Developing Lexicons for Enhanced Sentiment Analysis in Software Engineering:An Innovative Multilingual Approach for Social Media Reviews

Sentiment analysis is becoming increasingly important in today’s digital age, with social media being a significantsource of user-generated content. The development of sentiment lexicons that can support languages other thanEnglish is a challenging task, especially for analyzing sentiment analysis in social media reviews. Most existingsentiment analysis systems focus on English, leaving a significant research gap in other languages due to limitedresources and tools. This research aims to address this gap by building a sentiment lexicon for local languages,which is then used with a machine learning algorithm for efficient sentiment analysis. In the first step, a lexiconis developed that includes five languages: Urdu, Roman Urdu, Pashto, Roman Pashto, and English. The sentimentscores from SentiWordNet are associated with each word in the lexicon to produce an effective sentiment score. Inthe second step, a naive Bayesian algorithm is applied to the developed lexicon for efficient sentiment analysis ofRoman Pashto. Both the sentiment lexicon and sentiment analysis steps were evaluated using information retrievalmetrics, with an accuracy score of 0.89 for the sentiment lexicon and 0.83 for the sentiment analysis. The resultsshowcase the potential for improving software engineering tasks related to user feedback analysis and productdevelopment.

The Inner Split in Genetics of Wu Colloquial Expression“[hÃɲ^(33) paʔ^(3) lÃɲ^(33) tÃɲ^(31)]”

“[ã^(44) kã^(44) paʔ^(5) lã44 tã^(53)]”(Chinese characters transcription“昂更八冷打”)is an colloquial expression in Tongxiang dialect of Suzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Sub-branch,Taihu Branch,Wu.It describes an awkward state with unfinished tasks.Its similar expressions can be found in other regions of Taihu Branch,including Yixing,Changzhou,Shaoxing and Ningbo,usually serving as“all”,while the expression“[hÃɲ^(33) paʔ^(3) lÃɲ^(33) tÃɲ^(31)]”(“亨八冷打”)in Shanghai Sub-branch indicates“the remaining parts”when used alone.“[hÃɲ^(33) paʔ^(3) lÃɲ^(33) tÃɲ^(31)]”stands for“all”only when followed by a word with meaning of“adding together”.In this paper,it is concluded and deduced from other similar morphemes that the contradictory connotations are related to an“inner split”process of an original word.Considering similar morphemes in other Chinese dialects(including Cantonese,Hakka,Jianghuai and Min),the following analysis proposes three possible original expressions and correlating trajectories of this inner phonetic-semantic split process,and selects a most credible way based on the rhyming dictionary and previous reconstructive models of ancient Chinese phonology.This presumptive analysis indicates that a broader“split and derivate”process generating new morphemes exists widely in Sinitic dialects as a natural company of phonetic features in Chinese language flow.

Arabic Dialect Identification in Social Media:A Comparative Study of Deep Learning and Transformer Approaches

Arabic dialect identification is essential in Natural Language Processing(NLP)and forms a critical component of applications such as machine translation,sentiment analysis,and cross-language text generation.The difficulties in differentiating between Arabic dialects have garnered more attention in the last 10 years,particularly in social media.These difficulties result from the overlapping vocabulary of the dialects,the fluidity of online language use,and the difficulties in telling apart dialects that are closely related.Managing dialects with limited resources and adjusting to the ever-changing linguistic trends on social media platforms present additional challenges.A strong dialect recognition technique is essential to improving communication technology and cross-cultural understanding in light of the increase in social media usage.To distinguish Arabic dialects on social media,this research suggests a hybrid Deep Learning(DL)approach.The Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)architectures make up the model.A new textual dataset that focuses on three main dialects,i.e.,Levantine,Saudi,and Egyptian,is also available.Approximately 11,000 user-generated comments from Twitter are included in this dataset,which has been painstakingly annotated to guarantee accuracy in dialect classification.Transformers,DL models,and basic machine learning classifiers are used to conduct several tests to evaluate the performance of the suggested model.Various methodologies,including TF-IDF,word embedding,and self-attention mechanisms,are used.The suggested model fares better than other models in terms of accuracy,obtaining a remarkable 96.54%,according to the trial results.This study advances the discipline by presenting a new dataset and putting forth a practical model for Arabic dialect identification.This model may prove crucial for future work in sociolinguistic studies and NLP.

