Analysis of the Pump-turbine S Characteristics Using the Detached Eddy Simulation Method

Current research on pump-turbine units is focused on the unstable operation at off-design conditions, with the characteristic curves in generating mode being S-shaped. Unlike in the traditional water turbines, pump-turbine operation along the S-shaped curve can lead to difficulties during load rejection with unusual increases in the water pressure, which leads to machine vibrations. This paper describes both model tests and numerical simulations. A reduced scale model of a low specific speed pump-turbine was used for the performance tests, with comparisons to computational fluid dynamics（CFD） results. Predictions using the detached eddy simulation（DES） turbulence model, which is a combined Reynolds averaged Naviers-Stokes（RANS） and large eddy simulation（LES） model, are compared with the two-equation turbulence mode results. The external characteristics as well as the internal flow are for various guide vane openings to understand the unsteady flow along the so called S characteristics of a pump-turbine. Comparison of the experimental data with the CFD results for various conditions and times shows that DES model gives better agreement with experimental data than the two-equation turbulence model. For low flow conditions, the centrifugal forces and the large incident angle create large vortices between the guide vanes and the runner inlet in the runner passage, which is the main factor leading to the S-shaped characteristics. The turbulence model used here gives more accurate simulations of the internal flow characteristics of the pump-turbine and a more detailed force analysis which shows the mechanisms controlling of the S characteristics.

用DES方法数值模拟喷流开启/关闭时的流场

针对喷流在开启/关闭时的气动特性进行了数值模拟。控制方程为Navier-Stokes方程,其求解采用了基于面的有限体积方法,该离散方法适合任意网格单元。空间离散采用了Osher格式。同时也采用了基于Spalart-Allmaras一方程模型的DES模型。对非定常过程的处理采用了双时间步长。在加速收敛的过程中采用了区域分裂的并行技术,利用METIS进行网格分区,MPI库函数作为并行环境,并采用了非阻断通信来进行区域间的信息交换。对导弹在来流马赫数为6.15时开启/关闭喷流时的流场变化进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了比较。结果显示,该方法对处理此类问题非常有效。

喷水推进泵压力脉动特性数值计算及分析

针对喷水推进器装船后不均匀来流对压力脉动特性的影响,以某巡逻艇喷水推进混流泵为研究对象,基于RANS方程和SST湍流模型,通过流体动力学软件CFX稳态计算,进行了巡逻艇航速数值预报,所得计算值与试航值误差为1.8%,从而验证了计算流体动力数值计算的可信性。采用分离涡模拟方法,对敞水泵和装船泵进行了三维非定常数值模拟,计算分析了叶轮进出口、叶轮内部、导叶内部及喷口5个截面和叶轮叶顶间隙处的压力脉动,并对不均匀来流带来的差别进行了研究。结果表明:在敞水泵和船后泵的叶轮出口、导叶内部,水流距叶轮越远,压力脉动影响越小,压力脉动频率取决于叶轮转动频率,压力脉动幅值沿轮毂到轮缘逐渐增大,船后泵压力脉动幅值整体高于敞水泵;对于均匀来流,敞水泵旋转域叶轮室的压力脉动频率主要受导叶的影响,船后泵则受轴频的影响,二者压力脉动幅值在叶顶间隙处均从叶顶沿导边到随边逐渐增大;对于敞水泵,流道出口压力脉动频率主要受叶频控制,对于船后泵,压力脉动频率为轴频。

混流式水轮机三维非定常流分离涡模型的精细模拟

数值模拟已成为当前研究混流式水轮机内部流场及其复杂流动机制的重要工具。基于不可压缩流体瞬态N-S方程对混流式水轮机内部三维非定常流进行精细模拟分析,以标准k-ε模型对水轮机进行全流道定常计算的结果作为初始流场,应用较新的分离涡模型(detached eddy simulation,DES)和滑移网格技术进行了水轮机动静干扰的非定常湍流数值模拟,得到了偏工况下活动导叶出口及转轮叶道内涡量场及速度场分布特性。模拟了大尺度涡旋结构的卷起、发展等瞬态演化过程,结果表明DES方法可以更加全面真实地模拟水轮机内部的流动情况,捕捉到水力机械中复杂流道内的三维动态涡结构。该研究对于探讨影响水力发电机组出力摆动的水轮机涡激振动的内在机制、确保机组的安全稳定运行具有一定的参考意义。

