Dielectric loss enhancement induced by the microstructure of CoFe_(2)O_(4) foam to realize broadband electromagnetic wave absorption

CoFe_(2)O_(4)has been widely used for electromagnetic wave absorption owing to its high Snoek limit,high anisotropy,and suitable saturation magnetization;however,its inherent shortcomings,including low dielectric loss,high density,and magnetic agglomeration,limit its application as an ideal absorbent.This study investigated a microstructure regulation strategy to mitigate the inherent disadvantages of pristine CoFe_(2)O_(4)synthesized via a sol–gel auto-combustion method.A series of CoFe_(2)O_(4)foams(S0.5,S1.0,and S1.5,corresponding to foams with citric acid(CA)-to-Fe(NO_(3))_(3)·9H_(2)O molar ratios of 0.5,1.0,and 1.5,respectively)with two-dimensional(2D)curved surfaces were obtained through the adjustment of CA-to-Fe^(3+)ratio,and the electromagnetic parameters were adjusted through morphology regulation.Owing to the appropriate impedance matching and conductance loss provided by moderate complex permittivity,the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of S0.5 was as high as 7.3 GHz,exceeding those of most CoFe_(2)O_(4)-based absorbents.Moreover,the EAB of S1.5 reached 5.0 GHz(8.9–13.9 GHz),covering most of the X band,owing to the intense polarization provided by lattice defects and the heterogeneous interface.The three-dimensional(3D)foam structure circumvented the high density and magnetic agglomeration issues of CoFe_(2)O_(4)nanoparticles,and the good conductivity of 2D curved surfaces could effectively elevate the complex permittivity to ameliorate the dielectric loss of pure CoFe_(2)O_(4).This study provides a novel idea for the theoretical design and practical production of lightweight and broadband pure ferrites.

Test and analysis of the influence of the transformer insulation resistance and dielectric loss

In view of long-term transformer insulation resistance and dielectric loss measurement, measurement and according to the national standard formula conversion values are not completely consistent, in this paper, a variety of transformers are studied, and the applicable scope of the conversion formula is discussed emphatically, combined with the test results are analyzed of transformer insulation resistance value to temperature and oiliness and dielectric loss tangent to temperature and oiliness, and puts forward suggestions on how to improve the insulation performance of transformer.

Ultrafine Vacancy-Rich Nb_(2)O_(5)Semiconductors Confined in Carbon Nanosheets Boost Dielectric Polarization for High-Attenuation Microwave Absorption

The integration of nano-semiconductors into electromagnetic wave absorption materials is a highly desirable strategy for intensifying dielectric polarization loss;achieving high-attenuation microwave absorption and realizing in-depth comprehension of dielectric loss mechanisms remain challenges.Herein,ultrafine oxygen vacancy-rich Nb_(2)O_(5)semiconductors are confined in carbon nanosheets(ov-Nb_(2)O_(5)/CNS)to boost dielectric polarization and achieve high attenuation.The polarization relaxation,electromagnetic response,and impedance matching of the ov-Nb_(2)O_(5)/CNS are significantly facilitated by the Nb_(2)O_(5)semiconductors with rich oxygen vacancies,which consequently realizes an extremely high attenuation performance of-80.8 dB(>99.999999%wave absorption)at 2.76 mm.As a dielectric polarization center,abundant Nb_(2)O_(5)–carbon heterointerfaces can intensify interfacial polarization loss to strengthen dielectric polarization,and the presence of oxygen vacancies endows Nb_(2)O_(5)semiconductors with abundant charge separation sites to reinforce electric dipole polarization.Moreover,the three-dimensional reconstruction of the absorber using microcomputer tomography technology provides insight into the intensification of the unique lamellar morphology regarding multiple reflection and scattering dissipation characteristics.Additionally,ov-Nb_(2)O_(5)/CNS demonstrates excellent application potential by curing into a microwave-absorbing,machinable,and heat-dissipating plate.This work provides insight into the dielectric polarization loss mechanisms of nano-semiconductor/carbon composites and inspires the design of high-performance microwave absorption materials.

Determination of dielectric properties of titanium carbide fabricated by microwave synthesis with Ti-bearing blast furnace slag

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery;it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking.The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method.Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed.The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.

