Improved Variable Forgetting Factor Proportionate RLS Algorithm with Sparse Penalty and Fast Implementation Using DCD Iterations

The proportionate recursive least squares(PRLS)algorithm has shown faster convergence and better performance than both proportionate updating(PU)mechanism based least mean squares(LMS)algorithms and RLS algorithms with a sparse regularization term.In this paper,we propose a variable forgetting factor(VFF)PRLS algorithm with a sparse penalty,e.g.,l_(1)-norm,for sparse identification.To reduce the computation complexity of the proposed algorithm,a fast implementation method based on dichotomous coordinate descent(DCD)algorithm is also derived.Simulation results indicate superior performance of the proposed algorithm.

A Novel Approach for Network Vulnerability Analysis in IIoT

Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)offers efficient communication among business partners and customers.With an enlargement of IoT tools connected through the internet,the ability of web traffic gets increased.Due to the raise in the size of network traffic,discovery of attacks in IIoT and malicious traffic in the early stages is a very demanding issues.A novel technique called Maximum Posterior Dichotomous Quadratic Discriminant Jaccardized Rocchio Emphasis Boost Classification(MPDQDJREBC)is introduced for accurate attack detection wi th minimum time consumption in IIoT.The proposed MPDQDJREBC technique includes feature selection and categorization.First,the network traffic features are collected from the dataset.Then applying the Maximum Posterior Dichotomous Quadratic Discriminant analysis to find the significant features for accurate classification and minimize the time consumption.After the significant features selection,classification is performed using the Jaccardized Rocchio Emphasis Boost technique.Jaccardized Rocchio Emphasis Boost Classification technique combines the weak learner result into strong output.Jaccardized Rocchio classification technique is considered as the weak learners to identify the normal and attack.Thus,proposed MPDQDJREBC technique gives strong classification results through lessening the quadratic error.This assists for proposed MPDQDJREBC technique to get better the accuracy for attack detection with reduced time usage.Experimental assessment is carried out with UNSW_NB15 Dataset using different factors such as accuracy,precision,recall,F-measure and attack detection time.The observed results exhibit the MPDQDJREBC technique provides higher accuracy and lesser time consumption than the conventional techniques.

Why Quantitative Variables Should Not Be Recoded as Categorical

The transformation of quantitative variables into categories is a common practice in both experimental and observational studies. The typical procedure is to create groups by splitting the original variable distribution at some cut point on the scale of measurement (e.g. mean, median, mode). Allegedly, dichotomization improves causal inference by simplifying statistical analyses. In this article, we address some of the adverse consequences of recoding quantitative variables into categories. In particular, we provide evidence that categorization usually leads to inefficient and biased estimates. We believe that considerable progress in our understanding of data analysis can occur if scholars follow the recommendations presented in this article. The recodification of quantitative variables as categorical is a poor methodological strategy, and scientists must stay away from it.

Stochastic resonance in a monostable system driven by square-wave signal and dichotomous noise

This paper investigates the stochastic resonance in a monostable system driven by square-wave signal, asymmetric dichotomous noise as well as by multiplicative and additive white noise. By the use of the properties of the dichotomous noise, it obtains the expressions of the signal-to-noise ratio under the adiabatic approximation condition. It finds that the signal-to-noise ratio is a non-monotonic function of the asymmetry of the dichotomous noise, and which varies non- monotonously with the intensity of the multiplicative and additive noise as well as the system parameters. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio depends on the correlation rate and intensity of the dichotomous noise.

Stochastic resonance in a stochastic bistable system with additive noises and square-wave signal

This paper considers the stochastic resonance in a stochastic bistable system driven by a periodic square-wave signal and a static force as well as by additive white noise and dichotomous noise from the viewpoint of signal-to-noise ratio. It finds that the signal-to-noise ratio appears as stochastic resonance behaviour when it is plotted as a function of the noise strength of the white noise and dichotomous noise, as a function of the system parameters, or as a function of the static force. Moreover, the influence of the strength of the stochastic potential force and the correlation rate of the dichotomous noise on the signal-to-noise ratio is investigated.

Estimation of conservation value of myrtle(Myrtus communis)using a contingent valuation method:a case study in a Dooreh forest area,Lorestan Province,Iran

Background： Around 2000 plant species occur naturally in Lorestan Province of which 250 species are medicinal and myrtle is one of them. Myrtle is a shrub whose leaves and fruits have medicinal value and thus, if managed and harvested properly, could produce sustained economic benefits. In recent years, however, over half of the myrtle site areas was destroyed, due to inappropriate management and excessive harvesting practices. Thus, coming up with a practical harvesting approach along with identifying those factors damaging the sites, seems to be very crucial. Methods： In our investigation, we calculated the conservation value per hectare of myrtle in the Dooreh forest area in Lorestan Province. Using the Contingent Valuation （CV） and Double Bounded Dichotomous Choice （DBDC） methods, we determined the willingness to pay （VVTP） for myrtle conservation. The VVTP was estimated with a Iogit model for which indices were obtained based on a maximum precision criterion. Results： The results showed that 86.67 per cent of people were willing to pay for the conservation of these myrtle sites. Average monthly WTP per family was calculated as $0.79. The annual conservation value in terms of WTP for the preservation of the myrtle sites in Dooreh was estimated as $102,525. Among the variables of the model presented, education had a positive impact, while the amount proposed for payment and family size had a negative impact on the WTP. Conclusions： Our estimate of the value of myrtle conservation should provide justification for policy makers and decision making bodies of natural resources to implement policies in order to conserve the natural sites of this species more effectively.

