Comparative proteomics analysis reveals the domesticated Lepista sordida primordium differentiation regulation mechanism and the subsequent different development patterns in the pileus and stipe

The wild Lepista sordida is a kind of precious and rare edible fungus.An excellent strain of it by artificial domestication was obtained,which was high-yield and high in iron content.In this study,high-throughput comparative proteomics was used to reveal the regulatory mechanism of its primordium differentiation in the early fruiting body formation.The mycelium before the primordium differentiation mainly expressed high levels of mitochondrial functional proteins and carbon dioxide concentration regulatory proteins.In young mushrooms,the highly expressed proteins were mainly involved in cell component generation,cell proliferation,nitrogen compound metabolism,nucleotide metabolism,glutathione metabolism,and purine metabolism.The differential regulation patterns of pileus and stipe growth to maturity were also revealed.The highly expressed proteins related to transcription,RNA splicing,the production of various organelles,DNA conformational change,nucleosome organization,protein processing,maturation and transport,and cell detoxification regulated the pileus development and maturity.The proteins related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism,large amounts of obsolete cytoplasmic parts,nutrient deprivation,and external stimuli regulated the stipe development and maturity.Multiple CAZymes regulated nutrient absorption,morphogenesis,spore production,stress response,and other life activities at different growth and development stages.

Gα_s signaling controls intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development by regulating both Hedgehog and Wnt/β-catenin signaling

How osteoblast cells are induced is a central question for understanding skeletal formation. Abnormal osteoblast differentiation leads to a broad range of devastating craniofacial diseases. Here we have investigated intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development in mouse models of skeletal genetic diseases that exhibit craniofacial bone defects. The GNAS gene encodes Gαs that transduces GPCR signaling. GNAS activation or loss-of-function mutations in humans cause fibrous dysplasia(FD) or progressive osseous heteroplasia(POH) that shows craniofacial hyperostosis or craniosynostosis, respectively. We find here that, while Hh ligand-dependent Hh signaling is essential for endochondral ossification, it is dispensable for intramembranous ossification, where Gαsregulates Hh signaling in a ligand-independent manner. We further show that Gαscontrols intramembranous ossification by regulating both Hh and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, Gαsactivation in the developing cranial bone leads to reduced ossification but increased cartilage presence due to reduced cartilage dissolution, not cell fate switch. Small molecule inhibitors of Hh and Wnt signaling can effectively ameliorate cranial bone phenotypes in mice caused by loss or gain of Gnas function mutations, respectively. Our work shows that studies of genetic diseases provide invaluable insights in both pathological bone defects and normal bone development, understanding both leads to better diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of bone diseases.

Commentary on “Mandible exosomal ssc-mir-133b regulates tooth development in miniature swine via endogenous apoptosis”

This report,"Mandible exosomal ssc-mir-133b regulates tooth development in miniature swine via endogenous apoptosis" by Li et al. is an important step forward in describing the factors that control tooth development in a large animal model. That many of the regulatory miRNA pathways have been elucidated in murine species have always begged the question as to how relevant they

Analysis of Development Regulation in Chinese Regulatory Planning towards the Main Function Zoning Strategy

China is in a process of rapid urbanization. However, along with the dramatically economic growth, there constantly emerges environmental and social constraints which may be great challenges of China＇s future sustainable development. In order to optimize the developmental mode, the latest national plan, ＂The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan （2011-2015）＂, is establishing the ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂, which could be considered as a new prototype of national spatial plan and may cover all Chinese territories. Based on the latest ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂ stipulated in ＂The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan （2011-2015）＂, the article builds main interlinks between the spatial development strategy and urban regulatory planning. Secondly, regulation factors in Chinese regulatory planning, which may implement the task of main function zoning, have been clarified and categorized. For each regulation factor, its regulation capability is defined by applying a coding method developed by the author. Finally, according to the output of the study, the spatial regulation approaches to implementing the ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂ in Chinese regulatory planning are analyzed.

