Intensified reactive extraction of 4-hydroxypyridine with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in 1-octanol by using tributyl phosphate

The efficient separation of amphoteric organic compounds from dilute solutions is of great importance in the industrial field. In the present work, the reactive extractions of 4-hydroxypyridine(4-HP) with tributyl phosphate(TBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid(D2EHPA) and TBP + D2EHPA dissolved in 1-octanol were investigated, respectively. The influences of the initial concentrations of TBP, D2EHPA and TBP + D2EHPA on distribution ratio(D) were discussed, as well as the reactive extraction mechanism were proposed. The obvious intensification effect was observed when the mixture of TBP and D2EHPA was used as extractant. The best extraction conditions were found to be of the molar ratio of D2EHPA and TBP at 2:1 and the equilibrium aqueous pH at 3.50-4.50. D values increased with the increase of the total concentration of TBP and D2EHPA in 1-octanol. Especially, the analysis on the extraction mechanisms clearly indicate(i) TBP in 1-octanol shows negligible reactive extraction toward 4-HP,(ii) D2EHPA in 1-octanol exhibits moderate extraction effect by forming 4-HP:D2EHPA(1:1) and 4-HP:2D2EHPA(1:2) type complexes, while(iii) D2EHPA in TBP/1-octanol demonstrates the maximum distribution ratio with the 4-HP:D2EHPA(1:1) type complex domination. The discussion provides new insights on the mechanism and opens a new way for the intensified extraction of amphoteric organic compounds by using the mixture of multiple extractants in the diluent.

Green tea polyphenols alleviate di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced liver injury in mice

BACKGROUND Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)is a common plasticizer known to cause liver injury.Green tea is reported to exert therapeutic effects on heavy metal exposureinduced organ damage.However,limited studies have examined the therapeutic effects of green tea polyphenols(GTPs)on DEHP-induced liver damage.AIM To evaluate the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of GTPs on DEHP-induced liver damage.METHODS C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following five groups:Control,model[DEHP(1500 mg/kg bodyweight)],treatment[DEHP(1500 mg/kg bodyweight)+GTP(70 mg/kg bodyweight),oil,and GTP(70 mg/kg bodyweight)]groups.After 8 wk,the liver function,blood lipid profile,and liver histopathology were examined.Differentially expressed micro RNAs(miRNAs)and mRNAs in the liver tissues were examined using high-throughput sequencing.Additionally,functional enrichment analysis and immune infiltration prediction were performed.The miRNA-mRNA regulatory axis was elucidated using the starBase database.Protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry.RESULTS GTPs alleviated DHEP-induced liver dysfunction,blood lipid dysregulation,fatty liver disease,liver fibrosis,and mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum lesions in mice.The infiltration of macrophages,mast cells,and natural killer cells varied between the model and treatment groups.mmu-miR-141-3p(a differentially expressed miRNA),Zcchc24(a differentially expressed mRNA),and Zcchc24(a differentially expressed protein)constituted the miRNA-mRNA-protein regulatory axis involved in mediating the therapeutic effects of GTPs on DEHP-induced liver damage in mice.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that GTPs mitigate DEHP-induced liver dysfunction,blood lipid dysregulation,fatty liver disease,and partial liver fibrosis,and regulate immune cell infiltration.Additionally,an important miRNAmRNA-protein molecular regulatory axis involved in mediating the therapeutic effects of GTPs on DEHP-induced liver damage was elucidated.