A Short Review on Copper Calcium Titanate(CCTO) Electroceramic;Synthesis,Dielectric Properties,Film Deposition,and Sensing Application

Electroceramic calcium copper titanates(CaCu3Ti4O12,CCTO),with high dielectric permittivities（e） of approximately 105 and 104,respectively,for single crystal and bulk materials,are produced for a number of wellestablished and emerging applications such as resonator,capacitor,and sensor.These applications take advantage of the unique properties achieved through the structure and properties of CCTO.This review comprehensively focuses on the primary processing routes,effect of impurity,dielectric permittivity,and deposition technique used for the processing of electroceramics along with their chemical composition and micro and nanostructures.Emphasis is given to versatile and basic approaches that allow one to control the microstructural features that ultimately determine the properties of the CCTO ceramic.Despite the intensive research in this area,none of the studies available in the literature provides all the possible relevant information about CCTO fabrication,structure,the factors influencing its dielectric properties,CCTO immobilization,and sensing applications.

Small Rb^+ Doping in CaCu_3Ti_4O_(12)——A Possible Approach to Reduce Dielectric Loss

Ca1-xRbxCu3Ti4O12 （x=0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03） ceramics were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Doping Rb＋ reduces dielectric loss, which reaches minimum when x=0.02. By measuring properties of electrical conduction, larger leakage current density and height of grain-boundary Sehottky potential barrier （φB） were found in the doped samples, and φB became maximum when x=0.02. These results are attributed to the increase in the amount of oxygen vacancies and the formation of Cu-rich/Ti-poor grain-boundary layers, and it can be concluded that the dielectric loss in CCTO ceramic can be reduced by manipulating the composition and electrical properties of grain boundary.

Dielectric loss of half-doped manganite La_(0.5)Ca_(0.5)MnO_3

The dielectric loss tanfi of half-doped manganite Lao.sCao.sMnO3 is investigated using Green＇s function technique. The Lao.sCao.sMnO3 is described by the Kondo-lattice model in the double exchange limit, taking into account the Jahn- Teller distortion and the super-exchange interaction between the localized electrons. It is found that the intensity of tans decreases with increasing [e]TI, V, and U. It is also observed that the transition temperature Tp rises as l eJTI and U increase. It is worth noting that Tp remains unchanged and the strength of tans increases with increasing g. The calculated dielectric loss results are explained theoretically, and these behaviors are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.

Analysis on the Influence Factors of Capacitor Voltage Transformer Dielectric Loss Measurement

Capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), which is with simple structure, convenient maintenance, functional diversity and high impact pressure strength, is widely used. And its capacitance and dielectric loss Angle measurement is an important test on testing the insulation of the equipment. This paper is mainly to introduce and discuss one of the CVT test methods——the “self excitation method”, combined with the actual situation encountered in the work, sums up and expounds the maintenance of CVT and preventive test of influence factors.

Frequency dependence of the electrical conductivity and dielectric constants of polycarbonate (Makrofol-E) film under the effects of γ-radiation

Irradiation effects of γ-radiation on the physical and electrical properties of polycarbonate (Makrofol-E( film has been studied to be able to investigate the dielectric response of irradiated polymers for a wide range of fluence and frequency. The dielectric constant (ε') The loss tangent (tanδ), dielectric loss factor (ε''), the a.c electrical conductivity (σ) and the relaxation time (τ), were measured in the frequency range from (40) Hz to (4) MHz. These samples were irradiated by means of γ-rays from 10 up to 200 KGy. The change in different properties as a function of absorbed dose was studied. Degradation of the polymers leading to amorphisation was observed by increasing the absorbed γ- dose. The induced changes in the electrical conductivity due to γ-rays irradiation of Makrofol-E provide a better method for γ -dose measurements. A semi-empirical equation was developed to use Makrofol-E as a dielectric dosimeter. Furthermore, Makrofol-E has much greater resistance to radiation damage;the attained results suggested strongly the applicability of Makrofol-E to be used in medical products applications.

