only has more salient features to reflect the difference between soil and rock sites, but also has less scattering to reveal the nature of forward-directivity motions. And then, BNPVS is used for prediction of design spectra accounting for the influence of site conditions, and the constructed design spectra are compared with those spectra established previously. It is concluded that site condition can heavily affect ground motions, buildings on rock can be even more dangerous than those on soil sites, in particular for ordinary buildings with short to middle vibration periods. Finally, pulse models are also suggested for structural analyses in the near-fault region.

考虑近断层强震影响的铁路站房结构地震易损性分析

由于铁路选线限制,部分铁路站房修建在高烈度区,且靠近地震断层。为保障铁路站房结构的抗震安全,以某站房结构为研究对象,分析考虑近断层强震影响的站房结构地震易损性。首先,分别采用近断层抗震设计谱和规范抗震设计谱对铁路站房结构进行抗震设计,建立相应的站房结构数值模型,并对模型进行验证;然后,选取24组近断层脉冲型地震动,分析铁路站房的地震响应,并分别定义站房结构中混凝土框架、钢屋架和砌体填充墙的损伤指标;最后,对2种设计谱设计的铁路站房局部及整体地震易损性进行评估。结果表明:在8度罕遇地震作用下,考虑近断层强震影响的站房结构相较于不考虑的,其混凝土框架和砌体填充墙出现毁坏的超越概率分别下降58.26%和19.82%,整体结构出现毁坏的超越概率上下界分别下降17.27%和19.83%;考虑近断层强震影响的抗震设计能够降低站房结构发生损伤的概率,提高其抗震性能;考虑近断层强震影响的站房结构损伤概率由大到小依次为砌体填充墙、混凝土框架、钢屋架。基于此,地震断层附近的铁路站房结构抗震设计应考虑近断层强震的影响,并加强砌体填充墙的抗震构造措施。

Study on Site Specific Design Earthquake Ground Motion of Nuclear Power Plants in China

The main technical backgrounds and requirements are introduced with regard to earthquake ground motion design parameters in several domestic and American standards,codes and guides involved in the seismic analysis and design activities of nuclear power plants in China.Based on the research results from site seismic safety evaluation of domestic nuclear power plant projects in the last years,characteristics and differences of site specific design spectra are analyzed in comparison with standard response spectra,and the suitability of standard response spectra for domestic nuclear power plant projects is discussed.

Theoretical Design of Complex Molecule via Combination of Natural Lawsone and Synthetic Indoline D131 Dyes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Application

The dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been extensively studied due to their low production cost and simple fabrication process. Dye co-sensitization broadens the absorption spectrum of the sensitizer;thus enhances light harvesting efficiency;and contributes to the improvement of the DSSCs overall efficiency. In this study we performed theoretical design of complex molecule (C45H32N2O4) through combination (esterification reaction) of the natural dye lawsone and synthetic metal free indoline dye D131. The excitation energies, vibration spectra, molecular structures, electronic absorption spectra and electron transitions in individual dyes and complex molecule were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) B3LYP5 methods, with 3-21G, 6-31G and 6-31G(d,p) basis sets. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the individual dyes and their mixture in chloroform solution were measured using spectrophotometer. For the complex formation reaction, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were calculated and the results indicated the reaction was endothermic and non-spontaneous. Electron density distribution of the frontier and adjacent molecular orbitals and energy levels alignment were used for analysis of the electronic spectra and mechanism of transitions. The results indicated that the designed complex molecule satisfied the requirements for good photosensitizer of DSSCs.

Levels of Probability of Exceedance for Current Code Spectra in China

Long-period acceleration spectra determined by seismic safety evaluation for project sites are generally lower than that given by relative code spectra.In this paper,we discuss the recurrence periods corresponding to the code spectra of different periods,by using ground motion attenuation laws for sites of types Ⅰ and Ⅲ.We show the results that the longer the periods of code spectra are commonly the more conservative the seismic level is.As for the project examples in this paper,when the periods are longer than 3.7 or 5.2 seconds for sites of types Ⅰ or Ⅲ,the recurrence periods corresponding to the code spectra are longer than 5000 years.We suggest that some problems need to be further discussed,including the reliability of the present attenuation laws,the performance of those project structures that suffer long period seismic waves and have been designed according to the conservative codes,and the effects of ground motion parameters such as velocity and displacement on seismic design.