Glycerin Monostearate Aggravates Male Reproductive Toxicity Caused by Di(2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate in Rats

Human beings are increasingly exposed to phthalates,which are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break,and simultaneously ingesting abundant food emulsifiers via daily diet.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the food emulsifier glycerin monostearate(GMS)on male reproductive toxicity caused by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP,one of the phthalates)and explore the underlying mechanism.Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group,DEHP group and DEHP+GMS group.Rats in the DEHP group and DEHP+GMS group were orally administered with 200 mg/kg/d DEHP with or without 20 mg/kg/d GMS.After 30 days of continuous intervention,it was found that the serum testosterone level was significantly lowered in DEHP group and DEHP+GMS group than that in control group(P<0.01).The serum testosterone level and the relative testis weight were significantly decreased in the DEHP+GMS group as compared with those in the DEHP group and control group(P<0.05).More spermatids were observed to be shed off in DEHP+GMS group than in DEHP group.The expression levels of cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1(Chkl),cell division cycle gene 2(Cdc2),and cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2)were down-regulated in DEHP group,and this tendency was more significant in DEHP+GMS group(P<0.05 or P<0.01).There was no significant difference in the P-glycoprotein(P-gp)expression between DEHP group and control group.However,P-gp was markedly down-regulated in DEHP+GMS group(P<O.Ol).The results indicated that the food emulsifier GMS aggravated the toxicity of DEHP on male reproduction by inhibiting the cell cycle of testicular cells and the expression of P-gp in testis tissues.

Structure Reactivity Studies on the Extraction of Rare Earths by Di(2-ethylhexyl)chloroalkyl Phosphonates

The extractive separation properties and the extractive regularity of the lanthanide elements by five di(2-ethylhexyl)alkyl phosphonates with various alkyl structure:di(2-ethylhexyl)chloromethyl phosphonate CH_2ClP(O) (OC_8H_(17)-i)_2(1),di(2-ethylhexyl)β-chloroethyl phosphonate ClCH_2CH_2P(O) (OC_8H_(17)-i)_2 (2),di(2-ethylhexyl)α-chloroethyl phosphonate CH_3CHClP(O)(OC_8H_(17)-i)_2 (3),and corresponding di(2-ethylhexyl)methyl phosphonate CH_3P(O)(OC_8H_(17)-i)_2 (4),di(2-ethylhexyl)ethyl phosphonate C_2H_5P(O) (OC_8H_(17)-i)_2 (5),in nitrate system have been studied.The coordination compounds were prepared. The structure of these extractants and their coordination compounds were further explored by IR and ^(31)P NMR spectra.

Impairment of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Cellular Immunity in Kunming Mice

Immunity is crucial to the health of animals and it can determine their survival and fitness. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer and hence is the most abundant phthalate in the environment. Exposure to DEHP is of great concern for human health. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to DEHP would suppress T cell-mediated immunity in mice. Twenty adult male Kunming mice were randomly assigned into the control (n = 10) and the DEHP treatment (n = 10) groups. Both groups have free access to food and water, while the mice in the latter group drank DEHP solution (2000 mg/L) for 42 days. T cell-mediated immunity assessed by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response was depressed in the DEHP treated mice compared with the controls, however, wet thymus and spleen mass, white blood cells were not influenced by DEHP treatment. Taken together, different immunological parameters responded differently to DEHP treatment in Kunming mice.

Reducing children’s exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in homes and kindergartens in China:Impact on lifetime cancer risks and burden of disease

Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)in the indoor environment has been linked with significant health risks for Chinese children.Multi-phase DEHP concentrations in Chinese residences and kindergartens were estimated using a mass balance model based on the current baseline condition and control strategies(i.e.,increasing ventilation rate,reducing area of sources,using mechanical ventilation systems,and using portable air cleaners).The health benefits of each control strategy were quantified as the reduction in lifetime cancer risks(LCR)and burden of disease(BoD).In the current situation,the mean LCR and disability-adjusted life years(DALY)number attributable to indoor DEHP exposure for Chinese children were around 6.0×10^(−6) and 155 thousand,respectively.The mean LCR and DALY might be reduced by 25%-54%and 16%-40%,respectively,by increasing air exchange rates by 100%,reducing the use of source materials by two-thirds or deploying commercial air cleaners in naturally ventilated buildings.Meanwhile,avoidable DALYs could result in a reduction of mean economic losses of 2.2-5.3 billion RMB.Mechanical ventilation systems with filtration units may not be helpful for reducing children’s health risks.House-specific and tailor-made control measures are critical in lowering indoor exposure to DEHP to promote sustainable buildings and children’s health in China.

