Broadband mid-infrared pulse via intra-pulse difference frequency generation based on supercontinuum from multiple thin plates

We report on the generation of optical pulses with a nearly one octave-spanning spectrum ranging from 1300 nm to2500 nm at 1 kHz repetition rate, which are based on intra-pulse difference frequency generation(DFG) in β-barium borate crystal(β-BBO) and passively carrier-envelope-phase(CEP) stabilized. The DFG is induced by few-cycle pulses initiated from spectral broadening in multiple thin plates driven by a Ti: sapphire chirped-pulse amplifier. Furthermore, a numerical simulation is developed to estimate the conversion efficiency and output spectrum of the DFG. Our results show that the pulses from the DFG have the potential for seeding intense mid-infrared(MIR) laser generation and amplification to study strong-field physics and attosecond science.

Energy Scaling of Terahertz Pulses Produced through Difference Frequency Generation

We study the energy scaling of terahertz (THz) emission through difference frequency generation of near-infrared pulses, and demonstrate that Gigawatt few-cycle THz transients at the central frequency of 30 THz are produced from GaSe crystal pumped by two pulses at 1.65 and 1.95 micrometers, with the high quantum yield of 28%. Our analysis indicates that the high yield of DFG originates from the largely reduced group velocity mismatch as the long-wavelength pumping pulses are employed.

Theoretical research on terahertz wave generation from planar waveguide by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation

A novel scheme for high-efficiency terahertz(THz)wave generation based on optimized cascaded difference frequency generation(OCDFG)with planar waveguide is presented.The phase mismatches of each-order cascaded difference frequency generation(CDFG)are modulated by changing the thickness of the waveguide,resulting in a decrement of phase mismatches in cascaded Stokes processes and an increment of phase mismatches in cascaded anti-Stokes processes simultaneously.The modulated phase mismatches enhance the cascaded Stokes processes and suppress the cascaded anti-Stokes processes simultaneously,yielding energy conversion efficiencies over 25%from optical wave to THz wave at 100 K.

High-efficiency terahertz wave generation with multiple frequencies by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation

High-efficiency terahertz(THz) wave generation with multiple frequencies by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation(OCDFG) is investigated at 100 K using a nonlinear crystal consisting of a periodically poled lithium niobate(PPLN) part and an aperiodically poled lithium niobate(APPLN) part.Two infrared pump waves with a frequency difference ω_(T1) generate THz waves and a series of cascaded optical waves in the PPLN part by cascaded difference frequency generation(CDFG).The generated cascaded optical waves with frequency interval ω_(T1) then further interact in the APPLN part by OCDFG,yielding the following two advantages.First,OCDFG in the APPLN part is efficiently stimulated by inputting multi-order cascaded optical waves rather than the only two intense infrared pump waves,yielding unprecedented energy conversion efficiencies in excess of 37% at 1 THz at 100 K.Second,THz waves with M timesω_(T1) are generated by mixing the mth-order and the(m+M)th-order cascaded optical waves by designing poling period distributions of the APPLN part.

Creation of multi-frequency terahertz waves by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation

A new scheme which generates multi-frequency terahertz(THz)waves from planar waveguide by the optimized cascaded difference frequency generation(OCDFG)is proposed.A THz wave with frequencyω_(T1)is generated by the OCDFG with two infrared pump waves,and simultaneously a series of cascaded optical waves with a frequency intervalω_(T1)is generated.The THz wave with a frequency of M-timesω_(T1)is generated by mixing the m-th-order and the(m+M)-th-order cascaded optical wave.The phase mismatch distributions of cascaded difference frequency generation(CDFG)are modulated by changing the thickness of planar waveguide step by step,thereby satisfying the phase-matching condition from first-order to high-order cascaded Stokes process step by step.As a result,the intensity of THz wave can be enhanced and modulated by controlling the cascading order of OCDFG.