西南地区水平向地震动设计谱参数特征分析

设计反应谱是抗震设计的重要依据,控制设计谱取值的特征参数受到统计的地震动数据的影响,而地震动具有区域性差异,因此设计谱特征参数确定时应考虑区域地震动的特征。基于我国西南地区276次地震的3084条地震动记录,应用高稳定性的GLDE算法和设计谱四阶段模型,对西南地区的设计谱参数进行标定,并对结果进行了比较和验证。将标定结果与我国规范谱的特征参数进行对比,分析了基于地震分组的西南地区设计谱特征参数:放大系数最大值(β_(max))、第一拐点(T_(0))、特征周期(T_(g))、第三拐点(T_(d))和下降段衰减指数(γ)的计算结果。结果表明:对于西南地区,第一拐点略大于现行规范谱的值,特征周期与现行值均有不同,第三拐点、放大系数的最大值和长周期段衰减指数均大于现行值。研究结果可为区域性设计谱的建立提供参考。

Quantum Chemistry Study on Structures of Cluster Ions Nb＿nS_ m~±Generated by Laser Mass Spectra

ccording to the chemical bond theory we designed geometric structures ofcluster ions Nb_nS generated by laser ablation and calculated their electronic struc-tures using DV-X_a method of quantum chemistry. The results show that with theincrease of the cluster size the structures of the cluster ions change from a single-chain to a double-chain, then to a planar-net, and linking up to a net at Nb_3. Thenegative cluster ions tend to form a divergent configuration due to the extra chargeson it.

适用于我国抗震设计规范的位移设计谱方法

由于位移参数更能科学、直观地描述建筑结构的抗震水平,基于位移的抗震设计法已成为地震工程领域研究的热点。位移设计谱是基于位移的抗震设计方法中确定地震作用的重要参考依据,但我国现行抗震设计规范(后简称规范)中尚未有关位移设计谱的相关规定。为便于实际应用,该研究基于实际地震动位移反应谱的特征,提出一种能够适用于规范的位移设计谱法;该方法未对规范参数作任何调整,仅增加了控制点周期T_(D)和峰值地面位移(peak ground displacement,PGD)两个参数,且所增参数与规范相关参数具有一一对应的关系。鉴于基于力的抗震设计在工程实践中仍占据主导地位,该研究给出的位移设计谱可与加速度设计谱互相转化。为避免与规范矛盾,当周期小于5T_(g)(场地特征周期)时,加速度设计谱与规范加速度设计谱一致;在长周期段,位移设计谱能反映地震动平均位移反应谱的主要特征,且加速度设计谱与平均加速度反应谱吻合。试验表明,该研究工作能服务于基于位移的抗震设计方法的工程应用,为规范中设计谱相关内容的修订提供指导意见。

基于不同设计反应谱的溪洛渡拱坝动力响应分析

合理的设计反应谱是保证高拱坝动力分析和安全评价结果可靠的前提。为研究不同反应谱时程对拱坝非线性响应的影响,分别基于GB 51247—2018《水工建筑物抗震设计标准》设计反应谱、DL 5073—2000《水工建筑物抗震设计规范》设计反应谱、以及溪洛渡场地相关反应谱,拟合出地震动时程,采用溪洛渡拱坝-库水-地基系统非线性损伤开裂模型进行拱坝的非线性地震响应分析。结果表明:反应谱的选择对溪洛渡拱坝地震响应影响显著,相比于2000年标准反应谱,2018年标准反应谱使溪洛渡拱坝坝顶最大动相对位移增加、坝顶上游面横缝开度增大、孔口和坝踵位置损伤加深。并且,2018年标准下的坝体动力响应整体高于基于场地谱的计算结果,而2000年规范下的坝体动力响应低于场地谱的计算结果,说明2000年规范理应更新,2018年标准更符合当下的抗震设计需求。

一种内蕴基线漂移校正的人工地震波反应谱拟合方法

采用与传统频域法相反的思路,提出一种内蕴基线漂移校正且匹配目标反应谱的人工地震波直接拟合新方法.该方法首先构造非平稳位移时程表达式,进而求导得到速度、加速度时程表达式,由各表达式满足的归零条件确定相关的包络函数;其次,结合单自由度系统谐波响应的解析式,将匹配目标反应谱的拟合问题转化为关于待求幅值谱的非线性方程组;最后,结合高效的非线性方程迭代算法给出自然满足归零条件的加速度、速度及位移时程.分别以Rg1.60标准谱、某核岛楼层谱和«建筑抗震设计规范»中的设计谱为拟合算例验证所提方法的效率和精度.所提方法可成为人工地震波快速拟合的新途径.