Maslinic acid supplementation prevents di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced apoptosis via PRDX6 in peritubular myoid cells of Chinese forest musk deer

Chinese forest musk deer(FMD),an endangered species,have exhibited low reproductive rates even in captivity due to stress conditions.Investigation revealed the presence of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP),an environmental endocrine disruptor,in the serum and skin of captive FMDs.Feeding FMDs with maslinic acid(MA)has been observed to alleviate the stress response and improve reproductive rates,although the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the alleviation of DEHP-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in primary peritubular myoid cells(PMCs)through MA intake.Primary PMCs were isolated and exposed to DEHP in vitro.The results demonstrated that DEHP significantly suppressed antioxidant levels and promoted cell apoptosis in primary PMCs.Moreover,interfering with the expression of PRDX6 was found to induce excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)production and cell apoptosis in primary PMCs.Supplementation with MA significantly upregulated the expression of PRDX6,thereby attenuating DEHP-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in primary PMCs.These findings provide a theoretical foundation for mitigating stress levels and enhancing reproductive capacity of in captive FMDs.

An Estimation of the Daily Intake of Di(2-ethlhexyl) Phthalate(DEHP) among Workers in Flavoring Factories

Objective To estimate the daily intake of DEHP among workers in flavoring factories. Methods 71 workers in two flavoring manufacturers, 27 administrators in those factories and 31 laboratory technicians in a research institute were recruited and assigned to exposure group, control group 1 and control group 2 respectively. Their urinary DEHP metabolites, mono（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （MEHP）, mono-（2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl） phthalate （MEHHP）, mono-（2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl） phthalate （MEOHP）, were detected by isotope dilution-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS）. The urinary metabolites concentrations were converted into DEHP intake levels using two pharmacokinetic models： the urine creatinine-excretion （UCE） one and the urine volume （UV） one. Results No significant differences were found among the three groups. Based on the urinary concentrations of Z3MEHP, we got a median daily DEHP intake of 3.22 or 1.85 μg/kg body-weight/day applying the UV or UCE models respectively. Depending on the UV model, three subjects （2.34%） exceeded the RfD value given by US EPA and the P50 of estimate daily DEHP intakes accounted for 16.10% of the RfD value. No subjects exceeded the limitation depending on the UCE model. Conclusion The workers in flavoring factories were not supposed to be the high DEHP exposure ones and their exposure level remained at a low risk.

Tb(III) Transport in Dispersion Supported Liquid Membrane System with D2EHPA as Carrier in Kerosene

The transport of Tb（III） in dispersion supported liquid membrane（DSLM） with polyvinylidene fluoride membrane（PVDF） as the support and dispersion solution including HCl solution as the stripping solution and di（2-ethylhexyl） phosphoric acid（D2EHPA） dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution, has been studied. The effects of pH value, initial concentration of Tb（III） and different ionic strength in the feed phase, volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution, concentration of HCl solution, concentration of carrier, different stripping agents in the dispersion phase on the transport of Tb（III） have also been investigated, respectively. As a result, the optimum transport conditions of Tb（III） were obtained, i.e., the concentration of HCl solution was 4.0 mol/L, the concentration of D2EHPA was 0.16 mol/L, the volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution was 30：30 in the dispersion phase and pH value was 4.5 in the feed phase. Ionic strength had no obvious effect on the transport of Tb（III）. Under the optimum conditions, the transport percentage of Tb（III） was up to 96.1% in a transport time of 35 min when the initial concentration of Tb（IIl） was 1.0× 10 -4 mol/L. The diffusion coefficient of Tb（III） in the membrane and the thickness of diffusion layer between feed phase and membrane phase were obtained and the values were 1.82×10 -8 m2/s and 5.61 um, respectively. The calculated results were in good agreement with the literature data.