Numerical Prediction of Marine Propeller Noise in Non-Uniform Inflow

A numerical study on the acoustic radiation of a propeller interacting with non-uniform inflow has been conducted. Real geometry of a marine propeller DTMB 4118 is used in the calculation, and sliding mesh technique is adopted to deal with the rotational motion of the propeller. The performance of the DES （Detached Eddy Simulation） approach at capturing the unsteady forces and moments on the propeller is compared with experiment. Far-field sound radiation is predicted by the formation 1A developed by Farassat, an integral solution of FW-H （Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings） equation in time domain. The sound pressure and directivity patterns of the propeller operating in two specific velocity distributions are discussed.

Detached-eddy simulation of wing-tip vortex in the near field of NACA 0015 airfoil

In the present study, the formation of the wing-tip vortex from a rectangular NACA0015 wing with a square tip at the Reynolds number of 1.8× 105 and the angles of attack （AOA） α = 8° and 10° were simulated with an incompressible detached eddy simulation （DES） method and the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） equations with the SA model respectively. Numerical results were compared with experimental results to validate the capability of the employed methods in resolving tip vortex flows. The results show that DES model could capture the complicated three-dimensional structures in the vortex, and the streamwise vorticity and the cross-flow velocity agree with the experiment results quite well, but RANS-SA model with the same grid as that of DES failed to capture the correct structures and under-predicted the streamwise vorticity in the vortex by 40%. The present study suggests that under the same calculation cost, DES but not RANS-SA could be used to effectively predict the flow characteristics in tip vortex.

Influence of ribs on train aerodynamic performances

The influence of ribs on the train aerodynamic performance was computed using detached eddy simulation(DES), and the transient iteration was solved by the dual-time step lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel(LU-SGS) method. The results show that the ribs installed on the roof have a great effect on the train aerodynamic performance. Compared with trains without ribs, the lift force coefficient of the train with convex ribs changes from negative to positive, while the side force coefficient increases by 110%and 88%, respectively. Due to the combined effect of the lift force and side force, the overturning moment of the train with convex ribs and cutting ribs increases by 140% and 106%, respectively. There is larger negative pressure on the roof of the train without ribs than that with ribs. The ribs on the train would disturb the flow structure and contribute to the air separation, so the separation starts from the roof, while there is no air separation on the roof of the train without ribs. The ribs can also slow down the flow speed above the roof and make the air easily sucked back to the train surface. The vortices at the leeward side of the train without ribs are small and messy compared with those of the train with convex or cutting ribs.

DETACHED EDDY SIMULATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS ALONG THE SIDE-WALL AFTER A NEW ARRANGEMENT-SCHEME OF THE SUDDEN LATERAL ENLARGEMENT AND THE VERTICAL DROP

In order to study the cavitation damage in a side-wall when a sudden lateral enlargement and a vertical drop are imposed at the radial gate, a new arrangement-scheme is proposed, where the sudden lateral enlargement and the vertical drop can be imposed at the outlet of the gate chamber. The hydraulic characteristics along the side-wall are simulated by the detached eddy simulation and the Volume Of Fluid （VOF） method. The numerical results agree well with those of experiment. The experimental and numerical results show that the flow condition is smooth with only a weak water-wing appearing behind the lateral cavity, and the length of the lateral cavity becomes longer and is mainly affected by the size of the lateral enlargement and the zone of negative pressure after the water impacts the side-wall would disappear. The hydraulic characteristics of the new arrangement-scheme are beneficial to the prevention of the cavitation damage in the side-wall and the Detached Eddy Simulation （DES） with the VOF method can well predict the hydraulic characteristics after the new arrangement-scheme of the sudden lateral enlargement and the vertical drop.

