Correlation between the Human Development Index and the Incidence and Mortality of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Objective This study was to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence and mortality of non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL).Methods We compared the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),and the ASMR to ASIR ratio(MIR)at national and regional levels and studied the correlation between the MIR and the human development index(HDI)in 2012 and 2018.Results The highest ASIR was in North America in 2012 and in Australia in 2018,and the lowest ASIR was in Central and South Asia in both 2012 and 2018.The highest ASMR was in North Africa in both 2012 and 2018,and the lowest ASMR was in Eastern Asia and South-Central Asia in 2012 and in South-Central Asia in 2018.The lowest MIR was in Australia in both 2012 and 2018,and the highest MIR was in Western Africa in both 2012 and 2018.HDI was strongly negatively correlated with MIR(r:−0.8810,P<0.0001,2012;r:−0.8895,P<0.0001,2018).Compared to the 2012 data,the MIR in the intermediate HDI countries significantly deceased and the HDI in low and high HDI countries significantly increased in 2018.Conclusion The MIR is negatively correlated with HDI.Increasing the HDI in low and intermediate HDI countries may reduce the MIR and increase the survival of patients with NHL.

Socio-economic development of countries based on the Composite Country Development Index(CCDI)

World experience indicates the existence of significant imbalances in the development of countries.The problem of assessing the rational development of the regional and national economy is becoming urgent,since such assessments can prevent development imbalances across countries.The aim of this study is to elaborate a methodology to assess the countries’socio-economic development by integraring 12 modern indices of socio-economic development into the Composite Country Development Index(CCDI).The methodology of this research was based on a set of key indices that described socio-economic development level in four fields(social development,digital development,economic development,and environmental security)and then these indices were integrated into the CCDI.The study further applied factor analysis and R-Studio software to define the gaps of social and economic development in 59 selected countries using the trigonometric function of the angle sine.The correlation analysis confirmed the existence of a close interrelation among the studied countries.This paper noted that due to the emergence of new priorities,it is necessary to revise the assessment methodology of socio-economic development level and expand them to cover the decisive factors.This was confirmed by the results obtained,demonstrating various combinations of the development level in the four fields and their impact on the CCDI.The scientific contribution of this research is to form a methodology(e.g.,the CCDI)for evaluating the socio-economic development level of countries in the world.

Construction and Analysis of Development Pole Index of Guangdong Coastal Economic Zone:A Case Study of Zhanjiang

Zhanjiang and Shantou are big agricultural cities and important development poles of the East and West of the Guangdong Coastal Economic Belt.It is of great practical significance to quantitatively study the formation degree of development poles in economically underdeveloped regions.Taking Zhanjiang as an example,this paper constructs the development pole and measures the index by integrating 9 indicators,and analyzes the history and current situation of Zhanjiang as the development pole.It turns out that in the neighboring area,Zhanjiang has the ability to become a development pole,but it is far from being formed,and must cooperate with Haikou to form the dual development pole model.According to the analysis results,the corresponding suggestions are given in industry,ecology,transportation,talents,technological innovation and financial investment.

National Breast Cancer Mortality and Incidence Rates According to the Human Development Index: An Ecological Study

Background: This study aimed to identify the role of human development index (HDI) in the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer (BC) worldwide. Methods: Data on the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of BC for 184 countries were obtained from the GLOBOCAN. Data about the HDI and other indices were obtained from the World Bank Report 2013. Linear regression model was used for assessment the effect of HDI on BC occurrence rates. Results: In 2012, BCs were estimated to have affected a total of 1,671,149 individuals (crude rate: 47.8 per 100,000 individuals), and caused 521,907 deaths worldwide (crude rate: 14.7 per 100,000 individuals). Nearly half of total female BC cases (46.3%) with the highest risk of incidence (age-standardized Rate (ASR): 128 per 100,000) had occurred in very high HDI regions. The most proportion of the mortality burden was in low HDI and medium HDI areas. Linear regression analyses showed a direct significant correlation between the incidence of BC and HDI at the global level (B = 104.5, P < 0.001). The mortality rate of BC was not significantly associated with HDI (B = 3.26, P = 0.160). Conclusion: Our study showed that the burden of female BC is enormous in very high HDI and low HID regions. Targeted interventions have the ability to reduce this number significantly through resource-dependent interventions. Moreover, further reductions in mortality could be brought about by increasing access to curative treatment for patients with BC.

