Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are one of the most important improvements due to their remarkable capacities and their continuous growth in various applications.However,the lifetime of WSNs is very confined because of ...Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are one of the most important improvements due to their remarkable capacities and their continuous growth in various applications.However,the lifetime of WSNs is very confined because of the delimited energy limit of their sensor nodes.This is the reason why energy conservation is considered the main exploration worry for WSNs.For this energy-efficient routing is required to save energy and to subsequently drag out the lifetime of WSNs.In this report we use the Ant Colony Optimization(ACO)method and are evaluated using the Genetic Algorithm(GA),based on the Detour non-split dominant set(GA)In this research,we use the energy efficiency returnee non-split dominating set(DNSDS).A set S⊆V is supposed to be a DNSDS of G when the graph G=(V,E)is expressed as both detours as well as a non-split dominating set of G.Let the detour non-split domination number be addressed asγ_dns(G)and is the minimum order of its detour non-split dominating set.Any DNSDS of orderγdns(G)is aγdns-set of G.Here,theγ_dns(G)of various standard graphs is resolved and some of its general properties are contemplated.A connected graph usually has an order n with detour non-split domination number as n or n–1 are characterized.Also connected graphs of order n≥4 and detour diameter D≤4 with detour non-split dominating number n or n−1 or n−2 are additionally portrayed.While considering any pair of positive integers to be specific a and b,there exists a connected graph G which is normally indicated as dn(G)=a,γ(G)=b andγdns(G)=a+b−2,hereγdns(G)indicates the detour domination number and dn(G)indicates the detour number of a graph.The time is taken for the construction and the size of DNSDS are considered for examining the performance of the proposed method.The simulation result confirms that the DNSDS nodes are energy efficient.展开更多
To deal with the dynamic and imbalanced traffic requirements in Low Earth Orbit satellite networks, several distributed load balancing routing schemes have been proposed. However, because of the lack of global view, t...To deal with the dynamic and imbalanced traffic requirements in Low Earth Orbit satellite networks, several distributed load balancing routing schemes have been proposed. However, because of the lack of global view, these schemes may lead to cascading congestion in regions with high volume of traffic. To solve this problem, a Hybrid-Traffic-Detour based Load Balancing Routing(HLBR) scheme is proposed, where a Long-Distance Traffic Detour(LTD) method is devised and coordinates with distributed traffic detour method to perform self-adaptive load balancing. The forwarding path of LTD is acquired by the Circuitous Multipath Calculation(CMC) based on prior geographical information, and activated by the LTDShift-Trigger(LST) through real-time congestion perception. Simulation results show that the HLBR can mitigate cascading congestion and achieve efficient traffic distribution.展开更多
In this Letter, we propose a simple and effective approach for transforming a conventional Talbot array illuminator(TAI) with multilevel phase steps into a binary-phase TAI(BP-TAI) through detour phase encoding.The BP...In this Letter, we propose a simple and effective approach for transforming a conventional Talbot array illuminator(TAI) with multilevel phase steps into a binary-phase TAI(BP-TAI) through detour phase encoding.The BP-TAI is a binary(0 π) phase-only diffractive optical element, which can be utilized to generate a large-scale focal spots array with a high compression ratio.As an example, we design a square BP-TAI with the fraction parameter β= 15 for achieving a square multifocal lattice with a high compression ratio β^2.Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the detour phase encoding is efficient for designing the BP-TAI, especially with the high compression ratio.Such results may be exploited in practical large-scale optical trapping and X-ray imaging.展开更多
To take an indirect route(detour)in order to reach a specific target requires complex cognitive processes.Yet more demanding,from the cognitive point of view,is when the goal is only visible at the beginning of the de...To take an indirect route(detour)in order to reach a specific target requires complex cognitive processes.Yet more demanding,from the cognitive point of view,is when the goal is only visible at the beginning of the detour.In spiders from the family Sa lticidae,vision is a key sensory modal-ity mediating navigation and prey search.Their acute vision allows them to perform complicated detours,possibly as a consequence of the multitude of potential routes in their typically complex 3-dimensional habitats.We used a 4-route choice test,in which routes differed in being either short or long and in the presence or absence of a lure of a prey item,to investigate route assessment in 2 salticid species,Trite planiceps and Marpissa marina.Although both species showed evidence of motivation to follow lured-routes,judging by the number of times they re-oriented toward them while detouring,we found that Trite chose short routes in preference to long routes,but did not prefer the lured-routes.In contrast,Marpissa exhibited random route choice,although it ori-ented toward lured-routes more often than control routes(lure absent).Our results suggest that decision-making processes about which route to take occurs before embarking on a route,but this is cognitively challenging.Spiders exhibited cognitive limitations in which the lack of visibility of the goal affected success.However,the severity of cognitive limitations depended on species.We suggest that variability in spatial ability across the Salticidae may be related to the habitat complexity inhabited by each species.展开更多
