Proton pitch angle distributions in the Martian induced magnetosphere: A survey of Tianwen-1 Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer observations

The pitch angle distributions of ions and electrons can be affected by various processes;thus,they can serve as an important indicator of the physical mechanisms driving the dynamics of space plasmas.From observations from the Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer onboard the Tianwen-1 orbiter,we calculated the pitch angle distributions of protons in the Martian induced magnetosphere by using information from the magnetohydrodynamically simulated magnetic field,and we statistically analyzed the spatial occurrence pattern of different types of pitch angle distributions.Even though no symmetrical features were seen in the dataset,we found the dominance of the field-aligned distribution type over the energy range from 188 to 6232 eV.Maps of the occurrence rate showed the preferential presence of a trapped-like distribution at the lower altitudes of the surveyed nightside region.Although our results are more or less restricted by the adopted magnetic field,they indicate the complexity of the near-Mars proton pitch angle distributions and infer the possibility of wave–particle interactions in the Martian induced magnetosphere.

Influence of Jet Angle and Ion Density of Cathode Side on Low Current Vacuum Arc Characteristics

In this study, the influence of the initial jet angles （IJAs） and ion number densities （INDs） at the cathode side on the low current vacuum arc （LCVA） characteristics is simulated and analysed. The results show that the ion temperature, electron temperature, ion number density, axial current density and plasma pressure all decrease with the increase of the cathode IJAs. It is also shown that LCVA can cause a current constriction for lower cathode IND, and the anode sheath potential is more nonuniform, which is mainly related to the nonuniform distribution of the axial current density at the anode side.

Scanning transmission electron microscopy: A review of high angle annular dark field and annular bright field imaging and applications in lithium-ion batteries

Scanning transmission electron microscopy（STEM） has been shown as powerful tools for material characterization,especially after the appearance of aberration-corrector which greatly enhances the resolution of STEM. High angle annular dark field（HAADF） and annular bright field（ABF） imaging of the aberration-corrected STEM are widely used due to their high-resolution capabilities and easily interpretable image contrasts. However, HAADF mode of the STEM is still limited in detecting light elements due to the weak electron-scattering power. ABF mode of the STEM could detect light and heavy elements simultaneously, providing unprecedented opportunities for probing unknown structures of materials. Atomiclevel structure investigation of materials has been achieved by means of these imaging modes, which is invaluable in many fields for either improving properties of materials or developing new materials. This paper aims to provide a introduction of HAADF and ABF imaging techniques and reviews their applications in characterization of cathode materials, study of electrochemical reaction mechanisms, and exploring the effective design of lithium-ion batteries（LIBs）. The future prospects of the STEM are also discussed.

Mimicking a Superhydrophobic Insect Wing by Argon and Oxygen Ion Beam Treatment on Polytetrafluoroethylene Film

Biological tiny structures have been observed on many kinds of surfaces such as lotus leaves and insect wings,which enhance the hydrophobicity of the natural surfaces and play a role of self-cleaning.We presented the fabrication technology of a superhydrophobic surface using high energy ion beam.Artificial insect wings that mimic the morphology and the superhydrophobocity of cicada's wings were successfully fabricated using argon and oxygen ion beam treatment on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)film.The wing structures were supported by carbon/epoxy fibers as artificial flexible veins that were bonded through an autoclave process.The morphology of the fabricated surface bears a strong resemblance to the wing surface of a cicada,with contact angles greater than 160°,which could be sustained for more than two months.

Simulation Studies of Rib Structure Effect on Discharge Characteristics of Plasma Display Panel

To investigate the effect of the rib structure on the discharge characteristics of the plasma display panel, the potential distribution, particles density distribution and ions incident angle distribution were examined by simulation of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision, with two kinds of rib structure： the stripe rib structure and the Waffle rib structure. The results showed that the distribution of electric potential at the corner of the discharge cell was almost the same for these two rib structures while in the centre there was a difference between these two rib structures. The striation phenomenon could be observed in both cases. The distribution of density also indicated that the striation phenomenon was accompanied by the firing of discharge, and the Waffle rib structure might reduce the density humps. In the cell with a stripe rib structure, the profiles of the surface charge density along the sustained dielectric layer presented a better fluctuating distribution than that in the cell with a Waffle rib structure. The spatial potential and particle density in the discharge bulk showed that the Waffle ribs could weaken the striation phenomenon, which could be explained by the decrease in the particle numbers in the discharge cell. The simulation results of the ion incident angle showed that most ions impacted the sustained dielectric layer in the normal stripe rib cell with an incident angle in the range of 6° to 19° while with the Waffle rib structure the incident angle of most ions was in the range of 4° to 19°. The Waffle rib structure did not affect the angle distribution of incident ions significantly.

