General laws of funding for scientific citations:how citations change in funded and unfunded research between basic and applied sciences

Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relationship between research funding and citations of papers using 831,337 documents recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:The original results reveal general characteristics of the diffusion of science in research fields:a)Funded articles receive higher citations compared to unfunded papers in journals;b)Funded articles exhibit a super-linear growth in citations,surpassing the increase seen in unfunded articles.This finding reveals a higher diffusion of scientific knowledge in funded articles.Moreover,c)funded articles in both basic and applied sciences demonstrate a similar expected change in citations,equivalent to about 1.23%,when the number of funded papers increases by 1%in journals.This result suggests,for the first time,that funding effect of scientific research is an invariant driver,irrespective of the nature of the basic or applied sciences.Originality/value:This evidence suggests empirical laws of funding for scientific citations that explain the importance of robust funding mechanisms for achieving impactful research outcomes in science and society.These findings here also highlight that funding for scientific research is a critical driving force in supporting citations and the dissemination of scientific knowledge in recorded documents in both basic and applied sciences.Practical implications:This comprehensive result provides a holistic view of the relationship between funding and citation performance in science to guide policymakers and R&D managers with science policies by directing funding to research in promoting the scientific development and higher diffusion of results for the progress of human society.

Research on the Application of Juvenile Psychological Development and Sports Acquisition Law System in Physical Education Teaching

Adolescents’physical and mental development has obvious age-stage characteristics.Therefore,before the implementation of physical education teaching,it is necessary to fully analyze the laws of adolescents’psychological development and fully understand the laws of adolescents’physical development and exercise acquisition.The purpose of this study is to start from the actual needs of physical education teaching and to fully understand the laws of psychological development of adolescent groups.After the review and analysis,the law of adolescents’sports acquisition is summarized and summarized,so as to form the system of adolescents’psychological development and sports acquisition law in physical education teaching,lay a good foundation for physical education teachers to implement teaching on the teaching objects of adolescent students in a targeted and efficient manner,and ultimately promote the benign development of school sports.

Relationship between the Three Laws of Dialectics of Nature and Agricultural Development

Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.

Advancing Rule of Law in Human Rights Protection While Developing a “Socialist Rule of Law System with Chinese Characteristics”

It is very timely and necessary for us to hold this seminar in the beautiful Suzhou Campus of Renmin University of China to deeply study and implement the decisions of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,push forward the construction of China’s rule of law and jointly discuss the development of China’s human rights cause.

Classification and Development Laws of Karst Landform in Suzhou Area, North Anhui Province of China

Suzhou area in north Anhui Province is a low hilly area on the Huaibei Plain where carbonate rocks and karstification are widely distributed, and karst landscapes form major physical contours of the bedrock outcrops. Through field investigation, karst landscapes of Suzhou area were divided into two categories based on their morphological characteristics: macro-geomorphologic landscapes including normal hills, dry valleys, karst springs and caves, and micro-corrosion landscapes including corrosion pits, dissolved pores, dissolution traces, corrosion cracks, clints and karrens. Distribution, development and scale of karst landscapes in this region are controlled by climate, rock type, structure, topography and other factors. It was suggested that karst landscapes in the study area could be used as a representative of karst landforms in North China.

Protecting world heritage in China by enacting laws:Sustainable tourism development

Chinese scholars have been debating how to best protect and utilize world heritage.This study discusses three key perspectives on this issue,which are“conflict-focused”,“compromise-oriented”,and“coordination-oriented”.Some typical incidents,which involve damage to heritage resources,are analyzed before a coordination model is presented that maximizes the compatibility of sustainable tourism development and world heritage protection.Finally,this study explores the possibility of constructing a legal system that engages all the stakeholders in protecting world heritage.Chinese lawmakers,for example,should seize the opportunity to create a law concerning national parks,which will modify and integrate existing laws and regulations in order to produce a comprehensive legal system that embodies the fundamental values of world heritage protection and sustainable tourism development.This system should implement the following:(1)maximize the complementary aspects of and mutual benefits derived from both tourism development and world heritage protection;(2)pay special attention to the various restraints that are inherent in the fundamental requirements for world heritage protection;(3)make world heritage protection sustainable while supporting sustainable tourism development;and(4)emphasize the public-interest nature of profits that are obtained by tourism developers while ensuring that the income from tourism is proportionately allotted to heritage protection.