Dialectical Thermodynamics’Solution to the Conceptual Imbroglio That Is the Reversible Path

According to the second law of thermodynamics, as currently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proceeds with a total entropy change equal to zero. The fact that this condition is also the identifier of thermodynamic equilibrium, makes each and every point along the reversible path a state of equilibrium, and the reversible path, as expressed by a noted thermodynamic author, “a dense succession of equilibrium states”. The difficulties with these notions are plural. The fact, for example, that systems need to be forced out of equilibrium via the expenditure of work, would make any spontaneous reversible process a consumer of work, this in opposition to common thermodynamic wisdom that makes spontaneous reversible processes the most efficient transformers of work-producing-potential into actual work. The solution to this and other related impasses is provided by Dialectical Thermodynamics via its previously proved notion assigning a negative entropy change to the energy upgrading process represented by the transformation of heat into work. The said solution is here exemplified with the ideal-gas phase isomerization of butane into isobutane.

Reevaluation of dialect boundaries in the Yellowhammer(Emberiza citrinella)based on citizen science data:Should we split or lump?

Dialects are a specific form of geographic variation of birdsong with relatively sharp boundaries between distinct song characteristics,which provide opportunities for focused studies of processes underlying the emergence of spatial patterns in vocalization.Several songbird species that exhibit dialects became models for such research,and for some of them large-scale datasets were assembled that included recordings provided by the public.Among them,the Yellowhammer(Emberiza citrinella,Emberizidae) is particularly prominent,as it has been recently a subject of dedicated citizen science projects focusing on its dialect distribution.The most successful,in terms of public participation as well as the number and density of obtained recordings,was the Dialects of Czech Yellowhammers(DCY) project,which assembled detailed data at the whole-country level.A mosaic of almost all common song variants known across Europe was observed in Czechia,but the results indicated that some of the traditionally recognized Yellowhammer dialects may not represent geographically clustered song variants,at least not in Central Europe.We quantitatively analysed variation(frequency and temporal characteristics and modulation) of the terminal song element in three dialects defined by arbitrary frequency thresholds in DCY.Multivariate analyses indicated that pooling these to two distinct groups reflects the variation in the songs,as well as their spatial distribution,better than retaining the current classification to three dialects or their finer splitting to even more categories.We provide simple measures that may be used for classification of these Yellowhammer song variants in Central Europe.However,we warn from indiscriminate transposing of results from one region to another,as that may lead to substantial biases.Future studies of birdsong variation will benefit from big data assembled by citizen scientists,but to maximise their usefulness for further dialect research,careful delineation of dialect boundaries is essential.

Local and range-wide distribution of song types suggest Ovenbirds(Seiurus aurocapilla)have song neighborhoods but not macro-dialects

The song systems of oscine passerines(songbirds)are complex and diverse.Because songs are used for both mate attraction and territory defense and are therefore important signals for survival and reproduction,comprehensive knowledge of within and among species song structure and distribution is informative for understanding the evolution of song repertoires and vocal behaviour.In this study,we explored variation in the song structure of the Ovenbird(Seiurus aurocapilla),a widespread warbler(Family Parulidae)found in North American forests.We analyzed recordings from the 2021 breeding season to assess song type variation at a local(n=158 birds;Sault Ste.Marie,ON)and breeding range scale(n=512 birds;eBird).We characterized the local song types and tested whether Ovenbirds share song types with their neighbors more often than expected by chance.We then characterized song types of Ovenbirds across the breeding range to determine whether any geographic pattern of song clustering exists(i.e.,macro-dialects).We found 10 distinct song types and some evidence for song type clustering at the local study site(i.e.,song neighborhoods).We found 7 of those 10 song types throughout the breeding range and identified an additional 24 types that were not recorded in our local population.We found no evidence for song dialects across the Ovenbird breeding range.This study contributes to our understanding of Ovenbird song while simultaneously adding to our understanding of geographic structuring of warbler repertoires.Our work contributes to delineating a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting dialect development for this diverse group of songbirds.