CFD Simulation of Local and Global Mixing Time in an Agitated Tank

The Issue of mixing efficiency in agitated tanks has drawn serious concern in many industrial processes. The turbulence model is very critical to predicting mixing process in agitated tanks. On the basis of computational fluid dynamics（CFD） software package Fluent 6.2, the mixing characteristics in a tank agitated by dual six-blade-Rushton-turbines（6-DT） are predicted using the detached eddy simulation（DES） method. A sliding mesh（SM） approach is adopted to solve the rotation of the impeller. The simulated flow patterns and liquid velocities in the agitated tank are verified by experimental data in the literature. The simulation results indicate that the DES method can obtain more flow details than Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes（RANS） model. Local and global mixing time in the agitated tank is predicted by solving a tracer concentration scalar transport equation. The simulated results show that feeding points have great influence on mixing process and mixing time. Mixing efficiency is the highest for the feeding point at location of midway of the two impellers. Two methods are used to determine global mixing time and get close result. Dimensionless global mixing time remains unchanged with increasing of impeller speed. Parallel, merging and diverging flow pattern form in the agitated tank, respectively, by changing the impeller spacing and clearance of lower impeller from the bottom of the tank. The global mixing time is the shortest for the merging flow, followed by diverging flow, and the longest for parallel flow. The research presents helpful references for design, optimization and scale-up of agitated tanks with multi-impeller.

Comparison of DES and URANS:Estimation of fluctuating pressure from URANS simulations in stilling basins

This study conducts a comparative analysis between detached eddy simulation(DES)and Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)models for simulating pressure fluctuations in a stilling basin,aiming to assess the URANS mode’s performance in modeling pressure fluctuation.The URANS model predicts accurately a smoother flow field and its time-average pressure,yet it underestimates the root mean square of pressure(RMSP)fluctuation,achieving approximately 70%of the results predicted by DES model on the bottom floor of the stilling basin.Compared with DES model’s results,which are in alignment with the Kolmogorov−5/3 law,the URANS model significantly overestimates low-frequency pulsations,particularly those below 0.1 Hz.We further propose a novel method for estimating the RMSP in the stilling basin using URANS model results,based on the establishment of a quantitative relationship between the RMSP,time-averaged pressure,and turbulent kinetic energy in the boundary layer.The proposed method closely aligns with DES results,showing a mere 15%error level.These findings offer vital insights for selecting appropriate turbulence models in hydraulic engineering and provide a valuable tool for engineers to estimate pressure fluctuation in stilling basins.

6种典型飞行器的RANS计算及大分离区域的DES分析

提出了一种将RANS(Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes)与DES(detached eddy simulation)相结合计算流场的工程新算法,并用于第一代载人飞船Mercury、第二代载人飞船Gemini、人类第一枚成功到达火星上空的Fire-Ⅱ探测器、具有丰富风洞实验数据(来流Mach数从0.50变到2.86)的巡航导弹、高升阻比的Waverider(乘波体)以及具有大容积效率与高升阻比的CAV(common aero vehicle)等6种国际上著名飞行器的绕流计算.在流场计算中,采用分区技术,即首先对全流场采用RANS计算,然后对分离较大或者分离较严重的那些区域采用DES分析技术.文中所完成的6个典型算例总共63个工况的数值计算表明:仅在分离较大的区域采用DES分析技术,虽然从严格意义上讲这样的处理并非真正意义上的DES,但这样近似处理后所得到的流场数值结果(其中包括气动力和气动热)与相关实验数据较为贴近,并且流场的计算效率较全场进行DES计算时要高得多.

Hovering rotor aerodynamics in extreme ground effect

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of the aerodynamics of a moderate-scale rotor hovering in the Extreme Ground Effect(EGE)where rotor height-offground is below half the rotor radius.The tip vortex field was visualized by using the PIV technique.The aerodynamic performance,tip vortex trajectory,wall jet characteristics,surface pressure and velocity fields were measured and analyzed.To explore more deeply the flow mechanisms of the extreme ground effect,Detached Eddy Simulation(DES)was conducted on completely structured meshes.The results showed significant deviations of the rotor performance in EGE from that in Regular Ground Effect(RGE)with the rotor heights of more than half the rotor radius.Moreover,the flow structures of the rotor in EGE are considerably complex,such as the wall jet and groundwash flow separation.The rotor wake flow and tip vortices impact the ground more frequently,resulting in distinctive characteristics of the surface pressure and velocity fields in EGE.

