Local and range-wide distribution of song types suggest Ovenbirds(Seiurus aurocapilla)have song neighborhoods but not macro-dialects

The song systems of oscine passerines(songbirds)are complex and diverse.Because songs are used for both mate attraction and territory defense and are therefore important signals for survival and reproduction,comprehensive knowledge of within and among species song structure and distribution is informative for understanding the evolution of song repertoires and vocal behaviour.In this study,we explored variation in the song structure of the Ovenbird(Seiurus aurocapilla),a widespread warbler(Family Parulidae)found in North American forests.We analyzed recordings from the 2021 breeding season to assess song type variation at a local(n=158 birds;Sault Ste.Marie,ON)and breeding range scale(n=512 birds;eBird).We characterized the local song types and tested whether Ovenbirds share song types with their neighbors more often than expected by chance.We then characterized song types of Ovenbirds across the breeding range to determine whether any geographic pattern of song clustering exists(i.e.,macro-dialects).We found 10 distinct song types and some evidence for song type clustering at the local study site(i.e.,song neighborhoods).We found 7 of those 10 song types throughout the breeding range and identified an additional 24 types that were not recorded in our local population.We found no evidence for song dialects across the Ovenbird breeding range.This study contributes to our understanding of Ovenbird song while simultaneously adding to our understanding of geographic structuring of warbler repertoires.Our work contributes to delineating a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting dialect development for this diverse group of songbirds.

Artificial Intelligence Model to Detect and Classify Arabic Dialects

The Arabic Dialect (AD) detection method involves analyzing the matching sound wave for various characteristics that identify the speaker’s dialect. Among these features are accent, intonation, stress, vowel length, vowel type, and other acoustic characteristics. Data from different speakers of different dialects is usually used in training machine learning algorithms. Based on this data, an algorithm is created to accurately identify the speaker’s dialect. Arabic dialects can be detected and classified using several models and techniques available in literature. Various models have been proposed from different perspectives. Therefore, this paper discussed different studies about AD for building an understanding of conceptual deep learning model to detect and classify Arabic dialects. The model captured the semantic, syntactic, and phonological characteristics of these dialects using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). The proposed model consists of six stages: Natural Language Processing (NLP) stage, feature engineering techniques, neural networks, language models, optimization techniques, and evaluation techniques. Each stage of the proposed model has several techniques that can be used to detect and classify AD. The accuracy and capability of the proposed model will be performed in the future work.

Dialectical Thermodynamics’Solution to the Conceptual Imbroglio That Is the Reversible Path

According to the second law of thermodynamics, as currently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proceeds with a total entropy change equal to zero. The fact that this condition is also the identifier of thermodynamic equilibrium, makes each and every point along the reversible path a state of equilibrium, and the reversible path, as expressed by a noted thermodynamic author, “a dense succession of equilibrium states”. The difficulties with these notions are plural. The fact, for example, that systems need to be forced out of equilibrium via the expenditure of work, would make any spontaneous reversible process a consumer of work, this in opposition to common thermodynamic wisdom that makes spontaneous reversible processes the most efficient transformers of work-producing-potential into actual work. The solution to this and other related impasses is provided by Dialectical Thermodynamics via its previously proved notion assigning a negative entropy change to the energy upgrading process represented by the transformation of heat into work. The said solution is here exemplified with the ideal-gas phase isomerization of butane into isobutane.

Comparing Xi'an and Baoji Dialects in Guanzhong—How Mandarin Influences Two Dialects

As the main components of Northwestern mandarin,Xi'an dialect and Baoji dialect share similarities and disparities in many aspects.By making comparisons between Xi'an and Baoji dialects in terms of lexicon and syntax,this paper observes how mandarin has exerted impact on the two dialects above and finds out that Xi'an dialect is influenced more deeply by mandarin than Baoji dialect.

Study on Dialect Words in Chinese Neologism——Based on the Research of Beijing,Guangdong,Hunan and Jiangxi Dialects

In recent years,a large number of dialect words merged with Chinese mandarin,becoming a main source of Chinese new words and contributing to the diversity of Chinese.Targeting this phenomenon,the researchers conducted research on those words.By studying literature,sending out questionnaires,making field trips and observations,this paper analyzes the main factors influencing the dialect words'absorption in Chinese mandarin and the channels involved,summarizes the traits of their formula tion.