Recognition of Handwritten Words from Digital Writing Pad Using MMU-SNet

In this paper,Modified Multi-scale Segmentation Network(MMU-SNet)method is proposed for Tamil text recognition.Handwritten texts from digi-tal writing pad notes are used for text recognition.Handwritten words recognition for texts written from digital writing pad through text file conversion are challen-ging due to stylus pressure,writing on glass frictionless surfaces,and being less skilled in short writing,alphabet size,style,carved symbols,and orientation angle variations.Stylus pressure on the pad changes the words in the Tamil language alphabet because the Tamil alphabets have a smaller number of lines,angles,curves,and bends.The small change in dots,curves,and bends in the Tamil alphabet leads to error in recognition and changes the meaning of the words because of wrong alphabet conversion.However,handwritten English word recognition and conversion of text files from a digital writing pad are performed through various algorithms such as Support Vector Machine(SVM),Kohonen Neural Network(KNN),and Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for offline and online alphabet recognition.The proposed algorithms are compared with above algorithms for Tamil word recognition.The proposed MMU-SNet method has achieved good accuracy in predicting text,about 96.8%compared to other traditional CNN algorithms.

Relationship between the Three Laws of Dialectics of Nature and Agricultural Development

Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.

The Haitian Revolution:An Insignificant Revolution?

This work posits that the Haitian Revolution became an insignificant Revolution the minute that it was usurped by the Affranchis class,the mulatto elites and petit-bourgeois creole blacks,seeking equality of opportunity,recognition,and distribution with their former colonial masters,from the Africans who commenced the event on the night of August 14th,1791.Whereas the Africans,I conclude,sought total freedom from the mercantilist and liberal order of the whites,which made the Haitian Revolution significant,the vindicationism sought by the Affranchis class undermined the agential initiatives of the Africans rendering the Revolution revolutionarily insignificant.

Hegel and the Antidialectic

This work,using the case study of the Haitian Revolution,positions Paul C.Mocombe’s theory of antidialectic within Hegel’s dialectical reasoning.Mocombe posits that the antidialectical position in Hegel’s dialectic is the position of each self-consciousness when they initially encounter each other at the onset of the master/slave dialectic.Whereas,the master seeks to move to the dialectical position in order to dominate and eliminate the original(antidialectical)position of the slave,the slave remains in this antidialectical position so long as they seek to fight against their enslavement for the purpose of maintaining and reproducing their original,antidialectical,position,which is social,political,economic,and ideological.In any other instances,they(the slaves)are either in the dialectical,seeking to maintain the status quo,or negative dialectical,seeking to integrate the status quo on equal footing with the master,positions.

Tales de Miletus,Hegel,and the Theory of Everything

The author takes how focus of your reflection the no achievement of the Theory of Everything in the Whole,he indicates that the cause of that frustrated attempts it is the basis of construction of the thought used to,lay emphasis on the inadequacy of the thought supported in the metaphysical from material basis,with roots in Tales de Miletus,in ruling to find a solution,and he presents the metaphysical from relational basis,proto-enunciated in the Hegel’s thought,like a possible foundation to think what can be capable to apprehend the effectiveness reality in the flow of its happen,so in the scope of the existence of phenomena infra nanos,so well,in the hyper macros events.

On the Phonology Characteristics of Leizhou Dialect in Malaysia

Based on first-hand materials obtained from field investigations in Malaysia, the results show that: firstly, there are 17 initials in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia, including the implosives initial and the [f] initial. The pronunciation of Leizhou dialect in China is already rare, some of which are retained in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia. Its initial consonant is borrowed from local Hua Yu or other Chinese dialects. Secondly, the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia has 46 finals. The pronunciation and timbre of some of its vowels are similar to the Yue dialect of Malaysia [&#592] main vowel. Thirdly, there are 8 monosyllabic tones in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia. The pronunciation and tone of some of its characters are similar to the Xia Yin entering tone of Yue dialect of Malaysia.