Evaluation of myocardial viability during cold storage by measurement of myocardual dielectric properties tanδm in radio frequency

Objective To study the mechanism of myocardial dielectric property changes in radio frequency during hypothermic preservation and explore myocardial viability evaluative method. Methods Hybrid young pigs ( 20 - 30 kg) were used in the experiment. Heart arrest was in-

Effect of Cu ion substitution on structural and dielectric properties of Ni-Zn ferrites

A series of Cu-substituted Ni_(0.5-x)Cu_xZn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4(x=0.12,0.16,0.20,0.24 and 0.28) spinel ferrites were prepared by conventional ceramic method to investigate the effects of Cu compositional variation on the structure and dielectric properties.XRD patterns demonstrate that all the samples are crystallized in single-phase cubic spinel structure and the lattice constant increases with increasing Cu content.White grains observed by SEM are Cu-rich phase.The dielectric constant versus frequency curve displays a normal dielectric behavior of spinel ferrites.While the frequency dependence of dielectric loss tangent is found to be abnormal,exhibiting a peak at certain frequency for all Cu-substituted Ni-Zn ferrites.A maximum of the resistivity is observed at x=0.2 due to the decrease of hopping electrons between Fe^(2+) and Fe^(3+) in per unit volume,which is in contrast with the Cu content dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss.

The Influence of Free Water Content on Dielectric Properties of Alkali Active Slag Cement Paste

The dielectric performance of alkali activated slag （AAS） cement paste was investigated in the frequency range of 1 to 1000 MHz. The experimental results showed the unstable dielectric properties of harden paste were mostly influenced by the fraction of free water in paste or absorbed water from ambient, but not including hydration water and microstructure. The free water was completely eliminated by heat treatment at 105 ℃ about 4 hours, and then its dielectric loss was depressed; but with the exposure time in air increasing, the free water adsorption in ambient air made the dielectric property of harden cement paste to be bad. The temperature and relative humidity of environment was the key factors of free water adsorption; hence, if the influence of free water on dielectric constant was measured or eliminated, the cement-based materials may be applied in humidity sensitive materials or dielectric materials domains.

Dielectric properties of spark plasma sintered AlN/SiC composite ceramics

In this study, we have investigated how the dielectric loss tangent and permittivity of AlN ceramics are affected by factors such as powder mixing methods, milling time, sintering temperature, and the addition of a second conductive phase. All ceramic samples were pre-pared by spark plasma sintering （SPS） under a pressure of 30 MPa. AlN composite ceramics sintered with 30wt%-40wt%SiC at 1600℃ for 5 min exhibited the best dielectric loss tangent, which is greater than 0.3. In addition to AlN and β-SiC, the samples also contained 2H-SiC and Fe5Si3, as detected by X-ray difraction （XRD）. The relative densities of the sintered ceramics were higher than 93%. Experimental results indicate that nano-SiC has a strong capability of absorbing electromagnetic waves. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of AlN-SiC ce-ramics with the same content of SiC decreased as the frequency of electromagnetic waves increased from 1 kHz to 1 MHz.

Influence of particle size and temperature on the dielectric properties of CoFe_2O_4 nanoparticles

The objective of this study was to establish the dielectric properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with particle sizes that varied from 28.6 to 5.8 nm. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical coprecipitation method. The particle sizes were calculated accord-ing to the Scherrer formula using X-ray diffraction （XRD） peaks, and the particle size distribution curves were constructed by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） images. The dielectric permittivity and loss tangents of the samples were determined in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz and in the temperature range of 300 to 10 K. Both the dielectric permittivity and the loss tangent were found to decrease with increasing frequency and decreasing temperature. For the smallest CoFe2O4 nanoparticle size, the dielectric per-mittivity and loss tangent exhibited their highest and lowest values, respectively. This behavior is very useful for materials used in devices that operate in the microwave or radio frequency ranges.