STUDY ON IMAGE EDGE PROPERTY LOCATION BASED ON FRACTAL THEORY

A novel approach of printed circuit board(PCB)image locating is presented Based on the rectangle mark image edge of PCB,the featur es is used to describe the image edge and the fractal properby of image edge is analyzed It is proved that the rectangle mark image edge of PCB has some fractal features A method of deleting unordinary curve noise and compensating the length of the fractal curve is put forward,which can get the fractal dimension value from one complex edge fractal property curve The relation between the dim ension of the fractal curve and the turning angle of image can be acquired from an equation,as a result,the angle value of the PCB image is got exactly A real image edge analysis result confirms that the method based on the fractal theory is a new powerful tool for angle locating on PCB and related image area.

Competition between fusion-evaporation and multifragmentation in central collisions in ^(58)Ni+^(48)Ca at 25A MeV

The experimental data concerning the58Ni+48Ca reaction at Elab(Ni)=25A MeV,collected by using the CHIMERA 4π device,have been analyzed in order to investigate the competition among different reaction mechanisms for central collisions in the Fermi energy domain.As a main criterion for centrality selection we have chosen the flow angle(flow) method,making an event-by-event analysis that considers the shape of events,as it is determined by the eigenvectors of the experimental kinetic-energy tensor.For the selected central events(flow >60°) some global variables,good to characterize the pattern of central collisions have been constructed.The main features of the reaction products were explored by using different constraints on some of the relevant observables,like mass and velocity distributions and their correlations.Much emphasis was devoted,for central collisions,to the competition between fusion-evaporation processes with subsequent identification of a heavy residue and a possible multifragmentation mechanism of a well defined(if any) transient nuclear system.Dynamical evolution of the system and pre-equilibrium emission were taken into account by simulating the reactions in the framework of transport theories.Different approaches have been envisaged(dynamical stochastic BNV calculations + sequential SIMON code,QMD,CoMD,etc.).Preliminary comparison of the experimental data with BNV calculations shows reasonable agreement with the assumption of sequential multifragmentation emission in the mass region of IMFs close to the heavy residues.Possible deviations from sequential processes were found for those IMFs in the region of masses intermediate between the mass of heavy residues and the mass of light IMFs.Further simulations are in progress.The experimental analysis will be enriched also by information obtained inspecting the IMF-IMF correlation function,in order to elucidated the nature of space-time decay property of the emitting source associated with events having the largest IMF multiplicity.

Monte Carlo simulation of lattice analysis of complex LaCeTh0.1CuOy using ion bombardment technique

Ion bombardment analysis of perovskite materials is challenging owing to their peculiar structure.This shortcoming renders the reliability on the technique somewhat questionable.In this research,three structured modifications(i.e.,scan angle,low energy,and large ion bombardment)were adopted to improve the ion bombardment analysis of 99,999 ions using Monte Carlo simulations.The modified technique was used to analyze the effects of a chemically pressurized‘‘A’’site in the perovskite lattice system.The LaCeTh0.1Cu2Oy compound was used in this experiment.Despite the low probing energy,it was observed that the high number of ions bombarding the material resulted in external pressure on the lattice structure of the material.Moreover,the chemically pressurized‘‘A’’site perovskite material was characterized by lattice mismatch,lattice fluctuations,grain boundary collapse,and oxygen displacement.The novel discovery of this research is the inter-and intra-extended lattice mismatches that are likely to connect.Hence,further investigation of the connection between inter-and intraextended lattice mismatches is recommended as they may enable fabrication of room-temperature superconductors.

INVESTIGATION INTO THE SURFACE ENERGY OF IMPLANTED SURFACES

The critical surface energy of steels surface modified by ion implantation was evaluated. Zisman’s method was used to investigate the critical surface energy of 40Cr, # 45, GCr15, 1Crl8Ni9Ti steels implanted under the different conditions from the contact angle data. The critical surface energy in steel shows a general tendency to decrease with the increase of implanting energy and dose. On the grounds of the relationship between the energy of adhesion of sliding interfaces and the solid surface energy, reduction of friction and increase of wear resistance of the implanted surfaces have been demonstrated experimentally.

Second-Order Resonant Interaction of Ring Current Protons with Whistler-Mode Waves

We present a study on the second-order resonant interaction between the ring current protons with Whistler-mode waves propagating near the quasi electrostatic limit following the previous second-order resonant theory. The diffusion coefficients are proportional to the electric field amplitude E, much greater than those for the regular first-order resonance, which are proportional to the electric field amplitudes square E^2. Numerical calculations for the pitch angle scattering are performed for typical energies of protons Ek = 50 keV and 100 keV at locations L = 2 and L = 3.5. The timescale for the loss process of protons by the Whistler waves is found to approach one hour, comparable to that by the EMIC waves, suggesting that Whistler waves may also contribute significantly to the ring current decay under appropriate conditions.

