BACKGROUND: Pain management following caesarean section still remains a challenge in our environment. Most potent analgesics are either not readily available or expensive. Diclofenac suppository is an NSAID that can b...BACKGROUND: Pain management following caesarean section still remains a challenge in our environment. Most potent analgesics are either not readily available or expensive. Diclofenac suppository is an NSAID that can be used for postoperative analgesia. It is available and affordable. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of combined rectal diclofenac and intramuscular pentazocine with intramuscular pentazocine alone for post operative pain control following lower segment caesarean section. METHODOLOGY: A total of 120 women who met the selection criteria scheduled for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine were randomized into two equal groups to receive either 75 mg diclofenac suppository 12 hourly for 24 hours or one anusol suppository (the placebo) 12 hourly for 24 hours. Both groups received pentazocine as primary analgesia. RESULT: The primary outcome measure is the proportion of patients with severe pain at 24 hours using the visual analogue rating scale. Secondary outcome measures are the time from surgery to ambulation, Passage of flatus, maternal satisfaction and presence of complications. Statistical analysis was done using spss version 22 and graph pad statistical package. Student T-test was used for continuous variables whereas chi square was used for categorical variables P CONCLUSION: Adjuvant rectal diclofenac is superior to pentazocine alone in the management of pain after caesarean section. Less number of patients had moderate to severe pain at 24 hours post operation. Maternal satisfaction in relation to pain management is better with diclofenac suppository. The levels of complications were comparable in both groups.展开更多
Objectives: Evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of two oral tablets formulations of diclofenac 150 mg in healthy male subjects under fasting condition. This was a phase I, randomized, open label, balanced, two period, tw...Objectives: Evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of two oral tablets formulations of diclofenac 150 mg in healthy male subjects under fasting condition. This was a phase I, randomized, open label, balanced, two period, two sequences, single oral dose, crossover, analyst blind study. Methods: Twenty four (24) healthy subjects were randomly assigned to one of two sequences protocol: 150 mg XR of reference formulation (R), diclofenac sodium in the first period or the test formulation (T), diclofenac potassium in the second or vice versa. The plasma concentrations were determined using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters included: maximum plasma concentration (C<sub>max</sub>), area under the plasma concentration—time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUC<sub>0-t</sub>), and area under the plasma concentration—time from time 0 to infinity (AUC<sub>0-∞</sub>), were evaluated for BE. Results: The results showed that 90% confidence intervals for the test/reference geometric mean ratios (GMR) of C<sub>max</sub> (90.43 - 107.17), AUC<sub>0-t</sub> (93.08 - 116.46) and AUC<sub>0-∞</sub> (92.52 - 117.39) were within the BE (80% - 125%) acceptance range. Conclusions: Two formulations, reference product (R) Voltaren® (diclofenac sodium) of Novartis and test product (T), Diklason Bi (diclofenac potassium) of Laboratorios Leti S.A.V., with a single dose of 150 mg XR, under fasting conditions were bioequivalent. No severe, serious or unexpected adverse events (AEs) were reported in this study.展开更多
Background Actinic keratosis is the most prevalent premalignant skin disorder in the white population. Current guidelines provide no clear recommendations about preferred treatments. Methods The parameters;effectivene...Background Actinic keratosis is the most prevalent premalignant skin disorder in the white population. Current guidelines provide no clear recommendations about preferred treatments. Methods The parameters;effectiveness, treatment duration, recurrence, side effects and cost of treatment were investigated for three frequently used topical therapies which were then compared with a most recent developed topical therapy. Published clinical data obtained from the literature was used to compare these parameters for 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod and diclofenac and relate them with the newly developed Curaderm. Results A wide variation in the concentrations of the active anti-keratotic ingredients, application frequency, duration of treatment, recurrence rates and cost of treatment exist between the different topical therapies. The efficacy rates and side effects were less variable. Overall, Curaderm is the most suitable treatment for actinic keratosis. Clinical evidence is presented illustrating the effects of Curaderm on field-directed treatments and solitary treatments of actinic keratoses. Conclusions Current medical guidelines do not provide clear recommendations on which treatment approach for actinic keratosis is preferred. Direct head-to-head comparison between treatments with emphasis on efficacy, safety, treatment duration, compliance, convenience, cosmetic outcome, patient acceptance and cost should be available to the patient, the practising physician, healthcare system and should assist in therapeutic treatment guidelines and policymaking. Given the very favourable profiles of these parameters with Curaderm when compared with other home-based treatments, it should be considered that Curaderm is first-in-line.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND: Pain management following caesarean section still remains a challenge in our environment. Most potent analgesics are either not readily available or expensive. Diclofenac suppository is an NSAID that can be used for postoperative analgesia. It is available and affordable. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of combined rectal diclofenac and intramuscular pentazocine with intramuscular pentazocine alone for post operative pain control following lower segment caesarean section. METHODOLOGY: A total of 120 women who met the selection criteria scheduled for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine were randomized into two equal groups to receive either 75 mg diclofenac suppository 12 hourly for 24 hours or one anusol suppository (the placebo) 12 hourly for 24 hours. Both groups received pentazocine as primary analgesia. RESULT: The primary outcome measure is the proportion of patients with severe pain at 24 hours using the visual analogue rating scale. Secondary outcome measures are the time from surgery to ambulation, Passage of flatus, maternal satisfaction and presence of complications. Statistical analysis was done using spss version 22 and graph pad statistical package. Student T-test was used for continuous variables whereas chi square was used for categorical variables P CONCLUSION: Adjuvant rectal diclofenac is superior to pentazocine alone in the management of pain after caesarean section. Less number of patients had moderate to severe pain at 24 hours post operation. Maternal satisfaction in relation to pain management is better with diclofenac suppository. The levels of complications were comparable in both groups.