Radial glia interact with primary olfactory axons to regulate development of the olfactory bulb

The developing olfactory system - merging of the periph- eral and central nervous systems： The olfactory system is responsible for the sense of smell and is comprised of a complex topographic map that regenerates throughout life. In rodents each olfactory sensory neuron expresses one of N 1,300 odorant receptors with the neurons being distributed mosaically within the epithelium. The axons of the sensory neurons do not maintain near-neighbour relationships and instead project to disparate topographic targets in the olfac- tory bulb within the central nervous system. The develop- ment of the targets relies on the intermingling of the sensory axons with the interneurons, glia and second order neurons of the olfactory bulb. Thus the formation of the olfactory system involves the coordinated integration of the axons of the peripheral olfactory sensory neurons with the cells of the olfactory bulb.

Screen for stage-specific expression genes between tail bud stage and heartbeat beginning stage in embryogenesis of gynogenetic silver crucian carp

A systemic study was initiated to identify stage-specific expression genes in fish embryogenesis by using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. In this study, we presented a preliminary result on screen for stage-specific expression genes between tail bud stage (TBS) and heartbeat beginning stage (HBS) in gynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Two SSH plasmid libraries specific for TBS embryos and HBS embryos were constructed, and stage-specific expression genes were screened between the two stages. 1963 TBS positive clones and 2466 HBS positive clones were sampled to PCR amplification, and 1373 TBS and 1809 HBS PCR positive clones were selected to carry out dot blots. 169 TBS dot blot positive clones and 272 HBS dot blot positive clones were sequenced. Searching GenBank by using these nucleotide sequences indicated that most of the TBS dot blot positive clones could not be found homologous sequences in the database, while known genes were mainly detected from HBS dot blot positive clones. Of the 79 known genes, 20 were enzymes or kinases involved in important metabolism of embryonic development. Moreover, specific expressions of partial genes were further confirmed by virtual northern blots. This study is the first step for making a large attempt to study temporal and spatial control of gene expression in the gynogenetic fish embryogenesis.

Maternal zinc deficiency impairs brain nestin expression in prenatal and postnatal mice

Effects of maternal dietary zinc deficiency on prenatal and postnatal brain development were investigated in ICR strain mice. From d 1 of pregnancy (E0) until postnatal d 20 (P20), maternal mice were fed experimental diets that contained 1 mg Zn/kg/day (severe zinc deficient, SZD), 5 mg Zn/kg/day (marginal zinc deficient, MZD), 30 mg Zn/kg/day (zinc adequately supplied, ZA) or 100 mg Zn/kg/day (zinc supplemented, ZS and pair-fed, PF). Brains of offspring from these dietary groups were examined at various developmental stages for expression of nestin, an intermediate filament protein found in neural stem cells and young neurons. Immunocytochemistry showed nestin expression in neural tube 10.5 d post citrus (dpc) as well as in the cerebral cortex and neural tube from 10.5 dpc to postnatal d 10 (P10). Nestin immunoreactivities in both brain and neural tube of those zinc-supplemented control groups (ZA, ZS, PF) were stronger than those in zinc-deficient groups (SZD and MZD). Western blot analysis confirmed that nestin levels in pooled brain extracts from each of the zinc-supplemented groups (ZA, ZS, PF) were much higher than those from the zinc-deficient groups (SZD and MZD) from 10.5 dpc to P10. Immunostaining and Western blots showed no detectable nestin in any of the experimental and control group brains after P20. These observations of an association between maternal zinc deficiency and decreased nestin protein levels in brains of offspring suggest that zinc deficiency suppresses development of neural stem cells, an effect which may lead to neuroanatomical and behavioral abnormalities in adults.