半球谐振陀螺四次谐波质量调平方法

半球谐振陀螺关键指标频率裂解值直接影响陀螺性能,需要通过调平降低半球谐振子环向质量分布四次谐波分量,从而获得极小的频率裂解值。针对上述需求,分析半球谐振子环向质量不均匀分布情况,指出四次谐波质量是频率裂解产生的主因,建立半球谐振子频率裂解值与四次谐波质量的关系,分析频率裂解值对陀螺性能的影响。仿真研究半球谐振子质量去除位置与频率裂解的关系,给出调平方法。针对裸半球谐振子设计化学调平方法并完成实验,实现频率裂解值由2380.7mHz降低至7.2mHz;设计离子束调平方法并完成实验,实现频率裂解值由89.9mHz降低至1.4mHz;针对镀膜后装配的半球谐振子,设计离子束调平方法,实现频率裂解值由9.96mHz降低至0.15mHz,优于导航级半球谐振陀螺要求的0.5mHz。

光栅阀角度对电弧离子镀TiN薄膜结构及性能的影响

通过调整光栅阀角度开展对电弧离子镀TiN薄膜结构及力学性能的研究。实验结果表明:光栅阀角度对TiN薄膜的择优取向无明显影响,薄膜均以TiN(200)面择优取向为主;随着光栅阀角度的增加,TiN薄膜中N与Ti原子比均呈欠化学计量比,且先增加而后降低,在光栅阀角度为10°时N与Ti原子比最高;TiN薄膜表面粗糙度随着光栅阀角度增加整体呈增加趋势;在光栅阀角度为10°时,TiN薄膜呈现出最高硬度和最低磨损率,具有最佳力学和耐磨性能。在电弧离子镀真空镀膜过程中,光栅阀角度通过影响气体流量进而影响薄膜性能,但对于TiN薄膜结构无明显影响,只有选择合适的光栅阀角度才能有助于薄膜综合性能的改善。

一种基于聚焦离子束的石英玻璃平面透射电镜试样制备方法

使用聚焦离子束制备含有贯通纳米孔的石英玻璃平面TEM试样时,会出现试样硬度高、导电性差、试样片厚度过大等问题。改变试样U型切割时的倾转角,可在低加工束流下将试样薄片快速截断、分离并转移,避免加工时试样发生漂移损坏,或因长时间加工而出现反沉积现象,制备出的贯通纳米孔石英玻璃平面TEM试样衬度均匀、损伤少。该方法为深入研究激光刻蚀对石英玻璃结构的影响奠定了基础,同时也为使用聚焦离子束制备相近材料的平面TEM试样提供了技术参考。

基于正交试验法的FEEP聚焦电极阵列设计策略

为消除场致发射电推力器(Field emission electric propulsion,FEEP)羽流发散角度过大给推进器寿命和可靠性带来的不利影响,研究了聚焦电极阵列空间位置对羽流聚焦效果的影响,并通过正交试验法给出了最优电极分布。通过数值仿真对FEEP的离子运动过程建模,采用正交试验方法电极阵列进行研究,关注其在不同空间位置下的聚焦效果,得到了离子出射半角分布和推力大小。结果表明,聚焦极的位置决定了羽流的聚焦效果,其次是提取极和加速极;聚焦极径向距离发射极1600μm,且提取极径向和轴向坐标为(800μm,500μm)时能得到最优的聚焦效果。本文验证了正交试验方法在聚焦电极阵列设计上的可行性,同时还为聚焦电极阵列设计提供了有效的分析方法和设计策略。

In situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering observation of block-copolymer templated formation of magnetic nanodot arrays and their magnetic properties

The fabrication of bit-patterned media （BPM） is crucial for new types of hard disk drives. The development of methods for the production of BPM is progressing rapidly. Conventional lithography reaches the limit regarding lateral resolution, and new routes are needed. In this study, we mainly focus on the dependence of the size and shape of magnetic nanodots on the Ar＋-ion etching duration, using silica dots as masks. Two-dimensional （2D） arrays of magnetic nanostructures are created using silica-filled diblock-copolymer micelles as templates. After the self-assembly of the micelles into 2D hexagonal arrays, the polymer shell is removed, and the SiO2 cores are utilized to transform the morphology into a （Co/Pt）2-multilayer via ion etching under normal incidence. The number of preparation steps is kept as low as possible to simplify the formation of the nanostructure arrays. High-resolution in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering （GISAXS） investigations are performed during the Ar＋-ion etching to monitor and control the fabrication process. The in situ investigation provides information on how the etching conditions can be improved for further ex situ experiments. The GISAXS patterns are compared with simulations. We observe that the dots change in shape from cylindrical to conical during the etching process. The magnetic behavior is studied by utilizing the magneto-optic Kerr effect. The Co/Pt dots exhibit different magnetic behaviors depending on their size, interparticle distance, and etching time. They show ferromagnetism with an easy axis of magnetization perpendicular to the film. A systematic dependence of the coercivitv on the dot size is observed.