Calculation and Analysis of the Industrial Green Development Index in Hunan Province

In order to realize the purpose of human sustainable development,green development has become a dominant trend in contemporary society. ＂ Green Hunan＂ is the primary slogan of Hunan＇s four cards. Thus,in recent years,what is the practice result of Hunan＇s green development？ Based on the concept of industrial green development index,we selected the related panel data from 14 different cities of Hunan Province in 2012. The energy consumption and carbon emissions were also selected as input indexes,and GDP of secondary industry was used as the output index to build the industrial green development index. The CRS model of DEA was used to calculate and sequence the industrial green development indexes of 14 cities in Hunan Province.

Use of a Neural Network to Measure the Impact of Social Distribution and Access to Infrastructure on the HDI of the Municipalities of Mexico

The Human Development Index (HDI) was created by the United Nations (UN) and is the basis for many other indicators, as well as being the origin of many public policies worldwide. It is a summary measure of life expectancy, education, and per capita income. These components, in addition to being global measures, show difficulty in being impacted and, with this, advancing in the level of human development. This work shows a model that relates variables of social distribution and access to infrastructure in Mexico, with the HDI. These variables were chosen through a statistical analysis based on a set of indicators measured by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) periodically at the municipal level. The statistical analysis shows that there is no simple correlation between these variables and the HDI, so that a supervised learning model based on a neural network was used, therefore proposing a classification technique based on the distribution of data in the underlying metric space. In addition, an attempt was made to find the simplest possible model to reduce the computational cost and in turn obtain information on the variables with the greatest impact on the HDI, with the aim of facilitating the creation of public policies that impact it.

Sustainable Urban Development Evaluation of Shanghai:An Ecological Wellbeing Performance Perspective

Against the backdrop of aggravating resource and environment restriction,it is an inevitable choice to adopt the sustainable development pattern to maximize social well-being within the ecological threshold.From the perspective of ecological well-being performance,ecological footprint per capita and human development index were selected to construct the evaluation index system for sustainable urban development,and DEA applied to calculate the input-output efficiency,so as to analyze the sustainable development level of Shanghai from 1999 to 2012.The results showed that①human development index,ecological footprint per capita of Shanghai grew in step with economic development,but ecological footprint per capita level exceeded the ecological carrying capacity,thus the overall ecological conditions remained in the state of worsening "deficit";②ecological well-being performance of Shanghai in most years remained in the DEA ineffective state,and the scale return had decreased gradually since 2005.In addition,the paper gave pertinent suggestions.

Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence and mortality:An analysis of GLOBOCAN 2022

Background:Given the recent updates in cancer burden estimates by GLOBOCAN 2022,this study was undertaken to provide pertinent perspectives within the context of the Human Development Index(HDI)and major world economies.Methods:Datasets sourced from GLOBOCAN encompassed cancer cases and deaths across all cancer types in 2022,alongside projections up to 2050.Cancer incidences and deaths of the top 10 cancers within China and four distinct HDI-classified regions were compared using descriptive analyses.Age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs)and mortality rates(ASMRs)worldwide for the most prevalent cancers in 2022 across ten largest economies and four-tier HDIs were examined.The top five cancer types concerning both incidence and mortality in China were delineated by sex and age group.Results:In males,prostate cancer predominated in countries with low,high(except China),and very high HDI.Prostate and liver cancers were prominent causes of death in countries with low HDI.In females,breast and cervical cancers predominated in countries with low-to-medium HDI.Lung and colorectal cancer incidence and deaths increased with high HDI for both sexes.ASIRs and ASMRs for breast,prostate,lung,and colorectal cancers in the top 10 economies were higher than the global average.However,liver,stomach,and cervical cancers in most Western countries exhibited lower rates.In China,hematologic malignancies(43%)were prevalent among children aged 0-14 years,whereas thyroid cancer led among adolescents and young adults aged 15-39 years.Regarding incidence and mortality,lung cancer predominated for individuals over 40 years,except for females aged 40-59 years,in whom breast cancer predominated.Projected trends indicated substantial increases in new cancer cases(76.6%)and deaths(89.7%)over the next three decades.Conclusions:Infection-and poverty-related cancer burdens are offset by increased prostate,breast,colorectal,and lung cancer incidence associated with rapid societal and economic transitions.Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in China feature characteristics of developed and developing countries,necessitating tailored,evidence-based,and comprehensive strategies for effective cancer prevention and control.