高雷诺数槽道湍流的壁面模化大涡模拟研究

选取基准壁湍流的槽道流动,研究了多种模型的壁面模化大涡模拟.模型包括经典的大涡模拟、Spalart-Allmaras、分离涡模拟和一种动态混合模型.基于摩擦速度的雷诺数范围为395~12 000,采用3组粗糙网格,流向和展向维数分别同取37,49和65,法向维数保证y＋（1）~1.主要研究平均速度、雷诺切应力分布、详细分析了各模型的特性差异并展示了相应的湍流结构.研究表明：在高雷诺数粗糙网格下,大涡模拟失去求解精度,分离涡模拟出现对数律不匹配,动态混合模型的计算接近直接数值模拟,其对数率区可解应力约占雷诺切应力的93%,边界层外层可解应力约占99%.这说明合适的混合模型可以在经济成本下保证计算精度,具有解决实际问题的潜力.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE NEW METHOD OF HORSESHOE VORTEX CONTROL

The horseshoe vortex generated around the sail-body junction of a submarine has an important influence on the uniformity of the submarine wake at the propeller disc.In this article,the horseshoe vortex is simulated by the Detached Eddy Simulation（DES） method,and a new method to control the horseshoe vortex by vortex control baffler is proposed.The numerical simulation shows that a kind of attached vortex,with the rotation direction opposite to that of horseshoe vortex,is generated by the vortex control baffler.With the attached vortex,the strength of the horseshoe vortex is significantly reduced.The wind tunnel experiment on a submarine model is carried out,and the axial velocities at the propeller disc of the submarine with and without vortex control baffler are measured by a hot wire anemometer system.It is shown from the experimental results that the vortex control baffler can enhance the uniformity of the wake at the propeller disc,which helps to improve the propeller performance.The engineering applicability of the vortex control baffler is discussed.

Numerical Hydro-Acoustic Prediction of Marine Propeller Noise

A source-to-far-field computation procedure aiming at predicting the noise generated by the underwater propeller was presented. Detached eddy simulation(DES) was used to resolve the unsteady flow field,which was taken as input data as noise propagation. Far-field sound radiation was performed by means of Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H) equation. The computation procedure was finally applied to a typical marine propeller,David Taylor Model Basin(DTMB) 4118. The sound pressure and directivity patterns of this propeller were discussed.

Numerical simulation of turbulent flow around a forced moving circular cylinder on cut cells

Fixed and forced moving circular cylinders in turbulent flows are studied by using the Large Eddy Simulation （LES） and two-equation based Detached Eddy Simulation （DES） turbulence models. The Cartesian cut cell approach is adopted to track the body surface across a stationary background grid covering the whole computational domain. A cell-centered finite volume method of second-order accuracy in both time and space is developed to solve the flow field in fluid cells, which is also modified accordingly in cut cells and merged cells. In order to compare different turbulence models, the current flow past a fixed circular cylinder at a moderate Reynolds number, Re = 3 900, is tested first. The model is also applied to the simulation of a forced oscillating circular cylinder in the turbulent flow, and the influences of different oscillation amplitudes, frequencies and free stream velocities are discussed. The numerical results indicate that the present numerical model based on the Cartesian cut cell approach is capable of solving the turbulent flow around a body undergoing motions, which is a foundation for the possible future study on wake induced oscillation and vortex induced vibration.

Investigation of cloud cavitating flow in a venturi using adaptive mesh refinement

Unsteady cloud cavitating flow is detrimental to the efficiency of hydraulic machinery like pumps and propellers due to the resulting side-effects of vibration,noise and erosion damage.Modelling such a unsteady and highly turbulent flow remains a challenging issue.In this paper,cloud cavitating flow in a venturi is calculated using the detached eddy simulation(DES)model combined with the Merkle model.The adaptive mesh refinement(AMR)method is employed to speed up the calculation and investigate the mechanisms for vortex development in the venturi.The results indicate the velocity gradients and the generalized fluid element strongly influence the formation of vortices throughout a cavitation cycle.In addition,the cavitation-turbulence coupling is investigated on the local scale by comparing with high-fidelity experimental data and using profile stations.While the AMR calculation is able to predict well the time-averaged velocities and turbulence-related aspects near the throat,it displays discrepancies further downstream owing to a coarser grid refinement downstream and under-performs compared to a traditional grid simulation.Additionally,the AMR calculation is unable to reproduce the cavity width as observed in the experiments.Therefore,while AMR promises to speed the process significantly by refining the grid only in regions of interest,it is comparatively in line with a traditional calculation for cavitating flows.Thus this study intends to provide a reference to employing the AMR as a tool to speed up calculations and be able to simulate turbulence-cavitation interactions accurately.