On the Choice of the Path for the Development of the Rule of Law in China: From the Perspective of Improving the Rule of Law Quality by Promoting the Substantive Rule of Law

The continuous debate on the formal rule of law and the substantive rule of law in the construction of the rule of law in China not only affects the understanding of the connotation of the rule of law in China,but also the choice of the path for the development of the rule of law in China.In the new stage of “comprehensively advancing the Law-Based Governance of China”,the process of “comprehensively advancing the Law-Based Governance of China” is also a process of continuously improving the rule of law quality in China.And from this perspective,the relationship between the formal rule of law and the substantive rule of law has got a new meaning.Promoting the substantive rule of law is an important way to realize the development of the rule of law and improve the quality of the rule of law.At the same time,the promotion of the substantive rule of law should follow the “people-centered” nature of the rule of law and the objective is conducive to the promotion of the rule of law and the formation of the “rule of law ecology”.

The Macromarket Law and Development Models of Wool and Cotton Industries

According to the macromarket law, the total supply will go to equilibrium with the total demand for the world as a whole. Textiles are consumables, the total demand of which must be proportional to the population. For any large district, the share ratio - the ratio of the local productivity world share to the local population world share,will approach unity in long term period. The uncommon prosperity of the textile industry in the developed countries before the Second World War had been established by super economical means of the old era. The developing countries nowadays have no such means, and will never be able to establish the local textile Industry to an uncommon large scale. The development model of the textile industry must be in four stages: the first two are common both for the developed and for the developing countries, namely demand leading - supply leading. The third stage is quite different: uncommon expansion followed by significant declination, for the developed, and the re -

The Faraday Isolator, Detailed Balance and the Second Law

A Faraday isolator is shown to develop a temperature difference between its input and output, but still complies with the second law when all the heat carriers, in this case, photons are homogeneous and indistinguishable. This result is a consequence of the H-theorem which assumes homogeneity and indistinguishability of particles. However, when a thermal feedback path is added, in which heat carriers have physical properties different from the photons in the isolator, then a heterogeneous system is formed not covered by the H-theorem, and the second law is violated.

Erratum to “The Faraday Isolator, Detailed Balance and the Second Law” [Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2017 PP. 889-899]

A Faraday isolator is shown to develop a temperature difference between its input and output, but still complies with the second law when all the heat carriers, in this case, photons are homogeneous and indistinguishable. This result is a consequence of the H-theorem which assumes homogeneity and indistinguishability of particles. However, when a thermal feedback path is added, in which heat carriers have physical properties different from the photons in the isolator, then a heterogeneous system is formed not covered by the H-theorem, and the second law is violated.

Study on the Development of the Chip Information Industry Based on Moore’s Law

Chips are the carriers of ICs (integrated circuits). As a result of design, manufacturing, and packaging and testing processes, chips are typically wholly independent entities intended for immediate use. According to known data, one unit of chip output can drive up to ten units of output in the electronic information industry and 100 units of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The Chip Information Industry is a strategic industry in most developed countries in Europe and North America. The development of the Chip Information Industry is related to national economies and personal livelihoods. Moore discovered a certain trend after analyzing data: in general, every newly produced chip has twice the capacity of the previous generation, and it takes 18 to 24 months for the next generation to be subsequently invented. This trend has come to be known as Moore’s Law. It applies not only to the development of memory chips but also to the evolutionary paths of processor capability and disk drive storage capacity. Moore’s Law has become the basis of performance prediction in several industries. However, since 2011, the size of silicon transistors has been approaching its physical limit at the atomic level. Due to the nature of silicon, additional breakthroughs in the running speed and performance of silicon transistors are severely limited. Elevated temperature and leakage are the two main sources that invalidate Moore’s Law. To counter these issues, This paper analyzes specific problems challenges in the Chip Information Industry, including the development of carbon nanotube chips and fierce competition in the international Chip Information Industry. In addition, this paper undertakes a critical analysis of the Chinese Chip Information Industry and countermeasures to Chinese Chip Information Industry development.