Thyroid hormone regulation of apoptotic tissue remodeling during anuran metamorphosis

Anuran metamorphosis involves systematic transformations of individual organs in a thyroid hormone (TH)-dependent manner. Morphological and cellular studies have shown that the removal of larval or- gans/tissues such the tail and the tadpole intestinal epithelium is through programmed cell death or apop- tosis. Recent molecular investigations suggest that TH regulates metamorphosis by regulating target gene expression through thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), which are DNA-binding transcription factors. Cloning and characterization of TH response genes show that diverse groups of early response genes are induced by TH. The products of these TH response genes are believed to directly or indirectly affect the expression and/or functions of cell death genes, which are conserved at both sequence and function levels in different animal species. A major challenge for future research lies at determining the signaling pathways leading to the activation of apoptotic processes and whether different death genes are involved in the regulation of apoptosis in different tissues/organs to effect tissue-specific transformations.

A Model System of Development Regulated by the Long-distance Transport of mRNA

BELl-like transcription factors are ubiquitous in plants and interact with KNOTTEDI-types to regulate numerous developmental processes. In potato, the RNA of several BELl-like transcription factors has been identified in phloem cells. One of these, StBEL5, and its Knox protein partner regulate tuber formation by targeting genes that control growth. RNA detection methods and grafting experiments demonstrated that StBEL5 transcripts move across a graft union to localize in stolon tips, the site of tuber induction. This movement of RNA originates in source leaf veins and petioles and is induced by a short-day photoperiod, regulated by the untranslated regions, and correlated with enhanced tuber production. Addition of the StBEL5 untranslated regions to another BELl.like mRNA resulted in its preferential transport to stolon tips leading to increased tuber production. Upon fusion of the untranslated regions of StBEL5 to a β-glucuronidase marker, translation in tobacco protoplasts was repressed by those constructs containing the 3＇ untranslated sequence. The untranslated regions of the StBEL5 mRNA are involved in mediating its long-distance transport and in controlling translation. The 3＇ untranslated sequence contains an abundance of conserved motifs that may serve as binding motifs for RNA-binding proteins. Because of their presence in the phloem sieve tube system, their unique untranslated region sequences and their diverse RNA accumulation patterns, the family of BEL1-like RNAs from potato represents a valuable model for studying the long-distance transport of full-length mRNAs and their role in development.

Phosphatidic acid plays key roles regulating plant development and stress responses

Phospholipids, including phosphatidic acid （PA）, phosphatidylcholine （PC）, phosphatidylethanolamine （PE）, phosphatidylglycerol （PC）, phosphatidylserine （PS） and phosphoinositides, have emerged as an important class of cellular messenger molecules in various cellular and physiological processes, of which PA attracts much attention of researchers. In addition to its effect on stimulating vesicle trafficking, many studies have demonstrated that PA plays a crucial role in various signaling pathways by binding target proteins and regulating their activity and subcellular localization. Here, we summarize the functional mechanisms and target proteins underlying PA-mediated regulation of cellular signaling, development, hormonal responses, and stress responses in plants.

Regulation of Vascular Development by CLE Peptide-receptor Systems

Cell division and differentiation of stem cells are controlled by non- cell-autonomous signals in higher organisms. The plant vascular meristem is a stem-cell tissue comprising procambial cells that produce xylem cells on one side and phloem cells on the other side. Recent studies have revealed that TDIF （tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor）/CLE41/CLE44 peptide signal controls the procambial cell fate in a non-cell-autonomous manner. TDIF produced in and secreted from phloem cells is perceived by TDR/PXY, a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase located in the plasma membrane of procambial cells. This signal suppresses xylem cell differentiation of procambial cells and promotes their proliferation. In addition to TDIF, some other CLE peptides play roles in vascular development. Here, we summarize recent advances in CLE signaling governing vascular development.