Dynamic Development Characteristics and Driving Factors of High Quality Development Level in China’s Five Major Urban Agglomerations

High-quality development is the primary task of comprehensively building a socialist,modern country,as well as the primary task of building urban agglomerations in China.Based on the five development concepts,this paper used the entropy method to meas-ure the High Quality Development Index(HQDI)of the five major urban agglomerations.The results showed that the HQDI of the five major urban agglomerations shows a fluctuating upward trend.First,using the Dagum Gini coefficient to explore the sources of HQDI development differences in urban agglomerations,we found that the main source of HQDI differences in urban agglomerations was inter-regional differences,while intra-regional differences were not important.Second,kernel density estimation was used to test the dynam-ic evolution trend of HQDI within urban agglomerations.There was a polarisation phenomenon in the HQDI of urban agglomerations,such as the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration and the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration.But overall,the degree of imbal-ance had decreased.Third,using geographic detectors to examine the driving factors of HQDI in urban agglomerations,we found that the main driving forces for improving HQDI in urban agglomerations were economic growth,artificial intelligence technology and fisc-al decentralisation.All the interaction factors had greater explanatory power for the spatial differentiation of HQDI,which can be di-vided into two types:two-factor improvement and non-linear improvement.This study is conducive to improving and enriching the the-oretical system for evaluating the high quality development of urban agglomerations,and provides policy references for promoting the high quality development of urban agglomerations.

National Innovation Development Index: A Cross-country Comparison of Innovation Development Performance

Innovation development has received increasingly more attention from academia and policymakers. The policy-making for promoting it heavily relies on evidence provided by measuring national innovation development. This study tries to build a bridge between innovation development measurement and policy-making. The literature shows that there is very limited theoretical and methodological research on measuring national innovation development. This paper proposes a national innovation development index(NIDI) for measuring the performance of national innovation development by integrating the definition of innovation from five perspectives and the definition of development from four perspectives. The NIDI consists of five sub-indexes, science and technology development sub-index, innovation condition development sub-index, industrial innovation development sub-index, social innovation development sub-index, and green & low-carbon development sub-index, which is measured by the composite sub-index approach. This paper uses the NIDI methodology to investigate 40 countries based on the panel data from 2006 to 2015, which helps classify countries into three categories including leading, advanced and catching-up countries. The cross-analysis between sub-indexes of the NIDI brings new insights into the competitive advantage and disadvantage, which helps governments to choose more specific policies to overcome shortcomings resulted in the poor performance of sub-indexes of the NIDI so as to improve their innovation development performance systematically. Besides, the findings in this article indicate that the level of economic development in a country is to a large extent determined by the level of national innovation development.

The Matthew Effect in Running:An Analysis of Elite Endurance Athletes Over 23 Years

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997-2020,taking into account the countries’Human Development Index(HDI),and to verify if the Matthew effect can be observed regarding countries’representativeness in the raking alongside the years.Methods The sample comprised 1852 professional runner athletes,ranked in the Senior World TOP20 half-marathon(403 female and 487 male)and marathon(480 female and 482 male)races,between the years 1997-2020.Information about the countries’HDI was included,and categorized as“low HDI”,“medium HDI”,“high HDI”,and“very-high HDI”.Athletes were categorized according to their ranking positions(1st-3rd;4th-10th;>10th),and the number of athletes per country/year was summed and categorized as“total number of athletes 1997-2000”;“total number of athletes 2001-2010”;and“total number of athletes 2011-2020”.The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to verify potential associations and relationships between variables.Results Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by low HDI and very-high HDI.Chi-square test results showed significant differences among females(χ^(2)=15.52;P=0.017)and males(χ^(2)=9.03;P=0.014),in half-marathon and marathon,respectively.No significant association was verified between HDI and the total number of athletes,but the association was found for the number of athletes alongside the years(1997-2000 to 2001-2010:r=0.60;P<0.001;2001-2010 to-2011-2020:r=0.29;P<0.001).Conclusion Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by those with low HDI and very-high HDI.The Matthew effect was observed,but a generalization of the results should not be done.