Stochastic resonance in linear system driven by multiplicative noise and additive quadratic noise

In this paper the stochastic resonance （SR） is studied in an overdamped linear system driven by multiplicative noise and additive quadratic noise. The exact expressions are obtained for the first two moments and the correlation function by using linear response and the properties of the dichotomous noise. SR phenomenon exhibits in the linear system. There are three different forms of SR： the bona fide SR, the conventional SR and SR in the broad sense. Moreover, the effect of the asymmetry of the multiplicative noise on the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） is different from that of the additive noise and the effect of multiplicative noise and additive noise on SNR is different.

Entropic stochastic resonance in a confined structure driven by dichotomous noise and white noises

The entropic stochastic resonance （ESR） in a confined system subjected to dichotomous noise and white noise and driven by a periodic sinusoidal force along the x axis of the structure and a time-dependent force in the declining direction, is investigated. Under the adiabatic approximation condition and based on the two-state theory, the expression of the output signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） is obtained. The results show that the SNR is a non-monotonic function of the strengths of dichotomous noise, white noise, and correlated strength of correlated noise. In addition, the SNR varies non-monotonically with the increase of the shape parameters of the confined structure, and also with the increase of the constant force along the y axis of the structure. The influence of the correlation rate of the dichotomous noise, and that of the frequency of the periodic force on the SNR are discussed.

Resonance, Multi-resonance, and Reverse-resonance Induced by Multiplicative Dichotomous Noise

A constant-potential system driven by multiplicative dichotomous noise and subject to an input oscillatory signal is investigated. Two phenomena of stochastic resonance are observed. One is the response as a function of the noise＇s parameters; the other is that as a function of the input signal frequency. A phenomenon of multi-resonance （there are three or four peaks） is found for the response as a function of a parameter of the noise. A phenomenon of reverse-resonance is found, for which the response of the system to the signal can be weakened by the presence of the noise （there is an optimal minimum）. These results help in studies of the systems with multiplicative dichotomous noise, such as the semiconductor, the proteins motor, the chemical reaction, and so on.

Efficient multiuser detector based on box-constrained dichotomous coordinate descent and regularization

The presented iterative multiuser detection technique was based on joint deregularized and box-constrained solution to quadratic optimization with iterations similar to that used in the nonstationary Tikhonov iterated algorithm.The deregularization maximized the energy of the solution,which was opposite to the Tikhonov regularization where the energy was minimized.However,combined with box-constraints,the deregularization forced the solution to be close to the binary set.It further exploited the box-constrained dichotomous coordinate descent algorithm and adapted it to the nonstationary iterative Tikhonov regularization to present an efficient detector.As a result,the worst-case and average complexity are reduced down as K2.8 and K2.5 floating point operation per second,respectively.The development improves the "efficient frontier" in multiuser detection,which is illustrated by simulation results.In addition,most operations in the detector are additions and bit-shifts.This makes the proposed technique attractive for fixed-point hardware implementation.

Effect of Correlation of Two Dichotomous Noises on Stochastic Resonance

The effect of the correlation of two dichotomous noises on stochastic resonance is investigated for a linear stochastic system subject to a periodic oscillatory signal. It is found that, the correlation between the two dichotomous noises can not only affect the appearance of the stochastic resonance phenomenon, but also the distinctness of the stochastic resonance phenomenon. There is an optimal value of the correlation, at which the stochastic resonance phenomenon is most distinct. In addition, the correlation between the two dichotomous noises can also cause the movement of the peak of stochastic resonance. Finally, two stochastic resonances caused by two correlated multiplicative dichotomous noises can be found in this system.

Stochastic Huge-Resonance Caused by Coupling for a Globally Coupled Linear System

In the paper, we investigate a globally coupled linear system with finite subunits subject to temporal periodic force and with multiplicative dichotomous noise. It is shown that, the global coupling among the subunits can hugely enhance the phenomenon of SR for the amplitude of the average mean field as the functions of the transition rate of the noise and that as the function of the frequency of the signal respectively.

Moment stability for a predator–prey model with parametric dichotomous noises

In this paper, we investigate the solution moment stability for a Harrison-type predator-prey model with parametric dichotomous noises. Using the Shapiro-Loginov formula, the equations for the first-order and second-order moments are obtained and the corresponding stable conditions are given. It is found that the solution moment stability depends on the noise intensity and correlation time of noise. The first-order and second-order moments become unstable with the decrease of correlation time. That is, the dichotomous noise can improve the solution moment stability with respect to Gaussian white noise. Finally, some numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical analyses.