The Appropriate Relevance between Putonghua and Dialects

Putonghua is the lingua franca of People’s Republic of China,so the government of People’s Republic of China has made laws to promote it and require the citizens of People’s Republic of China use it in certain formal occasions;Promoting Putonghua is the actual needs of China in the current times and in the long future to come.It must be kept in the mind that we must also protect the dialects when promoting Putonghua and we can not afford to let them perish.Putonghua and dialects fulfill different social function in our daily life,so the appropriate relationship between Putonghua and dialects is complementary coexistence in harmony,not in conflicts.And the success of promoting Putonghua should not base on the death of dialects.In order to ensure Putonghua and dialects to fulfill their different social functions better,measures must be taken to safeguard the long-term complementary harmonious coexistence of Putonghua and dialects and to protect endangered dialects.

Analysis on Translation Strategies of Hawks’The Story of the Stone:Extractions of Dialects by Python from Hongloumeng

Xueqin Cao’s Hongloumeng is recondite,yet always arousing passions in China and even the whole world in deep and significant ways.As media-translation and the transmission of Hongloumeng go abroad,Redology has already developed into a diffuse academic field of study internationally.The locution in this masterpiece is magnificent,especially in the profound implications of its use of dialects,which are profuse and executed with exceptional literacy as well as aesthetic acuity.However,the specific strategies on how to translate the dialects may directly influence Western readers’appreciation of the masterful literary aesthetics.Currently,most scholars compare the translation research of dialects using different translation theories and analyze the respective gains and losses.Coded in Python,computer algorithms have also been written employing various translation theories,but thorough interdisciplinary,comparative analyses of the data are rare.Using the relative content as well as data integration of dialects in the first 80 chapters,this paper examines how the dialect translations in Hawks’s The Story of the Stone are undertaken and then follows up with manual proofreading of the data from the algorithms.In terms of the analysis on crawling data,reconsidering Hongloumeng with Python programming may contribute to a deeper understanding of some of the dialect words,and provide acute insight into translation strategies and the process of the translator.

Urbanization and the Development of Gender in the Arabic Dialects

This article makes the claim that the difference between typologically Bedouin and urban dialects of Arabic in gender representation in the plural, is a function of the urbanization process the urban dialects of Arabic went through in the seventh century in the conquered territories. Contact induced linguistic processes of koineization and structural simplification in the newly established urban centers in the Middle East and North Africa immediately after the Arab conquests helped enhance the gender development that was already in effect before the Arab conquests. By comparing Bedouin and urban dialects to Classical Arabic, the article establishes that the three varieties were in a process of development in gender. Classical Arabic stopped at a particular stage, and Bedouin and urban dialects continued. Comparing Central Asian dialects to urban dialects of Egypt, they can see that at least to the eighth century, gender was a common feature of peninsular dialects. The article concludes by stating that the urban dialects developed further to lose all gender distinction in the plural because of the leveling and borrowing processes of the koineization in the urban centers in their formative period.

The Geographical Distribution and Historical Strata of Appellation Words Referring to ＂FATHER＂ in Jin Dialects --Exploring the Causes for the Formation of Historical Strata of Dialect Words

Based on geographical distribution and literature survey, the present study constructs the historical strata of the appellation words referring to ＂FATHER＂ in Jin Dialects. It holds that the patterns of the appellation words are the result of superposition of different historical periods. But their leading words directly inherit the appellation words of standard language of the Song Dynasty and are mainly monosyllabic words. Words used before the Song Dynasty as living fossils of the words only retain in some districts or localities. The different evolution route of＂pa （爸）＂ and ＂tiε （爹）＂ either in Jin dialects or in mandarin is a further proof that Jin dialects and mandarin evolves asynchronously. In addition, it maintains that the formulation of the historical strata is the interaction of the horizontal transmission of languages and systemic changes of local dialects.