Artificial Intelligence Model to Detect and Classify Arabic Dialects

The Arabic Dialect (AD) detection method involves analyzing the matching sound wave for various characteristics that identify the speaker’s dialect. Among these features are accent, intonation, stress, vowel length, vowel type, and other acoustic characteristics. Data from different speakers of different dialects is usually used in training machine learning algorithms. Based on this data, an algorithm is created to accurately identify the speaker’s dialect. Arabic dialects can be detected and classified using several models and techniques available in literature. Various models have been proposed from different perspectives. Therefore, this paper discussed different studies about AD for building an understanding of conceptual deep learning model to detect and classify Arabic dialects. The model captured the semantic, syntactic, and phonological characteristics of these dialects using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). The proposed model consists of six stages: Natural Language Processing (NLP) stage, feature engineering techniques, neural networks, language models, optimization techniques, and evaluation techniques. Each stage of the proposed model has several techniques that can be used to detect and classify AD. The accuracy and capability of the proposed model will be performed in the future work.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Related Infertility Based on the Theory of“Liver and Kidney Homology”

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is an endocrine disorder caused by hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian(HPO)axis dysfunction.In the field of gynecology and reproduction,PCOS has emerged as both a research hot spot and a challenging area of study.According to Chinese medicine,this disease is related to kidney deficiency,phlegm and dampness obstruction,blood stasis and interconnection,Chong pulse impassability,the lack of Ren pulse,and the loss of uterine nourishment,all of which affect the normal development and maturation of eggs as well as the duration at which menstrual blood stores.In this paper,based on the theoretical basis of“liver collects blood,regulates the flow of qi,and is the master of drainage,”we explore the rationality of the treatment of this disease from the perspective of“liver and kidney have the same origin”and the development of PCOS-related infertility in relation to dysfunctional internal organs.We also explore the feasibility of treatment from the perspective of“liver and kidney homology,”expand the ideas for treatment,as well as develop and innovate the application of organ identification in PCOS in relation to infertility.

Dialectic:辩证逻辑的新形态

当代中国辩证逻辑研究的多元进路均不同程度地把辩证法作为研究的理论基础。基于“dialectic”一词具有的辩证法与论辩术的双重含义,当代关于论辩术的种种逻辑研究具有作为辩证逻辑的合法性,这种新形态的辩证逻辑对于深化马克思主义辩证逻辑的研究、把握辩证逻辑和现代性建构与批判之间的关系都具有重要意义。

Teaching English in the song of music：Toward a systemic framework for using English songs in EFL teaching

Guided by dialectical systemic thinking, this paper proposes a systemic framework for using English songs in EFL teaching. It first provides the philosophical, linguistic, psychological, pedagogical, and empirical bases for such an approach, then outlines the major processes in selecting and preparing English songs in lesson planning, and demonstrates the main procedures and aspects of using songs in classroom activities. It argues that the application of this approach will immediately stimulate the learners＇ interest in EFL learning and enhance the efficiency of EFL teaching.

Reflection on Dialect Interference on Mandarin and the Second Language Acquisition of English Learners of Huangshi Dialect

Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.

湖北安陆方言的比较句

根据比较的目的,安陆方言的比较句分为示差比较和显同比较。示差比较包括不及比较、胜过比较和递进比较。显同比较包括精确比较和模糊比较。最后总结了安陆方言比较句的构成条件,并指明安陆方言里不带"比"的比较句使用频率高一些。

A comparative study of how Chinese ESL students and American students work on the same writing assignment that involves critical thinking

The paper compares and contrasts how Chinese ESL students and American students work on a same descriptive English writing assignment that requires critical thinking. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the similarity and difference between English composition teaching in China and English composition teaching in America in regarding to incorporating critical thinking, as reflected in the use of this assignment. The study uses descriptive analysis of student writings as well as quantitative analysis of questionnaires, student grades given both from the author and several other researchers who are invited to participate in the study. The cognitive abilities in critical thinking basically consist of logical thinking, dialectical thinking, and creative thinking abilities. The study reveals that Chinese students＇ works generally flow well and they use a language that is coherent and clear. However, the study also reveals that Chinese students have difficulties in implementing critical thinking at English composition learning, and the difficulties lie in creative and dialectical thinking. To cultivate critical thinking, we need to employ affective strategies, meta-cognitive strategies-macro-abilities, and cognitive strategies-micro-abilities. The paper concludes by giving concrete examples in the area of cognitive strategies-micro-abilities in order to cultivate critical thinking.

A Dialectical Way between Literal and Free Translation:Taking the Translation of English Similes as an Exemplar

Simile,as an important figure of speech,is widely used in various texts.And it has its own feature and different subtypes,which require that the translation methods-literal translation and free translation should be adopted dialectically in accordance with the content or form of the similes.Actually,free translation based on literal translation is much better even though adding some extensions or footnotes is employed,too.