Effect of Gadolinium Substitution on Dielectric Properties of Bismuth Ferrite

Multiferroic Bi1-xGdxFeO3(x =0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) ceramics were prepared by conventional solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction was carried out to characterize the crystal structure and to detect any possible impurities existing in these ceramics. Frequency dependence of dielectric properties of Bi1-xGdxFeO3 samples at room temperature was measured in a frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz using an HP4294A precision impedance analyzer. For all the samples studied, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with increasing frequency in the range between 100 Hz and 1 MHz, as can be expected from a typical orientational dielectric relaxation process. There is no indication of any dips over the whole frequency range studied, which is in direct contrast with that reported previously. It is found that both dielectric constant and dielectric loss are strongly dependent on the Gd3+ content. The effect of introducing Gd3+ is to increase the dielectric constant and to decrease the dielectric loss for slightly doped sample Bi0.95Gd0.05FeO3: the dielectric constant of the sample at 1 kHz reaches 600, six times bigger than that for pure BiFeO3. Complicated dielectric behaviors are observed at higher doping levels. Furthermore, the substitution of rare earth Gd for Bi helps to eliminate the impurity phase in BiFeO3 ceramics. There is strong evidence that both lattice constants a and c of the unit cell become smaller as the Gd3 + content is increased. The dielectric constant and loss and their frequency responses can be varied dramatically by substitution of Gd.

Identification of the Intrinsic Dielectric Properties of Metal Single Atoms for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Atomically dispersed metals on N-doped carbon supports(M-N_(xCs)) have great potential applications in various fields.However,a precise understanding of the definitive relationship between the configuration of metal single atoms and the dielectric loss properties of M-N_(xCs) at the atomic-level is still lacking.Herein,we report a general approach to synthesize a series of three-dimensional(3D)honeycomb-like M-N_xC(M=Mn,Fe,Co,Cu,or Ni) containing metal single atoms.Experimental results indicate that 3D M-N_(xCs) exhibit a greatly enhanced dielectric loss compared with that of the NC matrix.Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the density of states of the d orbitals near the Fermi level is significantly increased and additional electrical dipoles are induced due to the destruction of the symmetry of the local microstructure,which enhances conductive loss and dipolar polarization loss of 3D M-N_(xCs),respectively.Consequently,these 3D M-N_(xCs) exhibit excellent electromagnetic wave absorption properties,outperforming the most commonly reported absorbers.This study systematically explains the mechanism of dielectric loss at the atomic level for the first time and is of significance to the rational design of high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorbing materials containing metal single atoms.

Study on Ba_(6-3x)Sm_(8+2x)Ti_(18)O_(54) Microwave Dielectric Ceramics

The effects of different x values on the dielectric properties in the Ba6-3xSm8+2xTi18O54 microwave dielectric ceramics(0.3≤x≤0.7) were studied. The results showed that the major crystal phase was BaSm2Ti4O12 and the sintering temperature of the ceramics was 1340 ℃ when the x value was 0.67. The dielectric properties were better: εr≈79, tanδ≈1×10-4(1 MHz); εr≈80, Q·f=9230 GHz(3.97 GHz), τf=-17 ppm·℃-1.

Dielectric Properties of Fe73.5-Cu1-Ta3-Si13.5-B9 Magnetic Alloy

The studied sample is a metallic glass in Fe-Si-B system. It is developed with the nominal composition of Fe735-Cu1-Ta3-Si13.5-B9 by single-roller melt spinning technique in air. The dielectric constant and loss factor have been measured both for as cast and annealed samples using Agilent Impedance analyzer. They are found to decrease with frequency up to 10 MHz and remain constant afterwards. The decrease of dielectric constant and loss factor with frequency is due to ceasing of orientational polarizability. Their constancy is owing to presence of only electronic contribution to its polarizability above 10 MHz. Three distinct regions （1-4 MHz, 4-10 MHz and 10 MHz-1 GHz） also noticed from its frequency dependence, which might make it useful in switching and sensor devices. The temperature dependence of dielectric constant and loss factor maintain inverse relationship： （1） dielectric constant increases, and （2） loss factor decreases with annealing temperature for structural relaxation due to thermal agitation.

Growth, Optical, Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Glycine Zinc Chloride NLO Single Crystals

Single crystals of Glycine Zinc Chloride (GZC) were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with the space group Pna21.The optical transmission study reveals the transparency of the crystal in the entire visible region and the cut off wavelength has been found to be 230 nm. The optical band gap is found to be 3.40eV. The transmittance of GZC crystal has been used to calculate the refractive index (n), the extinction coefficient (K) and the real er and imaginary ei components of the dielectric constant. Mechanical studies were carried out on the as grown crystal. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss measurements were carried out at different temperatures and frequencies. Photoconductivity measurements carried out on the grown crystal reveal the negative photoconducting nature.