The Study on Language Attitudes towards the Protection of Dialects

Researchers attaching great emphasis on language attitudes in sociolinguistic all over the world hold the views that an individual’s or a community’s attitudes toward their own language or other languages will affect how they learn and use a language and lead to a language’s further development or extinction. The research will be conducted on the relationship between people’s language attitude （LA） and the protection of dialects in China, where a great variety of dialects and Standard Chinese （SC） used by the speakers from 56 minorities co-exist and implement each other.With Standard Chinese promoted for 60 years, migration led by the development of social economy after the adoption of reform and opening-up policy, urbanization further promoted since 21st century, the status of Standard Chinese is rising while that of dialects is on the decline, and to some extent regional dialects in some ethnic minorities are dying out, resulting in the disappearance of their unique cultures and cultural forms, such as operas.Based on a review of previous studies on LA, the research will be conducted with questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire will suggest speakers’ conscious, overt attitude towards SC and dialects, the frequency they use SC and dialects, the situation in which they use SC and dialects and so on. Interview conducted indicates the interviewees’ unconsciousness and covert attitudes towards SC and dialects.The questionnaire and interviews conducted, three findings are obtained. First of all, parents’ LA plays a significant part in their children’s language learning or language use, further resulting into the decreasing number of dialect users in China. The second, the promotion of SC in schools varying from kindergartens to universities facilitates the widespread use of SC and extinction of dialects in that kids start to learn and use SC from so early ages that they have fewer chances of picking up a single dialect and the kids’ using SC offers their parents more opportunities to use SC in their daily family communication. The third, different attitudes towards SC users and dialect users from a community have great impacts on what language they will choose to communicate. Although SC plays a significant role in China’s economic development and urbanization, dialects are heritage of regional cultures; therefore, with the promotion of SC, dialects must be sustained and further developed.

A General Analysis on the Negative Transfer of Shaanxi Dialects to English Pronunciation

In view of the theories of psycholinguistics and second language acquisition, the more firmly consolidated the basis of a first language becomes, the greater resistance and prejudices deriving from the framework of his original language will be. By analyzing the students' English articulator problems shows that Shaanxi dialects have negative influence on their English pronunciation. To solve this problem, we must distinguish their phonetic difference between these two languages and reduce the negative transfer of dialect pronunciation.

Reevaluation of dialect boundaries in the Yellowhammer(Emberiza citrinella)based on citizen science data:Should we split or lump?

Dialects are a specific form of geographic variation of birdsong with relatively sharp boundaries between distinct song characteristics,which provide opportunities for focused studies of processes underlying the emergence of spatial patterns in vocalization.Several songbird species that exhibit dialects became models for such research,and for some of them large-scale datasets were assembled that included recordings provided by the public.Among them,the Yellowhammer(Emberiza citrinella,Emberizidae) is particularly prominent,as it has been recently a subject of dedicated citizen science projects focusing on its dialect distribution.The most successful,in terms of public participation as well as the number and density of obtained recordings,was the Dialects of Czech Yellowhammers(DCY) project,which assembled detailed data at the whole-country level.A mosaic of almost all common song variants known across Europe was observed in Czechia,but the results indicated that some of the traditionally recognized Yellowhammer dialects may not represent geographically clustered song variants,at least not in Central Europe.We quantitatively analysed variation(frequency and temporal characteristics and modulation) of the terminal song element in three dialects defined by arbitrary frequency thresholds in DCY.Multivariate analyses indicated that pooling these to two distinct groups reflects the variation in the songs,as well as their spatial distribution,better than retaining the current classification to three dialects or their finer splitting to even more categories.We provide simple measures that may be used for classification of these Yellowhammer song variants in Central Europe.However,we warn from indiscriminate transposing of results from one region to another,as that may lead to substantial biases.Future studies of birdsong variation will benefit from big data assembled by citizen scientists,but to maximise their usefulness for further dialect research,careful delineation of dialect boundaries is essential.

On the Roles of Cultural and Artistic Features of Dialects in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

As a Chinese dialect that bears the greatest resemblance to Standard Mandarin,Northeastern Mandarin is the closest relative of Standard Mandarin in terms of vocabularies,rhetorical devices and grammatical rules.The traditional Chinese folk culture of Errenzhuan(two-people rotation)1 is an epitome of traditional Chinese culture,full of humor and wittiness.This paper aims to explore the necessity and feasibility of incorporating Errenzhuan into teaching Chinese as a foreign language as a way to spark greater student interest,increase the fun of learning and enrich teaching methods,which ultimately serves to improve the quality of Chinese teaching worldwide,spread traditional Chinese folk culture and strengthen China’s cultural confidence.

Language Attitudes among International Students and Instructors toward Standard Languages and Dialects in the ESL Language School

In the field of sociolinguistics,language attitude is an important content which reflects the conception and perception of language by speakers.The paper tries to explore different language attitudes towards standard language and dialect among international students and English instructors in the ESL language school.Participants were all interviewed by means of conversation recordings in the ESL language school.The results indicated that the majority of the ESL language school speakers kept a positive attitude towards their standard languages and dialects.The educational methods of parents had an influence on the choice of standard language and dialect towards speakers,and participants also expressed a strong social identity when they talked about their languages.Those findings illustrate the significance of the study of language attitudes in the ESL language school center.