文摘星基广播式自动相关监视(ADS-B,automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast)系统是一种新型的航空器监视技术,在未来空中交通管理系统中具有广阔的应用前景。为了深入研究星基ADS-B系统中航空器到卫星的空天链路通信性能,将专业软件Matlab和STK(system tool kit)有效联合,构建符合国际标准的星基ADS-B空天链路完整模型;通过离散事件动态交互模拟ADS-B消息的发送与接收全过程,最后统计得出体现星基ADS-B空天链路通信性能的消息识别概率(POI,possibility of identify)、消息检测概率(POD,possibility of detective)、信号接收功率、信号冲突概率、卫星覆盖范围等指标。仿真结果表明,随着区域内航空器数量上升,POI、POD下降,消息冲突概率上升。
文摘Objectives: Evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of two oral tablets formulations of diclofenac 150 mg in healthy male subjects under fasting condition. This was a phase I, randomized, open label, balanced, two period, two sequences, single oral dose, crossover, analyst blind study. Methods: Twenty four (24) healthy subjects were randomly assigned to one of two sequences protocol: 150 mg XR of reference formulation (R), diclofenac sodium in the first period or the test formulation (T), diclofenac potassium in the second or vice versa. The plasma concentrations were determined using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters included: maximum plasma concentration (C<sub>max</sub>), area under the plasma concentration—time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUC<sub>0-t</sub>), and area under the plasma concentration—time from time 0 to infinity (AUC<sub>0-∞</sub>), were evaluated for BE. Results: The results showed that 90% confidence intervals for the test/reference geometric mean ratios (GMR) of C<sub>max</sub> (90.43 - 107.17), AUC<sub>0-t</sub> (93.08 - 116.46) and AUC<sub>0-∞</sub> (92.52 - 117.39) were within the BE (80% - 125%) acceptance range. Conclusions: Two formulations, reference product (R) Voltaren® (diclofenac sodium) of Novartis and test product (T), Diklason Bi (diclofenac potassium) of Laboratorios Leti S.A.V., with a single dose of 150 mg XR, under fasting conditions were bioequivalent. No severe, serious or unexpected adverse events (AEs) were reported in this study.
文摘Background Actinic keratosis is the most prevalent premalignant skin disorder in the white population. Current guidelines provide no clear recommendations about preferred treatments. Methods The parameters;effectiveness, treatment duration, recurrence, side effects and cost of treatment were investigated for three frequently used topical therapies which were then compared with a most recent developed topical therapy. Published clinical data obtained from the literature was used to compare these parameters for 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod and diclofenac and relate them with the newly developed Curaderm. Results A wide variation in the concentrations of the active anti-keratotic ingredients, application frequency, duration of treatment, recurrence rates and cost of treatment exist between the different topical therapies. The efficacy rates and side effects were less variable. Overall, Curaderm is the most suitable treatment for actinic keratosis. Clinical evidence is presented illustrating the effects of Curaderm on field-directed treatments and solitary treatments of actinic keratoses. Conclusions Current medical guidelines do not provide clear recommendations on which treatment approach for actinic keratosis is preferred. Direct head-to-head comparison between treatments with emphasis on efficacy, safety, treatment duration, compliance, convenience, cosmetic outcome, patient acceptance and cost should be available to the patient, the practising physician, healthcare system and should assist in therapeutic treatment guidelines and policymaking. Given the very favourable profiles of these parameters with Curaderm when compared with other home-based treatments, it should be considered that Curaderm is first-in-line.