低能离子束表面改性对聚碳酸酯(PC)润湿性能的影响

本文利用氩氧混合低能离子束对双酚A型聚碳酸酯(PC)透明材料进行表面改性,主要研究了改性前后表面润湿性的变化。结果表明,改性后的PC表面润湿性能得到了明显的改善,经XPS分析发现,改性后的PC表面生成了大量的含氧极性基团,使得表面含氧量有了很大的提高。原子力显微镜(AFM)的测试结果表明,改性后的PC表面粗糙度先减小后增大。

反应离子刻蚀和自组装分子膜构建硅基底疏水与超疏水表面

采用反应离子刻蚀技术在Si(100)表面加工微米级圆柱阵列,采用自组装技术分别制备了3种硅烷自组装分子膜.结果表明,采用反应离子刻蚀构建出的4种微米级圆柱阵列结构规整,其直径为5μm,高度为10μm,间距为15～45μm.沉积自组装分子膜后,试样表面的水接触角显著增大,其中沉积1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三氯硅烷(FDTS)自组装分子膜接触角最大,1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟辛烷基三氯硅烷(FOTS)次之,三氯十八硅烷(OTS)最小.测得的接触角大于150°时接近Cassie方程计算的接触角,而小于150°时接近Wenzel方程计算的接触角.改变圆柱阵列的间距和选择不同的自组装分子膜,可以控制表面接触角的大小.原子力显微镜(AFM)观测结果显示,沉积自组装分子膜可以产生纳米级的团簇.由微米级圆柱阵列和纳米级自组装分子膜构成的表面结构使Si试样表面接触角最大可达156.0°.

混凝土收缩裂缝几何特征及其对氯离子渗透的影响

为准确表达收缩裂缝的几何特征并分析其对混凝土中氯离子渗透规律的影响,通过对干缩开裂混凝土板进行取样,观测和统计分析了收缩裂缝的几何特征,并采用ASTM法研究了裂缝对混凝土中氯离子渗透的影响规律.结果表明:混凝土收缩裂缝存在显著的深宽比特征,其均值约为44.31,开裂角度均值约为2.6度;对比不同的裂缝宽度表征参量如最大宽度、最小宽度、平均宽度以及比表面积等与ASTM法6 h电通量关系后发现,最大宽度是表征裂缝对开裂混凝土渗透性影响的适宜参量;开裂混凝土中氯离子的渗透系数与裂缝最大宽度成正线性关系,并且当收缩裂缝宽度小于0.18 mm时,裂缝对渗透系数影响可以忽略.收缩裂缝的宽度变化会显著影响混凝土的抗渗性能,实际工程中应该根据混凝土保护层厚度来确定其容许的最大裂缝宽度.

铋碲酸盐玻璃中钐离子的光学和光谱特性

制备了高折射率钐离子掺杂铋碲酸盐玻璃,测量并利用Brewster定律计算的玻璃折射率nd=2.344。测试与分析了玻璃的吸收和荧光光谱,根据Judd Ofelt理论对吸收光谱进行了拟合,求得Sm3+的光谱参量Ωt(t=2,4,6)分别为4.73×10^(-20),2.78×10^(-20),1.77×10^(-20)cm2,并进一步计算了Sm3+在玻璃中各能级跃迁的振子强度、自发辐射跃迁几率、辐射寿命和荧光分支比等光谱参数。激发光谱表明:氩离子激光器和紫外、蓝色激光二极管及发光二极管是Sm^(3+)掺杂铋碲酸盐玻璃有效的泵浦光源。

离子束刻蚀入射角对图形侧壁陡度影响的研究

介绍了离子束刻蚀的二次效应对图形轮廓以及离子束刻蚀入射角对图形侧壁陡度的影响。利用能量为450eV,束流密度为80mA/cm2的离子束分别以0°、15°、30°、45°和60°的刻蚀入射角对石英基片进行了刻蚀,得到了不同离子束入射角度下的图形侧壁的陡直情况。从电镜照片中可以看出,以30°入射角刻蚀出的图形质量最佳。结果表明,在离子束刻蚀中,选择适当的离子束入射角可以提高图形侧壁陡度,改善图形质量。因此对于离子束刻蚀来说,为控制二次效应,保证图形质量,必须重视离子束入射角的选择。