Spatiotemporal change of ecological footprint and sustainability analysis for Yangtze Delta Region

In the urbanizing world,the Yangtze Delta Region （YDR） as one of the most developed regions in China,has drawn a lot of the world＇s attention for the remarkable economic development achieved in the past decades.Nevertheless,the rapid economic development was certain to be accompanied by unprecedented consumption and loss of natural resources.Therefore,the analysis of the ecological situation and driving factors of environmental impact was of great significance to serve the local sustainable development decision-making and build a harmonious society.In this paper,the ecological footprint （EF） was taken as the index of the ecological environmental impact.With the help of Geographic Information System （GIS）,we studied the spatiotemporal change of ecological footprint at two scales （region and city） and assessed urban sustainable development ability in YDR.Then we discussed the driving factors that affected the change of ecological footprint by the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology （STIRPAT） model.The results showed that increasing trends of regional ecological footprint during 1998-2008 （1.70-2.53 ha/cap） were accompanied by decreasing ecological capacity （0.31-0.25 ha/cap） but expanding ecological deficit （1.39-2.28 ha/cap）.The distribution pattern of ecological footprint and the degree of sustainable development varied distinctly from city to city in YDR.In 2008,the highest values of ecological footprint （3.85 ha/cap） and the lowest one of sustainable development index （SDI=1） in YDR were both presented in Shanghai.GDP per capita （A） was the most dominant driving force of EF and the classical EKC hypothesis did not exist between A and EF in 1998-2008.Consequently,increasing in ecological supply and reducing in human demand due to technological advances or other factors were one of the most effective ways to promote sustainable development in YDR.Moreover,importance should be attached to change our definition and measurement of prosperity and success.

Assessing Ebola-related web search behaviour: insights and implications from an analytical study of Google Trends-based query volumes

Background:The 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa has attracted public interest worldwide,leading to millions of Ebola-related Internet searches being performed during the period of the epidemic.This study aimed to evaluate and interpret Google search queries for terms related to the Ebola outbreak both at the global level and in all countries where primary cases of Ebola occurred.The study also endeavoured to look at the correlation between the number of overall and weekly web searches and the number of overall and weekly new cases of Ebola.Methods:Google Trends(GT)was used to explore Internet activity related to Ebola.The study period was from 29 December 2013 to 14 June 2015.Pearson’s correlation was performed to correlate Ebola-related relative search volumes(RSVs)with the number of weekly and overall Ebola cases.Multivariate regression was performed using Ebola-related RSV as a dependent variable,and the overall number of Ebola cases and the Human Development Index were used as predictor variables.Results:The greatest RSV was registered in the three West African countries mainly affected by the Ebola epidemic.The queries varied in the different countries.Both quantitative and qualitative differences between the affected African countries and other Western countries with primary cases were noted,in relation to the different flux volumes and different time courses.In the affected African countries,web query search volumes were mostly concentrated in the capital areas.However,in Western countries,web queries were uniformly distributed over the national territory.In terms of the three countries mainly affected by the Ebola epidemic,the correlation between the number of new weekly cases of Ebola and the weekly GT index varied from weak to moderate.The correlation between the number of Ebola cases registered in all countries during the study period and the GT index was very high.Conclusion:Google Trends showed a coarse-grained nature,strongly correlating with global epidemiological data,but was weaker at country level,as it was prone to distortions induced by unbalanced media coverage and the digital divide.Global and local health agencies could usefully exploit GT data to identify disease-related information needs and plan proper communication strategies,particularly in the case of health-threatening events.

Theoretical Connotation and Quantitative Measurement of Common Prosperity

It is of great importance to fully understand the connotation of and identify a quantitative method to measure common prosperity in China.This paper starts with a theoretical framework of fairness,efficiency,development,and shared prosperity,draws upon the proper understanding of common prosperity with Chinese characteristics,and explores a globally quantitative measurement of common prosperity,with a focus on the outcomes of national prosperity and prosperity for all.Furthermore,this paper discusses the assumptions and mathematical expressions of the quantitative function and analyzes the structural implications of indicator dimensions,functional relations,and variable standardization to ultimately provide a solid quantitative foundation for promoting common prosperity.The findings show that the quantitative measurement of common prosperity proposed in this paper performs stably in terms of weights,thresholds,and indicator settings.Based on the data of 162 economies collected between 1990 and 2020,this paper finds that China has made great progress in promoting common prosperity,which showcases the strengths of the country’s socialist system.

Institutional performance and participatory paradigms: Comparing two groups of watersheds in semi-arid region of India

Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards in-stitutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder re-sources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.