Aquatic toxicity of di (2-eihylhexyl) phthalate to duckweeds

This study is concerned with the effects of di （2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP） on two kinds of duckweeds （Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor）.The results indicate that DEHP has aquatic toxicity to Spirodela polyrhiza at 0.4 mg/L and to Lemna minor at over 0.1 mg/L by changing their physiologic-biochemical characteristics.The contents of duckweed chlorophyll and soluble protein decrease with increasing DEHP concentration after 7 d of exposure.DEHP shows the stimulating role in catalase （CAT） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） systems at relative low levels.At 0.01 mg/L and 0.005 mg/L,SOD activities of Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor reach their peak values respectively,while CAT activity reaches its maximum value at 0.05 mg/L and 0.01 mg/L.When DEHP levels are too high,the protection enzyme system would be destroyed and plant growth is inhibited.The analysis of malondialdehyde （MDA） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy manifest that DEHP could affect the tested duckweeds by destroying its cell membranes,and Spirodela polyrhiza is more resistant to DEHP exposure than Lemna minor.

改性β沸石催化剂上己二酸与2-乙基己醇的酯化反应

用改性β沸石作催化剂，研究了己二酸与２－乙基己醇的酯化反应，讨论了阳离子交换度、焙烧温度及表面酸性对催化活性的影响。结果表明，己二酸二异辛酯的产率随离子交换度的增加而增加，Ｈβ沸石催化剂的焙烧温度为５００℃时，己二酸二异辛酯的产率有一极大值；在同样反应条件下。

固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱法测定塑料浸泡液中己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯

采用固相微萃取技术和气相色谱 -质谱法 ,以己二酸二(1_丁基戊基)酯为内标 ,测定塑料浸泡液中己二酸二(2_乙基己基)酯 ,考察了盐效应、萃取温度、萃取时间和热解吸时间等因素对方法灵敏度的影响 ;方法简便、准确、灵敏度高 ;该法对己二酸二(2_乙基己基)酯的检出限为0.05μg/L(S/N=3) ;回收率为90%～94% ,相对标准偏差为5.52 %。

己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯灌胃染毒对大鼠的一般生殖毒性研究

目的:观察己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHA)灌胃染毒对亲代大鼠的一般毒性、交配行为和对胎仔生长发育的影响。方法:将120只成年SPF级SD大鼠按体质量随机分为4组,分别为对照组(玉米油)和低、中、高剂量[分别为28、170、1080 mg/(kg·d)]DEHA染毒组,每组30只,雌∶雄比例2∶1,采用灌胃方式给予受试物,每天灌胃1次,雄鼠染毒10周、雌鼠染毒2周后同组动物合笼。各组雄鼠结束染毒后,雌鼠在交配期、妊娠期持续染毒至实验结束,测定亲代大鼠体质量、相关脏器质量及其脏器系数并进行组织病理检查,测定亲代大鼠血清生化指标。记录交配成功天数、怀孕动物数、每窝胎仔数和胎仔体质量。结果:与对照组比较,在亲代大鼠中,高剂量DEHA染毒组亲代雄性大鼠终体质量减少(P<0.01)、睾丸脏器系数增加(P<0.05),谷草转氨酶(AST)水平、肌酐(CREA)水平均升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,高剂量组亲代雌性大鼠肝脏和肾脏质量及肝、肾脏器系数均增加(P<0.01或P<0.05),低剂量组亲代雌性大鼠AST水平降低(P<0.05);高剂量组亲代雌性大鼠血清球蛋白(GLO)、总胆固醇(TC)水平均升高(P<0.05);高剂量组的胎仔体质量降低(P<0.01)。组织病理学检查结果未见明显异常。结论:DEHA灌胃染毒可影响亲代大鼠体质量增长,对亲代大鼠肝、肾有毒性作用,引起胎仔生长发育障碍。

复合固体超强酸SO_4^(2-)/ZrO_2-TiO_2催化合成己二酸二(2-乙基)己酯

以复合固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-TiO2为催化剂合成了己二酸二(2-乙基)己酯,考察了催化剂用量、酸醇投料比和反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明,最佳合成工艺条件为:催化剂用量为1.5%(占总投料量质量分数)、酸醇投料比为n(己二酸)∶n(2-EH)=1∶2.5、反应温度195～200℃、反应时间2.5 h,此时产品收率达97.6%。催化剂可重复使用6次,再生容易。