Stochastic Resonance in a Harmonic Oscillator Fluctuating Intrinsic Frequency by Asymmetric Dichotomous Noise

The stochastic resonance phenomenon in a harmonic oscillator with fluctuating intrinsic frequency by asymmetric dichotomous noise is investigated in this paper. By using the random average method and Shapiro- Loginov formula, the exact solution of the average output amplitude gain （OAG） is obtained. Numerical results show that OAG depends non-monotonically on the noise characteristics： intensity, correlation time and asymmetry. The maximum OAG can be achieved by tuning the noise asymmetry and or the noise correlation time.

Flux Induced by Multiplicative Dichotomous Noise

The transport of particles induced by multiplicative dichotomous noise for a system is investigated. The stationary probability current is derived. It is shown that, for the system studied by us, the spatial asymmetry is the ingredient for the nonzero stationary current.

Statistical Properties of Multispecies Competition Ecosystems Subjected to Dichotomous Noises

We investigate statistical properties of multispecies competition ecosystems subjected to both symmetric and asymmetric dichotomous noises. The expression of the stationary probability distribution function （SPDF） is analytically derived by means of mean-field approximation, and verified by stochastic simulations. The results indicate that： （i） A noise amplitude （a0）, a noise autocorrelation time （τ0） and a noise symmetry parameter （k） all can affect the SPDF; （ii） There is an optimal τ0, which makes the mean value of population density be maximal, near which a transition takes place, i.e., the stationary mean value of species density （（x）st） suddenly falls to a lower constant, （iii） As k decreases, the maximum of （x）xt and the optimal 70 increase. The parameter planes of TO -- a20 and τ0- k for the transition are plotted.

Collective stochastic resonance behaviors of two coupled harmonic oscillators driven by dichotomous fluctuating frequency

The collective behaviors of two coupled harmonic oscillators with dichotomous fluctuating frequency are investigated,including stability, synchronization, and stochastic resonance(SR). First, the synchronization condition of the system is obtained. When this condition is satisfied, the mean-field behavior is consistent with any single particle behavior in the system. On this basis, the stability condition and the exact steady-state solution of the system are derived. Comparative analysis shows that, the stability condition is stronger than the synchronization condition, that is to say, when the stability condition is satisfied, the system is both synchronous and stable. Simulation analysis indicates that increasing the coupling strength will reduce the synchronization time. In weak coupling region, there is an optimal coupling strength that maximizes the output amplitude gain(OAG), thus the coupling-induced SR behavior occurs. In strong coupling region, the two particles are bounded as a whole, so that the coupling effect gradually disappears.

Experiment and application of parameter-induced stochastic resonance in an over-damped random linear system

This paper investigates the parameter-induced stochastic resonance using experimental methods in an over-damped random linear system with asymmetric dichotomous noise. Non-monotonic dependence of signal-to-noise ratio on the system parameter is observed. Several potential applications of parameter-induced stochastic resonance are given in circuits.

PITCHER PLANTS RECORDED FROM BRIS FOREST IN JAMBU BONGKOK,KUALA TRENGGANU,MALAYSIA

A dichotomous key and descriptions of the species of pitcher plants recorded from bris forest at Jambu Bongkok is given.Three species of pitcher plants were recognized from the study area.They are Nepenthes rafflesiana,Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis.These species can easily be identified by their morphological differences.Nepenthes gracilis differed from the other two species in having triangular stem,sessile leaves,winged leaf base,under lid surface of the pitcher sparsely covered with honey glands,inner pitcher cavity wall covered exposed digestive glands and very narrow peristome with the thickness of≤1 cm.On the other hand,Nepenthes rafflesiana and Nepenthes mirabilis have cylindrical stem,stalked leaves,semi-amplexicaul leaf base,under lid surface densely covered with honey glands,inner pitcher cavity wall covered with overarched digestive glands and broad peristome with a thickness of≥1 cm.Nepenthes rafflesiana can be differentiated from Nepenthes mirabilis by its infundibulate upper pitcher,ellipsoidal lower pitcher,inner pitcher wall cavity wholly covered with digestive glands whereas Nepenthes mirabilis have tublose-ventricose upper and lower pitchers,inner pitcher cavity wall of both pitchers partly covered with digestive glands.

Improved dichotomous search frequency offset estimator for burst-mode continuous phase modulation

A data-aided technique for cartier frequency offset estimation with continuous phase modulation （CPM） in burst- mode transmission is presented. The proposed technique first exploits a special pilot sequence, or training sequence, to form a sinusoidal waveform. Then, an improved dichotomous search frequency offset estimator is introduced to determine the frequency offset using the sinusoid. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that our estimator is noteworthy in the following aspects. First, the estimator can operate independently of timing recovery. Second, it has relatively low outlier, i.e., the minimum signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） required to guarantee estimation accuracy. Finally, the most important property is that our estimator is complexity-reduced compared to the existing dichotomous search methods： it eliminates the need for fast Fourier transform （FFT） and modulation removal, and exhibits faster convergence rate without accuracy degradation.