Mid-IR dual-wavelength difference frequency generation in uniform grating PPLN using index dispersion control

A novel widely tunable dual-wavelength mid-IR difference frequency generation （DFG） scheme with uniform grating periodically poled lithium niobate （PPLN） is presented in this paper. By using the temperature-dependent dispersion property of PPLN, the quasi-phase matching （QPM） peak for the pump may evolve into two separate ones and the wavelength spacing between them increases with the decrease of the crystal temperature. Such two pump QPM peaks may allow simultaneous dual-wavelength mid-IR laser radiations while properly setting the two fundamental pump wavelengths. With this scheme, mid-IR dual-wavelength laser radiations at around 3.228 and 3.548, 3.114 and 3.661, and 3.019 and 3.76 μm, are experimentally achieved for the crystal temperatures of 90, 65, and 30 ℃, respectively, based on the fiber laser fundamental lights.

Compact mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer over 3-4μm via intra-pulse difference frequency generation in LiNbO_(3) waveguides

The mid-infrared optical frequency comb is a powerful tool for gas sensing.In this study,we demonstrate a simple midinfrared dual-comb spectrometer covering 3±4μm in Li Nb O_(3)waveguides.Based on a low-power fiber laser system,the mid-infrared comb is achieved via intra-pulse difference frequency generation in the Li Nb O_(3)waveguide.We construct pre-chirp management before supercontinuum generation to control spatiotemporal alignment for pump and signal pulses.The supercontinuum is directly coupled into a chirped periodically poled Li Nb O_(3)waveguide for the 3±4μm idler generation.A mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer based on this approach provides a 100 MHz resolution over25 THz coverage.To evaluate the applicability for spectroscopy,we measure the methane spectrum using the dualcomb spectrometer.The measured results are consistent with the HITRAN database,in which the root mean square of the residual is 3.2%.This proposed method is expected to develop integrated and robust mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometers on chip for sensing.

THz wave generation by repeated and continuous frequency conversions from pump wave to high-order Stokes waves

We propose a novel scheme for THz wave generation by repeated and continuous frequency conversions from pump wave to high-order Stokes waves(HSWs).The repeated frequency conversions are accomplished by oscillations of Stoke waves in resonant cavity(RC)where low-order Stokes waves(LSWs)are converted to high-order Stokes waves again and again.The continuous frequency conversions are accomplished by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation(OCDFG)where the poling periods of the optical crystal are aperiodic leading to the frequency conversions from low-order Stokes waves to high-order Stokes waves uninterruptedly and unidirectionally.Combined with the repeated and continuous frequency conversions,the optical-to-THz energy conversion efficiency(OTECE)exceeds 26%at 300 K and 43%at 100 K with pump intensities of 300 MW/cm^(2).

Midinfrared optical frequency comb based on difference frequency generation using high repetition rate Er-doped fiber laser with single wall carbon nanotube film

We demonstrated stable midinfrared(MIR) optical frequency comb at the 3.0 μm region with difference frequency generation pumped by a high power, Er-doped, ultrashort pulse fiber laser system. A soliton mode-locked161 MHz high repetition rate fiber laser using a single wall carbon nanotube was fabricated. The output pulse was amplified in an Er-doped single mode fiber amplifier, and a 1.1–2.2 μm wideband supercontinuum(SC) with an average power of 205 m W was generated in highly nonlinear fiber. The spectrogram of the generated SC was examined both experimentally and numerically. The generated SC was focused into a nonlinear crystal, and stable generation of MIR comb around the 3 μm wavelength region was realized.

Highly efficient continuous-wave mid-infrared generation based on intracavity difference frequency mixing

We report on a new scheme for efficient continuous-wave(CW)mid-infrared generation using difference frequency generation(DFG)inside a periodically poled lithium niobate(PPLN)-based optical parametric oscillator(OPO).The pump sources were two CW fiber lasers fixed at 1018 nm and 1080 nm.One worked as the assisted laser to build parametric oscillation and generate an oscillating signal beam while the other worked at low power(3 W)to induce DFG between it and the signal beam.The PPLN temperature was appropriately adjusted to enable OPO and DFG to synchronously meet phase-matching conditions.Finally,both low-power 1018 nm and 1080 nm pump beams were successfully converted to 3.1μm and 3.7μm idler beams,respectively.The conversion efficiencies of the 1018 nm and 1080 nm pumped DFG reached 20% and 15%,respectively,while their slope efficiencies reached 19.6% and 15%.All these data were comparable to the OPOs pumped by themselves and never realized before in traditional CW DFG schemes.The results reveal that high-efficiency frequency down-conversion can be achieved with a low-power nearinfrared pump source.