On the Laws and Causes of Socio-economic Territorial Differentiation in Minority Areas in China

On the basis of applying quantitative and qualitative approaches as well as GIS technology, this paper established an index system to make a comprehensive evaluation on socio-economic development of minority areas in China. The result showed that socio-economic development in minority area presents a series of characteristics that the north is high and the south is low, center-margin pattern is obvious and the areas with middle and lower development indices are distributed centrally and continuously. However, the causes of the socio-economic characteristics mainly include natural conditions, economic development basic, population cultural quality, re-gional combination and development conditions of mineral and energy resources, informal institutional factors and distribution of major traffic lines..

Law of Intestinal Development of Wanxi White Geese at 0 -9 Weeks Old

[Objective] To explore the law of intestinal development of Wanxi white geese at 0 -9 weeks old. [Method] A total of 120 Wanxi white geese at 1 day old were selected, and their law of development of intestinal weight and length was studied by feeding test and slaughter test. [ Re- sult] The growth of Wanxi white geese was slow in the early age, rapid at the age of 2 -5 wk, peaked at about 5 weeks old, and then slowed. The daily weight gain was around 25 g/d at the age of 7 -9 wk. Intestinal growth also peaked at 5 weeks old and almost developed fully at 7 weeks old. Thus, intestinal growth had a similar law with body weight. With the development, the ratios of the length of each intestinal segment to that of total intestinal tract did not vary largely. [ Conclusion] The study provides a theoretical basis for the production and development of germplasm resources of Wanxi white geese.

ASEAN Commitment to Sustainable Development in the Regional International Environmental Law Perspective

The World Commission on Environment and Development in its report entitled“Our Common Future”has put forward the idea of sustainable development which is also an important part of the development of regional environmental law in Southeast Asia.In 1985 ASEAN Agreement on the Nature and Natural Resources has put sustainable development for the first time in ASEAN’s treaty.Sustainable development continues to grow through the 1987 Jakarta Resolution on Sustainable Development agreed upon by the leaders of ASEAN.This research will look at the importance of sustainable development as part of the regional environmental international law concept and how it has grown in ASEAN today.The purpose of this research is to know the various international agreements both soft law and hard law that puts sustainable development as an important element.The results show that sustainable development has become an integral part of the regional international environmental legal system in ASEAN.A provisional conclusion shows that ASEAN’s commitment to sustainable development has greatly improved the success of implementing environmental policies at the ASEAN level.

An Analysis of the Law of the Development: From Colonial to Modern American Literature

Although American literature is only a small spray in the long river of history,its rich literary works and literary forms occupy a place in the history of literature.This article attempts to analyze the characteristics of American literature from the colonial period to the modernist period from the perspective of the yin and yang poles and the historical and social background of the United States,further summarizes the inevitable law of its development,and draws the enlightenment for the overall grasp of the history of national literature.

General Aspects of Financial Law

The aim of this article is to outline the general parts of the legal branch called financial law. It is intended as the first part of a series of articles outlineing the topic in detail. The aim of the submitted contribution is to demonstrate that the financial and legal aspects created the basis of economic development of the regions from the early beginnings of human society. Social relations constituting the subject-matter of the financial law had been developing, changing, and had become established before the financial law itself has been constituted. These relations seem to have been present from the very beginning of the existence of the human society. Regulatory acts associated with regulation of these relationships embodied solidarity and methodological specificities. The specificity of the subject-matter of regulation, solidarity and methodological specificities of the financial, and legal standards sufficiently define superstructure with a natural law character. The superstructure is based on constitutional system of national states after the EU integration has been completed on the EU law. As we can evaluate retrospectively, the transfer of fmanciallaw competencies in Brussels was a failiure. Since the political union was established through the Lisbon treaty in 2009 the European sovereign debt crisis emerged and ravaged the EU until today.