Assessment of the socioeconomic development levels of six economic corridors in the Belt and Road region

Recent years have witnessed rapid and widespread economic growth in regions involved in China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),mainly due to the construction of six economic corridors.This paper aims to quantify the levels of six economic corridors according to the socioeconomic development levels in the BRI regions.Here,a gridded socioeconomic development index was first created,and a dividing line was drawn to reveal the distribution characteristics of socioeconomic development in the BRI regions.A classification method was then applied to identify local development levels.Finally,we created an economic corridor development index(ECDI)to evaluate the progress of six economic corridors.The results reveal spatial heterogeneity within the socioeconomic groups of BRI regions,which can be roughly divided into offshore(or Part A,50.54%)and inland(or Part B,49.46%)areas.Although both parts comprise roughly the same area,over 95%of the population is located in offshore regions.The China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor has the highest development index due to a stable political environment and long-running cooperation.The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor suffers from the lowest ECDI but with strong development potential.Our methods can provide critical reference and practice for the future evaluation of the level of regional development.The results of this study can offer policymakers some insight into reducing socioeconomic inequality in the BRI regions.

Spatiotemporal evolution of sustainable development of China’s provinces:a modelling approach

Three sustainable development sub-indicators were established along with 49 indicators of sustainable development at the provincial level.We collected data for the key years of 2010,2015,and 2018 and evaluated the sustainable development level of 31 provinces in China by using the best and worst value improved equal-weight TOPSIS method.With spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis,the spatial characteristics of the sustainable development level were studied.Grey correlation analysis and the offset degree index were also used to find out which indicators should be of most concern to improve the level of sustainable development.The results showed the following.(1)The level of sustainable development of China’s provinces is increasing,but there is a decrease from east to west.(2)In terms of sustainable development,the gap between the four major economic regions is narrowing.(3)The overall sustainable development level is highly consistent with the mainstream green development and the human development index,indicating that exploiting the driving force behind developing and improving the quality of development is the key to China’s sustainable development strategy.(4)Different measures should be taken to promote the realization of Sustainable Development Goals in different areas.

Shaping the future of application for information and communication technology in national economic analysis

Characterized by networking,digitization,and intellectualization,the new generation of Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs)has promoted integration of various national economic industries,with a more significant leading role in the socio-economic development.In order to describe the influence of ICT industries on economic growth,this paper has comprehensively analyzed the contribution mechanism of ICTs to current economy.Crucial indicators,such as Total Telecommunications Business(TTB),Data Traffic(DT),and Computing Power Development Index(CPDI),have been innovatively selected to sufficiently describe the data circulation scale and the processing capacity in the era of digital economy.Based on relevant statistics of 31 provinces(municipalities or autonomous regions)in China from 2011 to 2020,quantitative results have been put forward to interpret the impact of ICT industries on the national economy development by using correlation coefficient analysis and data regression analysis methods.The measurement results show that TTB,DT,and CPDI are positively correlated with the national economic development,indicating that each 1%increasement of TTB,DT,and CPDI increases Gross Domestic Product(GDP)by 0.08%,0.09%,and 0.6%,respectively.

The assessment of climatic,environmental,and socioeconomic aspects of the Brazilian Cerrado

Background The Cerrado is the most biodiverse savanna and maintains other biomes.Aware of its significance,this paper evaluated the Brazilian Cerrado’s climatic,environmental,and socioeconomic aspects using remote sensing data and spatial statistics(correlation analysis and principal components analysis—PCA).Following the measures of sample adequacy(MSA)and Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin(KMO)tests,seventeen variables were evaluated.Results The MSA revealed that the dataset had a good quality(0.76),and nine variables were selected:elevation,evapotranspiration,active fires,Human Development Index(HDI),land use and land cover(LULC;shrubland and cropland/rainfed),rainfall(spring and autumn),and livestock.The correlation matrix indicated a positive(negative)association between HDI and autumn rainfall(HDI and active fires)with a value of 0.77(-0.55).The PCA results determined which three principal components(PC)were adequate for extracting spatial patterns,accounting for 68.02%of the total variance with respective values of 38.59%,16.89%,and 12.5%.Due to economic development and agribusiness,Cerrado’s northern(central,western,and southern)areas had negative(positive)score HDI values,as shown in PC1.Climatic(rainfall—spring and fall)and environmental(cropland/rainfed and shrubland)aspects dominated the PC2,with negative scores in northern and western portions due to the transition zone between Amazon and Cerrado biomes caused by rainfall variability.On the other hand,environmental aspects(LULC-shrubland and elevation)influenced the PC3;areas with high altitudes(>500 m)received a higher score.Conclusion Agricultural expansion substantially affected LULC,leading to deforestation-caused suppression of native vegetation.