Debating Dialects

Putonghua, more commonly known as Mandarin in English, is China＇s official standard language. Efforts to popularize it across the country began as early as 1955. Today, the necessity of further popularizing it is being stressed once more. Recently, China＇s media watchdog, the State General Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, issued a notification, requesting all TV and radio presenters to speak standard putonghua and refrain from using any dialectica vocabulary, slang, or foreign languages during programs, except for special cases where it is necessary. The administration said that presenters should take the lead in promoting the use of standard putonghua.

Should Students Be Encouraged to Speak Indigenous Dialects Instead of Mandarin?

Recently, a change in the Chinese textbooks used in Shanghai＇s pri mary schools triggered a buzz on the Internet. In the second-gradeChinese textbook published hy Shanghai Educational Publishing House, ＂tuaipo＂ was changed to ＂laolao.＂ These two terms have the same meaning, both referring to one＇s maternal grandmother. In most regions of south China, including Shanghai.

On the Phonology Characteristics of Leizhou Dialect in Malaysia

Based on first-hand materials obtained from field investigations in Malaysia, the results show that: firstly, there are 17 initials in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia, including the implosives initial and the [f] initial. The pronunciation of Leizhou dialect in China is already rare, some of which are retained in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia. Its initial consonant is borrowed from local Hua Yu or other Chinese dialects. Secondly, the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia has 46 finals. The pronunciation and timbre of some of its vowels are similar to the Yue dialect of Malaysia [&#592] main vowel. Thirdly, there are 8 monosyllabic tones in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia. The pronunciation and tone of some of its characters are similar to the Xia Yin entering tone of Yue dialect of Malaysia.

Hegel and the Antidialectic

This work,using the case study of the Haitian Revolution,positions Paul C.Mocombe’s theory of antidialectic within Hegel’s dialectical reasoning.Mocombe posits that the antidialectical position in Hegel’s dialectic is the position of each self-consciousness when they initially encounter each other at the onset of the master/slave dialectic.Whereas,the master seeks to move to the dialectical position in order to dominate and eliminate the original(antidialectical)position of the slave,the slave remains in this antidialectical position so long as they seek to fight against their enslavement for the purpose of maintaining and reproducing their original,antidialectical,position,which is social,political,economic,and ideological.In any other instances,they(the slaves)are either in the dialectical,seeking to maintain the status quo,or negative dialectical,seeking to integrate the status quo on equal footing with the master,positions.

Relationship between the Three Laws of Dialectics of Nature and Agricultural Development

Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.

老年初治肺结核中医证型与细胞因子及免疫表达的相关性分析

目的 观察老年初治肺结核患者血清中细胞因子及TB淋巴细胞亚群的表达水平,探究中医证型与细胞因子、TB淋巴细胞表达之间的关系。方法 纳入2016年5月至2021年12月解放军总医院第八医学中心结核医学部收治的初治老年肺结核病患者322例作为研究对象,根据辨证分型分为肺阴亏虚组78例、阴虚火旺组83例、气阴两虚组79例、阴阳两虚组82例。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-5、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-17、IL-4、IL-10等细胞因子的表达水平,流式细胞仪测定TB淋巴细胞亚群中CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、B细胞、NK细胞的绝对数及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T细胞比值,并将测定结果进行统计学分析。结果 四组肺结核患者IL-β、IL-5、IL-2、IL-17、IL-4、IL-10水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。气阴两虚组IFN-γ水平显著高于其他三组(P<0.05);阴阳两虚组TNF-α水平显著高于其他三组(P<0.05);阴阳两虚组、气阴两虚组、阴虚火旺组、肺阴亏虚组的IL-6水平依次降低(P<0.05);阴阳两虚组IL-8水平显著高于其他三组,气阴两虚组高于肺阴亏虚组、阴虚火旺组(P<0.05)。CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、B细胞、NK细胞绝对数在阴阳两虚组、气阴两虚组、阴虚火旺组、肺阴亏虚组依次降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。阴阳两虚组CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T细胞比值显著高于其他三组,肺阴亏虚组、阴虚火旺组、气阴两虚组组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 不同证型的老年肺结核病患者细胞因子及免疫细胞表达存在差异性,可作为中医辨证论治的客观参考标准之一,为临床辨证治疗提供一定参考。