文摘Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are one of the most important improvements due to their remarkable capacities and their continuous growth in various applications.However,the lifetime of WSNs is very confined because of the delimited energy limit of their sensor nodes.This is the reason why energy conservation is considered the main exploration worry for WSNs.For this energy-efficient routing is required to save energy and to subsequently drag out the lifetime of WSNs.In this report we use the Ant Colony Optimization(ACO)method and are evaluated using the Genetic Algorithm(GA),based on the Detour non-split dominant set(GA)In this research,we use the energy efficiency returnee non-split dominating set(DNSDS).A set S⊆V is supposed to be a DNSDS of G when the graph G=(V,E)is expressed as both detours as well as a non-split dominating set of G.Let the detour non-split domination number be addressed asγ_dns(G)and is the minimum order of its detour non-split dominating set.Any DNSDS of orderγdns(G)is aγdns-set of G.Here,theγ_dns(G)of various standard graphs is resolved and some of its general properties are contemplated.A connected graph usually has an order n with detour non-split domination number as n or n–1 are characterized.Also connected graphs of order n≥4 and detour diameter D≤4 with detour non-split dominating number n or n−1 or n−2 are additionally portrayed.While considering any pair of positive integers to be specific a and b,there exists a connected graph G which is normally indicated as dn(G)=a,γ(G)=b andγdns(G)=a+b−2,hereγdns(G)indicates the detour domination number and dn(G)indicates the detour number of a graph.The time is taken for the construction and the size of DNSDS are considered for examining the performance of the proposed method.The simulation result confirms that the DNSDS nodes are energy efficient.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.61472189)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY18F030015)Wenzhou Public Welfare Science and Technology Project of China(No.G20150015)
文摘To deal with the dynamic and imbalanced traffic requirements in Low Earth Orbit satellite networks, several distributed load balancing routing schemes have been proposed. However, because of the lack of global view, these schemes may lead to cascading congestion in regions with high volume of traffic. To solve this problem, a Hybrid-Traffic-Detour based Load Balancing Routing(HLBR) scheme is proposed, where a Long-Distance Traffic Detour(LTD) method is devised and coordinates with distributed traffic detour method to perform self-adaptive load balancing. The forwarding path of LTD is acquired by the Circuitous Multipath Calculation(CMC) based on prior geographical information, and activated by the LTDShift-Trigger(LST) through real-time congestion perception. Simulation results show that the HLBR can mitigate cascading congestion and achieve efficient traffic distribution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 61675093 and 61705096)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2017MA035)+1 种基金the Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (No. J17KA176)the Taishan Scholars Project of Shandong Province (No. ts2015110055)
文摘In this Letter, we propose a simple and effective approach for transforming a conventional Talbot array illuminator(TAI) with multilevel phase steps into a binary-phase TAI(BP-TAI) through detour phase encoding.The BP-TAI is a binary(0 π) phase-only diffractive optical element, which can be utilized to generate a large-scale focal spots array with a high compression ratio.As an example, we design a square BP-TAI with the fraction parameter β= 15 for achieving a square multifocal lattice with a high compression ratio β^2.Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the detour phase encoding is efficient for designing the BP-TAI, especially with the high compression ratio.Such results may be exploited in practical large-scale optical trapping and X-ray imaging.
文摘To take an indirect route(detour)in order to reach a specific target requires complex cognitive processes.Yet more demanding,from the cognitive point of view,is when the goal is only visible at the beginning of the detour.In spiders from the family Sa lticidae,vision is a key sensory modal-ity mediating navigation and prey search.Their acute vision allows them to perform complicated detours,possibly as a consequence of the multitude of potential routes in their typically complex 3-dimensional habitats.We used a 4-route choice test,in which routes differed in being either short or long and in the presence or absence of a lure of a prey item,to investigate route assessment in 2 salticid species,Trite planiceps and Marpissa marina.Although both species showed evidence of motivation to follow lured-routes,judging by the number of times they re-oriented toward them while detouring,we found that Trite chose short routes in preference to long routes,but did not prefer the lured-routes.In contrast,Marpissa exhibited random route choice,although it ori-ented toward lured-routes more often than control routes(lure absent).Our results suggest that decision-making processes about which route to take occurs before embarking on a route,but this is cognitively challenging.Spiders exhibited cognitive limitations in which the lack of visibility of the goal affected success.However,the severity of cognitive limitations depended on species.We suggest that variability in spatial ability across the Salticidae may be related to the habitat complexity inhabited by each species.