Research on the attribution evaluating methods of dynamic effects of various parameter uncertainties on the in-structure floor response spectra of nuclear power plant

Consideration of the dynamic effects of the site and structural parameter uncertainty is required by the standards for nuclear power plants （NPPs） in most countries. The anti-seismic standards provide two basic methods to analyze parameter uncertainty. Directly manually dealing with the calculated floor response spectra （FRS） values of deterministic approaches is the first method. The second method is to perform probability statistical analysis of the FRS results on the basis of the Monte Carlo method. The two methods can only reflect the overall effects of the uncertain parameters, and the results cannot be screened for a certain parameter＇s influence and contribution. In this study, based on the dynamic analyses of the floor response spectra of NPPs, a comprehensive index of the assessed impact for various uncertain parameters is presented and recommended, including the correlation coefficient, the regression slope coefficient and Tornado swing. To compensate for the lack of guidance in the NPP seismic standards, the proposed method can effectively be used to evaluate the contributions of various parameters from the aspects ＆sensitivity, acuity and statistical swing correlations. Finally, examples are provided to verify the set of indicators from systematic and intuitive perspectives, such as the uncertainty of the impact of the structure parameters and the contribution to the FRS of NPPs. The index is sensitive to different types of parameters, which provides a new technique for evaluating the anti-seismic parameters required for NPPs.

普通混凝土结构与自复位结构的地震弹塑性反应谱

针对钢筋混凝土结构的典型滞回模型(Clough模型)与新型自复位结构的旗帜型模型,通过对国内外大量地震波输入下的单自由度体系弹塑性反应谱分析,结合我国规范规定的各类场地特征,给出了适用于普通混凝土结构与自复位结构的等延性折减系数谱。并对其进行了多段折线函数拟合,拟合结果在结构的常见周期段内误差小于10%,可满足工程实践的精度要求。比较Clough模型与旗帜型模型弹塑性反应谱的差异,结果表明,自复位结构在相同的变形预期下有着更高的承载力需求,必须对结构的耗能能力与承载力进行合理设计才能满足预期的变形要求。

广东地方标准与《抗规》反应谱的对比及长周期结构影响分析

对广东地方标准《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》(DBJ/T15-92—2021)、《建筑工程混凝土结构抗震性能设计规程》(DBJ/T 15-151—2019)及《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)三本规范抗震设计反应谱的标定方式、反应谱曲线及主要控制参数进行了对比,阐述了三者之间的异同,其中谱值差异最大的是位移段;通过不同算例的对比分析指出,《抗规》反应谱位移段谱值整体抬高是长周期结构低阶振型的谱值及低阶振型对基底剪力的贡献均与广东《高规》差异巨大的根本原因,亦是两者楼层剪力分布形态、倾覆力矩均差异大的主要原因。基于对比结果探讨了相对《抗规》整体抬高反应谱位移段谱值(辅助小震最小剪力系数规定)的处理方式,广东《高规》中震最小剪力系数规定及楼层剪力的调整方式或与《抗规》避免长周期结构计算剪力过小的出发点更吻合。

高墩桥梁抗震时程分析输入地震波选择

提出考虑高阶振型影响的输入真实地震波选择方法以满足高墩桥梁抗震时程分析需求。首先在PEER强震记录数据库中选择满足震级、距离、加速度峰值及长周期特性的不同场地条件的备选地震波。其次根据场地条件以备选地震波反应谱与设计反应谱,在平台段与高墩桥梁前几阶周期点附近(平均)谱值的相对误差最小为双控指标(小于15%),确定具体的输入地震波以实现时程分析结果与(设计)反应谱分析统计一致性要求。以某百米高墩桥梁抗震时程分析为例验证建议选波方法的有效性。

表层土剪切波速的不确定性对地表设计谱平台值的影响

土层剪切波速对地表反应谱有重要的影响。选取构建了不同场地类别的235个场地地震反应模型,人工合成了12条强弱及频谱特性不同的加速度时程,运用一维土层地震反应的等效线性化波动方法,研究了不同地震动输入下表层土剪切波速的不确定性对设计谱平台值的影响,统计给出了表层土剪切波速的变异率与地表设计反应谱平台值间的经验公式。结果表明:地表设计反应谱平台值与表层土剪切波速的变异率呈负相关关系,即随表层土剪切波速变异率的增大而减小;不同地震波输入条件下各类场地类别地表设计谱平台高度与表层土剪切波速变异率的数学模型为一阶指数函数。