Tunable terahertz wave difference frequency generation in a graphene/AlGaAs surface plasmon waveguide

Graphene-based surface plasmon waveguides(SPWs) show high confinement well beyond the diffraction limit at terahertz frequencies. By combining a graphene SPW and nonlinear material, we propose a novel graphene/AlGaAs SPW structure for terahertz wave difference frequency generation(DFG) under near-infrared pumps.The composite waveguide, which supports single-mode operation at terahertz frequencies and guides two pumps by a high-index-contrast AlGaAs∕Al Oxstructure, can confine terahertz waves tightly and realize good mode field overlap of three waves. The phase-matching condition is satisfied via artificial birefringence in an AlGaAs∕Al Ox waveguide together with the tunability of graphene, and the phase-matching terahertz wave frequency varies from 4 to 7 THz when the Fermi energy level of graphene changes from 0.848 to 2.456 eV. Based on the coupled-mode theory, we investigate the power-normalized conversion efficiency for the tunable terahertz wave DFG process by using the finite difference method under continuous wave pumps, where the tunable bandwidth can reach 2 THz with considerable conversion efficiency. To exploit the high peak powers of pulses, we also discuss optical pulse evolutions for pulse-pumped terahertz wave DFG processes.

Recent progress on terahertz generation based on difference frequency generation:from power scaling to compact and portable sources

The progress achieved on power scaling and compact and portable THz sources is reviewed.By reversely stacking the GaP plates,the photon conversion efficiency is improved from 25% to 40% which corresponds to the maximum value.When the number of the plates is increased from four to five,the output power decreases because of back conversion.The THz generation is also investigated by mixing the two frequencies generated by a single Nd：YLF solid-state laser.The average output power reaches 1 μW.The introduction of two Nd：YLF crystals significantly improves the output power to 4.5 μW.This configuration facilitates the generation of different output frequencies.

Amplification assisted difference frequency generation for efficient mid-infrared conversion based on monolithic tandem lithium niobate superlattice

We report the investigation on the performance of an amplification assisted difference frequency generation(AA-DFG) system driven by pulsed pump and continuous-wave primary signal lasers. A monolithic tandem lithium niobate superlattice was employed as the nonlinear crystal with a uniform grating section for the DFG process, followed by a chirp section for the optical parametric amplification process. The impacts of pump pulse shape, primary signal power, input beam diameter, and crystal structure on the pump-to-idler conversion efficiency of the AA-DFG system were comprehensively studied by numerically solving the coupled wave equations. It is concluded that square pump pulse and high primary signal power are beneficial to high pump-to-idler conversion efficiency. In addition, tighter input beam focus and smaller DFG length proportion could redeem the reduction in conversion efficiency resulting from wider acceptance bandwidths for the input lasers. We believe that such systems combining the merits of high stability inherited from cavity-free configuration and high efficiency attributed from the cascaded nonlinear conversion should be of great interest to a wide community,especially when the pulse shaping technique is incorporated.

Experimental investigation of nonlinear process based on cSHG/DFG in PPLN waveguide

Effects of second harmonic generation （SHG） and cascaded second harmonic generation/difference frequency generation（cSHG/DFG） based on the quasi-phase-matching （QPM） condition in periodically poled lithium niobate （PPLN） waveguide were investigated experimentally. SHG conversion efficiency of -13.6dB and QPM bandwidth of 0.45nm were achieved using a 16.1dBm power of fundamental wave at 1550.4nm. Using pulsed all-fiber passive mode locked laser and tunable continuous wave laser, cSHG/DFG effect utilized for optical sampling was observed. Conversion efficiencies were calculated, and 11.88nm-wide QPM bandwidth was achieved through changing the wavelength of input signal. Conversion efficiency of cSHG/DFG effect increased linearly with the total injected power.