气相色谱/质谱联用测定嫩江水中己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯

采用超声波提取技术,用正己烷提取嫩江水中己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯增塑剂,以气相色谱/质谱联用选择离子监测法检测,外标法定量。对己二酸二(2一乙基己基)酯的检出限为0.32μg/L(S/N=3);回收率为90%-97%,相对标准偏差为4.59%。该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于江河水中中己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的测定。

癸二酸二-2-乙基己酯和己二酸二-2-乙基己酯热氧化安定性分析

用高压釜模拟氧化试验,考察了不同温度下空气,纯氧和N-苯基-α-萘胺抗氧剂对癸二酸二-2-乙基己酯和己二酸二-2-乙基己酯热氧化安定的影响。分析了癸二酸二-2-乙基己酯和己二酸二-2-乙基己酯氧化后的运动黏度,酸值和倾点变化。结果表明,纯氧对癸二酸二-2-乙基己酯和己二酸二-2-乙基己酯的酸值影响大于空气,而对运动黏度和倾点的影响较小。N-苯基-α-萘胺抗氧剂够有效抑制酸癸二酸二-2-乙基己酯和己二酸二-2-乙基己酯的酸值增加。己二酸二-2-乙基己酯对N-苯基-α-萘胺抗氧剂的感受性优于癸二酸二-2-乙基己酯。

液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定石化废水中二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯

建立了液液萃取—气相色谱-质谱法测定石化废水中二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯(DEHA)的新方法。优化的液液萃取条件为:萃取剂乙酸乙酯,水样调成酸性(pH<2),每次加入萃取剂0.1 mL/mL、盐析剂NaCl 0.15 g/mL,萃取6次,每次萃取时间2 min,氮吹浓缩水浴温度35℃。实验结果表明:在质量浓度0.1~100 mg/L的范围内,校准曲线的线性关系良好;检出限为0.15μg/L,定量限为0.5μg/L,加标回收率为93%~101%,相对标准偏差(n=7)小于2.9%。本法适用于石化废水中DEHA的测定。

二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯检测方法研究进展

二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯(DEHA)是一种广泛使用的增塑剂,而其作为一类生物内分泌干扰素,长期大量使用会对人类和环境造成不良影响。综述了国内外DEHA的检测方法,包括样品前处理技术和检测技术,其中前处理技术主要有索氏提取法、超声提取法、同位素稀释法、顶空萃取法、液液萃取法、固相微萃取法、微波萃取法等,分析技术主要有光谱分析法、气相色谱分析法、液相色谱分析法及其联用分析法等;对不同检测方法的原理、特点及应用进行综述和对比,提出后续研究可从筛选液液萃取的萃取剂类型并联合超声等萃取技术,提高复杂样品体系中DEHA检测能力以及研发便携化、智能化检测仪器等方面开展。

N,N-二(2-羟乙基)己二酰胺新型固化剂的合成及表征

以己二酸和甲醇为原料,在对甲苯磺酸催化下合成己二酸二甲酯。再以合成的己二酸二甲酯为原料,在钛酸正丁酯的催化下,与乙醇胺反应,合成了一种新型固化剂—N,N-二(2-羟乙基)己二酰胺。通过FT-IR,1H-NMR对N,N-二(2-羟乙基)己二酰胺的结构进行了表征。实验探讨了酰胺化反应中,催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对产物产率的影响,反应条件温和,易于操作,产率可达到95%。

气相色谱/质谱联用测定聚氯乙烯塑料中己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯

采用超声波提取技术,用正己烷提取聚氯乙烯塑料中己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯增塑剂,以气相色谱/质谱联用选择离子监测法检测,外标法定量.对己二酸二(2一乙基己基)酯的检出限为0.4μg/kg(S/N=3);回收率为90%～95%,相对标准偏差为5.02%.该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于聚氯乙烯塑料原料及其制品中己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的测定.