FRUCTOKINASE-LIKE PROTEIN 1 interacts with TRXz to regulate chloroplast development in rice

Chloroplast genes are transcribed by the plastidencoded RNA polymerase（PEP） or nucleus-encoded RNA polymerase. FRUCTOKINASE-LIKE PROTEINS（FLNs） are phosphofructokinase-B（Pfk B）-type carbohydrate kinases that act as part of the PEP complex; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying FLN activity in rice remain elusive.Previously, we identified and characterized a heat-stress sensitive albino（hsa_1） mutant in rice. Map-based cloning revealed that HSA_1 encodes a putative OsFLN_2. Here, we further demonstrated that knockdown or knockout of the OsFLN_1, a close homolog of HSA_1/OsFLN_2, considerably inhibits chloroplast biogenesis and the fln_1 knockout mutants, created by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats（CRISPR） and CRISPR-associate protein_9, exhibit severe albino phenotype and seedling lethality. Moreover, OsFLN_1 localizes to the chloroplast.Yeast two-hybrid, pull-down and bimolecular fluorescencecomplementation experiments revealed that OsFLN_1 and HSA_1/OsFLN_2 interact with THIOREDOXINZ（OsTRXz） to regulate chloroplast development. In agreement with this,knockout of OsTRXz resulted in a similar albino and seedling lethality phenotype to that of the fln_1 mutants. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis revealed that the transcription and translation of PEP-dependent genes were strongly inhibited in fln_1 and trxz mutants, indicating that loss of OsFLN_1, HSA_1/OsFLN_2, or OsTRXz function perturbs the stability of the transcriptionally active chromosome complex and PEP activity. These results show that OsFLN_1 and HSA_1/OsFLN_2 contribute to chloroplast biogenesis and plant growth.

GRAIN INCOMPLETE FILLING 2 regulates grain filling and starch synthesis during rice caryopsis development

Rice grain filling determines grain weight, final yield and grain quality. Here, a rice defective grain filling mutant, gif2, was identified. Grains ofgif2 showed a slower filling rate and a significant lower final grain weight and yield compared to wild-type. The starch content in gilt2 was noticeably decreased and its physicochemical properties were also altered. Moreover, gif2 endosperm cells showed obvious defects in compound granule formation. Posi- tional cloning identified GIF2 to encode an ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase （AGP） large subunit, AGPL2; consequently, AGP enzyme activity in gif2 endosperms was remarkably decreased. GIF2 is mainly expressed in developing grains and the coded protein localizes in the cytosol. Yeast two hybrid assay showed that GIF2 interacted with AGP small subunits OsAGPS% OsAGPS2a and OsAGPS2b. Transcript levels for granule-bound starch synthase, starch synthase, starch branching enzyme and starch debranching enzyme were distinctly elevated in gif2 grains. In addition, the level of nucleotide diversity of the GIF2 locus was extremely low in both cultivated and wild rice. All of these results suggest that GIF2 plays important roles in the regulation of grain filling and starch biosynthesis during caryopsis development, and that it has been preserved during selection throughout domestication of modern rice.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases regulate cell division and development in Arabidopsis roots

Root organogenesis involves cell division, differentiation and expansion. The molecular mechanisms regulating root development are not fully understood. In this study, we identified poly（adenosine diphosphate （ADP）-ribose） polymerases （PARPs） as new players in root development. PARP catalyzes poly（ADP-ribosyl）ation of proteins by repeatedly adding ADP-ribose units onto proteins using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide （NAD ） as the donor. We found that inhibition of PARP activities by 3-aminobenzomide （3-AB） increased the growth rates of both primary and lateral roots, leading to a more developed root system. The double mutant of Arabidopsis PARPs, parplparp2, showed more rapid primary and lateral root growth. Cyclin genes regulating G1-to-S and G2-to-M transition were up-regulated upon treatment by 3-AB. The proportion of 2C ceils increased while cells with higher DNA ploidy declined in the roots of treated plants, resulting in an enlarged root meristematic zone. The expression level of PARP2 was very low in the meristematic zone but high in the maturation zone, consistent with a role of PARP in inhibiting mitosis and promoting cell differentiation. Our results suggest that PARPs play an important role in root development by negatively regulating root cell division.