Fully Developed Turbulence of Power⁃Law Fluids in Circular Pipe Based on Large Eddy Simulation

In this study,Large eddy simulation(LES)of the fully developed turbulence of power⁃law fluids in a circular pipe was performed using the dynamic subgrid⁃scale model.Under a specific Reynolds number,the flow information of three fluids with a range of power⁃law indexes was obtained.The trends of the mean axial velocity and the normalized apparent viscosity were analyzed.Simulation results show that shearing⁃thinning fluid displayed more noticeable non⁃Newtonian characteristics than shear⁃thickening fluid.The predicted friction factors were approximately equal to the Dodge and Metzner correlation and Gomes correlation.The peak values of root mean squares(RMS)and Reynolds stress increased as the power⁃law index increased.The turbulence statistics(skewness and flatness)from the wall to the pipe center were calculated.From the calculated results,the velocity fluctuation near the wall had strong intermittent and asymmetry.As demonstrated by the contours of the normalized instantaneous axial velocity and viscosity,the turbulence was more developed as the power⁃law index increased.It is concluded that the LES is feasible to predict the turbulence of pipe flow under higher Reynolds numbers.

Law, the Nigerian Economy and Corruption

Corruption has had severe negative consequences on the economic growth and development of nations all over the world especially on developing countries. It has various implications for both the developed and developing economies. Corruption hampers development and thus raises the level of poverty in any economy that finds itself entrenched in corrupt practices. Corruption creates uncertainty and risk in the growth and development potential of any country. This paper presents a review of corruption as it relates to the economic development of Nigeria. By using a theoretical method of analysis, the study reveals that corruption is Nigeria＇s biggest challenge. It is clear to every citizen that the level of corruption in the country is high because it is found in every sector of the society. In public or private sector, corrupt practices are easily observable. Corruption has been a deterrent to economic development in Nigeria. The findings show that corruption has a significant negative effect on economic growth and development. The paper examines historical connection between the law and the economy and discusses the theoretical and conceptual issues in corruption and economic development and the role of lawyers in the economy. The paper also seeks to provoke debate on the role of law in the anti-corruption crusade, strengthening the rule of law and promoting economic development. It also identifies and discusses the impact and effects of corruption on economic development in Nigeria, while proffering policy recommendations that should underpin the road to Nigeria becoming the ＂next surprise＂, on indices such as transparency, accountability, and the application of the rule of law, in dealing with corruption leading to improved consumer price index （CPI） ranking, induce investment, and foster economic growth and development.

Traditional Chinese Medicine in Malaysia: A Brief Historical Overview of Laws and Regulations

Although traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been a part of the Malaya and the Malaysia people’s method of maintaining health and well-being for many centuries,it was never been enrolled in the public health-care system.However,the rising cost of Western drugs and the increasing number of people frequenting TCM has driven the government to search for cheaper options and to look into its safe practice.In 1992,the government mandated all TCM herbal products to be registered with the National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau.All TCM products sold in Malaysia are now Good Manufacturing Practice certified.The government has also established a Traditional and Complementary Medicine Division within the Ministry of Health.Between 2008 and 2014,a traditional and complementary medicine unit was set up in major hospitals in all states.TCM is one of the main services offered by the unit.In 2016,the government enacted the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Act to regulate the TCM practice.Subsequently,a 10-vear blueprint has been drawn to support the development of all traditional and complementary medicines in Malaysia.This article aims to provide a brief overview on the regulatory development of TCM in Malaysia.

The Centenary of the CPC: Leading the Times by Grasping the Laws and Trends of Historical Development

Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi Jinping’s important statements have systematically answered such questions as what type of laws and trends of historical development should be followed,how did the Party follow the laws and trends of historical development in its centennial history,and how should the laws and trends of historical development be followed in a new era.The birth of the Communist Party of China(CPC),the victory of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and the unveiling of a new era for reform and opening up and socialism with Chinese characteristics are all the results of grasping the laws and trends of historical development.Over the past century,the Party has followed the laws and trends of historical development and continuously advanced the sinicization of Marxism on the basis of adhering to the unification between truth and values.In pursuit of“putting people first,”the Party has courageously been reforming itself and made relentless progress in the great endeavor of Party building.History shows that a keen appreciation of the laws and trends of historical development is an important sign of political maturity for a proletarian party.Only by applying Marxism according to current times and conditions will we keep abreast with the laws and trends of historical development.We should establish a broader concept of history and identify the laws and trends of historical development from the interactions and linkages between China and the rest of the world.We must recognize and promote the outstanding role of great leaders in steering the country in line with the laws and trends of historical development.