基于差频中红外激光的痕量气体高分辨光谱检测研究

研究了基于差频光源的高分辨中红外激光光谱检测系统,差频中红外光源使用两台近红外半导体激光器作为种子光源,采用PPLN晶体作为非线性混频器件,结合准相位匹配技术实现了3.2～3.7μm中红外相干光源输出,最大差频输出功率约为1μW.以CH4为例检验了系统的高分辨红外光谱检测特性,选择CH4分子3028.751cm-1 v3基频吸收线作为分析谱线,10cm光程的检测限为0.8ppm.光谱数据分析表明,系统检测限主要受到标准具光学噪音的限制.

差频中红外激光光谱技术探测大气甲醛污染研究

文中开展室温工作的差频中红外激光吸收光谱技术及其对大气痕量有机污染物的探测研究。采用高效、宽带和准相位匹配的周期极化铌酸锂晶体(PPLN)作为激光差频器元件,把1.523μm DFB 半导体激光器和1 064.5 nmNd:YAG 激光器泵浦 PPLN 晶体产生的差频输出调谐到甲醛在3.5μm附近的一条吸收线附近,利用调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术测量大气中甲醛气体浓度,并通过波长调制和二次谐波检测技术消除光路中干涉条纹的干扰,同时使用紧凑型 Herriott 多次反射池,使检测下限达到1 ppb 量级。系统具有快速、实时、室温工作等特点,通过调谐差频器的泵浦半导体激光器波长,就能够实现对其他有毒有害有机和无机污染物的检测。

差频产生中红外光源的大气痕量成分高灵敏检测系统研究

室温工作的连续可调谐相干光源在痕量气体检测技术中有着重要应用价值,非线性差频产生方法是获得室温工作的中红外相干光源的有效途径,是对传统激光光源的重要补充。研究了基于准相位匹配技术的差频产生基本原理和PPLN晶体的温度调谐特性;以甲醛为检测目标气体,研究了基于差频产生的大气甲醛中红外高灵敏探测系统组成,采用光通信波段半导体激光器和掺镱光纤激光器作为信号和泵浦激光,通过PPLN晶体的非线性差频过程实现3.53μm差频输出。系统具有室温工作、全光纤耦合、结构紧凑的特点,能够满足大气痕量气体实时在线检测的需要。

单到单和单到双信道皮秒脉冲全光波长转换的实验研究

基于周期极化反转铌酸锂(PPLN)光波导级联倍频和差频(SHG+DFG)的二阶非线性效应,提出并实验研究了皮秒脉冲的可调谐波长转换以及单信道到双信道的波长转换.信号光采用重复频率为40GHz,脉宽为1.57ps的脉冲信号.连续抽运光由光纤环形腔激光器(FRL)提供.不同于传统的SHG+DFG型波长转换,信号光固定在PPLN光波导倍频过程的准相位匹配(QPM)波长处,通过调节抽运光的波长实现了转换空闲光的可调谐输出.当使用两个抽运光时实验观察到了单信道到双信道的波长转换.

Ⅱ类非临界相位匹配下近红外波段的差频产生器

报道了一个利用差频技术（DFG）产生近红外的装置。在此系统中1.064μm半导体激光器作为信号光和0.56~0.71μm染料激光器作为泵浦光,通过三硼酸锂晶体（LBO）在非线性相互作用下产生较高功率的可调谐近红外激光,其波长范围为1.4~2.2μm。通过温度调谐非临界相位匹配（NCPM）技术,在Ⅱ类相位匹配方式下实现差频发生器。其平均输出功率为35 m W以上。在1.6μm近红外波段激光的转化效率可达到12.2%,具有宽调谐、窄线宽的特点,具有较为广泛的应用范围。

全光波长转换器及其研究进展

实现全光波长转换主要利用四种非线性效应 :交叉增益调制 (XGM)、交叉相位调制 (XPM)、四波混频 (FWM)和差频 (DFG)效应。根据所用非线性器件不同 ,分别介绍了基于这四种效应的全光波长转换器的基本原理、系统结构、特点和发展现状。每种波长转换器都有其不足之处 ,针对这一现实 ,重点介绍了国内外最新的全光波长转换方案 ,这些方案在一定程度上改进了原有波长转换器的性能 ,促进了全光波长转换器的实用化进程。