Receptor-like protein kinases:Key regulators controlling root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Root hairs are tubular outgrowths specifically differentiated from epidermal cells in a differentiation zone. The formation of root hairs greatly increases the surface area of a root and maximizes its ability to absorb water and inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth and development. Root hair development is strictly regulated by intracellular and intercellular signal communications. Cell surface-localized receptor-like protein kinases （P, LKs） have been shown to be important components in these cellular processes, tn this review, the functions of a number of key P, LKs in regulating Arabidopsis root hair development are discussed, especially those involved in root epidermal cell fate determination and root hair tip growth.

Arabidopsis small ubiquitin-related modifier protease ASP1 positively regulates abscisic acid signaling during early seedling development~~

The small ubiquitin-related modifier （SUMO） modification plays an important role in the regulation of abscisic acid （ABA） signaling, but the function of the SUMO protease, in ABA signaling, remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the SUMO protease, ASPI positively regulates ABA signaling. Mutations in ASPI resulted in an ABA-insensitive phenotype, during early seedling develop- ment. Wild-type ASP1 successfully rescued, whereas an ASPI mutant （C577S）, defective in SUMO protease activity, failed to rescue, the ABA-insensitive phenotype of asp1-1. Expression of ABI5 and MYB3o target genes was attenuated in asp^-I and our genetic analyses revealed that ASP1 may function upstream of ABI5 and MYB3o.

An auxin‐responsive endogenous peptide regulates root development in Arabidopsis

Auxin plays critical roles in root formation and development. The components involved in this process, however, are not well understood. Here, we newly identified a peptide encoding gene, auxin-responsive endogenous polypeptide 1 （AREP1）, which is induced by auxin, and mediates root development in Arabidopsis. Expression of AREP1 was specific to the cotyledon and to root and shoot meristem tissues. Amounts of AREP1 transcripts and AREP1-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were elevated in response to indoleacetic acid treatment. Suppression of AREP1 through RNAi silencing resulted in reduction of primary root length, increase of lateral root number, and expansion of adventitious roots, compared to the observations in wild-type plants in the presence of auxin. By contrast, transgenic plants overexpressing AREP1 showed enhanced growth of the primary root under auxin treatment. Additionally, rootmorphology, including lateral root number and adventitious roots, differed greatly between transgenic and wildtype plants. Further analysis indicated that the expression of auxin-responsive genes, such as IAA3, IAA7, IAA17, GH3.2, GH3.3, and SAUR-AC1, was significantly higher in AREP1 RNAi plants, and was slightly lower in AREP1 overexpressing plants than in wildtype plants. These results suggest that the novel endogenous peptide AREP1 plays an important role in the process of auxinmediated root development.

RNA methylation regulates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell development

Methylation of adenosine base on the nitrogen-6 position （N6-methyladenosine, m^6A） is the most common and abundant modification on mRNA transcripts. This post-transcriptional modification was first described in the 1970s in hepatoma cells （Desrosiers et al., 1974）.

Hypoxia Is a Developmental Regulator in Plant Meristems

Despite the presence of about 21%O2 in the atmosphere,organs of plants and mammals are inevitably subject to lower O2 tensions(pO2)due to high O2 demand in metabolic active cells and limited O2 transport efficiency.In humans,for example,the p O2 decreases from the ambient 21%(160 mm Hg)of the inhaled air to 2%-9%in the internal organs(Brahimi-Horn and Pouyssegur,2007).To cope with this limited oxygen supply,aerobic organisms have developed a variety of adaptive responses at cellular,tissue,and organismal levels(Bailey-Serres et al.,2012).Although low O2 tensions are the normal conditions for organs,the ambient 21%O2 is usually referred to as normoxia and the lower internal concentrations as hypoxia(van Dongen and Licausi,2015).

China to Regulate Land Development and Real Estate Market

China’s Ministry of Land and Resources on Feb. 18 has issued an urgent notification on regulating the country’s real estate market. The notification has been already released to all of the Chinese provincial land and resources bureaus, autonomous regions and municipalities, requires the strict control of land development for the building of commercial housing.