Constraining Anthropogenic CH_4 Emissions in Nanjing and the Yangtze River Delta,China,Using Atmospheric CO_2 and CH_4 Mixing Ratios

Methane （CH4） emissions estimated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） inventory method at the city and regional scale are subject to large uncertainties.In this study,we determined the CH4：CO2 emissions ratio for both Nanjing and the Yangtze River Delta （YRD）,using the atmospheric CH4 and CO2 concentrations measured at a suburban site in Nanjing in the winter.The atmospheric estimate of the CH4：CO2 emissions ratio was in reasonable agreement with that calculated using the IPCC method for the YRD （within 20％）,but was 200％ greater for the municipality of Nanjing.The most likely reason for the discrepancy is that emissions from unmanaged landfills are omitted from the official statistics on garbage production.

Contacted Ion Pairs in Aqueous CuCl2 by the Combination of Ratio Spectra, Difference Spectra, Second Order Difference Spectra in the UV-Visible Spectra

The microstructure of aqueous CuCl2 has been studied through lots of technologies for many years; however, it remains a controversial subject. In this study, a new spectroscopic method has been proposed to analyze the UV-visible spectra of thin fihn of CuCl2/H2O solutions at different concentrations. This method is the combination of ratio spectra, difference spectra and second order difference spectra. By using this method, two new bands at -230 and -380 nm are obviously observed. The bands are assigned as the contacted ion pairs [CuCl3（H2O）n]- or [CuCl4（H2O）n]2-, which demonstrates that ion pairs exist in the CuCl2/H2O solution. Such finding agrees with the recent theoretical spectra obtained by time-dependent density functional theory. Furthermore, the populations of the contacted ion pairs are discussed. This study not only offers the direct spectroscopic evidence of [CuCl3（H2O）n]- or [CuCl4（H2O）n]2- in aqueous CuCl2, but also suggests that the spec- troscopic analysis method is powerful to extract the weak bands in a strong overlapping spectrum.

The Impact of Different Mining and Releasing Ratios on the Over-Support Pressure of Header Working Face

Through the theoretical analysis of overburden destabilization mechanism, FLAC 3D simplified plane numerical simulation method and field measurement method, we compared the relationship of overburden support pressure at 35 m of workface recovery, and the peak overburden support pressure decreased from 13.85 Mpa to 11.97 Mpa from 1:1 to 1:3. With the increase of mining ratio, the peak over-supporting pressure decreases: with the increase of top coal recovery thickness, the peak over-supporting pressure and the influence range will be further expanded, and the distance between the peak over-supporting pressure and the coal wall of the working face will be further increased and the high stress zone of the peak area will be expanded simultaneously.

Numerical Simulation of the Settling Flux of Biodeposition in a Bay with Cage Culture Through Similarity Theory and a Simplified Pollution Source

The settling flux of biodeposition affects the environmental quality of cage culture areas and determines their environmental carrying capacity.Simple and effective simulation of the settling flux of biodeposition is extremely important for determining the spatial distribution of biodeposition.Theoretically,biodeposition in cage culture areas without specific emission rules can be simplified as point source pollution.Fluent is a fluid simulation software that can simulate the dispersion of particulate matter simply and efficiently.Based on the simplification of pollution sources and bays,the settling flux of biodeposition can be easily and effectively simulated by Fluent fluid software.In the present work,the feasibility of this method was evaluated by simulation of the settling flux of biodeposition in Maniao Bay,Hainan Province,China,and 20 sampling sites were selected for determining the settling fluxes.At sampling sites P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,Z1,Z2,Z3,Z4,A1,A2,A3,A4,B1,B2,C1,C2,C3 and C4,the measured settling fluxes of biodeposition were 26.02,15.78,10.77,58.16,6.57,72.17,12.37,12.11,106.64,150.96,22.59,11.41,18.03,7.90,19.23,7.06,11.84,5.19 and 2.57 g d^(−1)m^(−2),respectively.The simulated settling fluxes of biodeposition at the corresponding sites were 16.03,23.98,8.87,46.90,4.52,104.77,16.03,8.35,180.83,213.06,39.10,17.47,20.98,9.78,23.25,7.84,15.90,6.06 and 1.65 g d^(−1)m^(−2),respectively.There was a positive correlation between the simulated settling fluxes and measured ones(R=0.94,P=2.22×10^(−9)<0.05),which implies that the spatial differentiation of biodeposition flux was well simulated.Moreover,the posterior difference ratio of the simulation was 0.38,and the small error probability was 0.94,which means that the simulated results reached an acceptable level from the perspective of relative error.Thus,if nonpoint source pollution is simplified to point source pollution and open waters are simplified based on similarity theory,the setting flux of biodeposition in the open waters can be simply and effectively simulated by the fluid simulation software Fluent.

Microscopic Analysis of Cementitious Sand and Gravel Damming Materia

The mechanical properties of cementitious sand and gravel damming material have been experimentally determined by means of microscopic SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy)image analysis.The results show that the combination of fly ash and water can fill the voids in cemented sand and gravel test blocks because of the presence of hydrated calcium silicate and other substances;thereby,the compactness and mechanical properties of these materials can be greatly improved.For every 10 kg/m^(3) increase in the amount of cementitious material,the density increases by about 2%,and the water content decreases by 0.2%.The amount of cementitious material used in the sand and gravel in these tests was 80-110 kg/m^(3),the water-binder ratio was 1-1.50.Moreover,the splitting tensile strength was 1/10 of the compressive strength,and the maximum strength was 7.42 MPa at 90 d.The optimal mix ratio has been found to be 50 kg of cement,60 kg of fly ash and 120 kg of water(C50F60W120).The related dry density was 2.6 g/cm^(3),the water content was 6%,and the water-binder ratio was 1.09.

Measurement of intensity difference squeezing via non-degenerate four-wave mixing process in an atomic vapor

We report the measurement of the intensity difference squeezing via the non-degenerate four-wave mixing process in a rubidium atomic vapor medium. Two pairs of balanced detection systems are employed to measure the probe and the conjugate beams, respectively. It is convenient to get the quantum shot noise limit, the squeezed and the amplified noise power spectra. We also investigate the influence of the input extra quadrature amplitude noise of the probe beam. The influence of the extra noise can be minimized and the squeezing can be optimized under the proper parameter condition. We measure the -3.7-dB intensity difference squeezing when the probe beam has a 3-dB extra quadrature amplitude noise. This result is slightly smaller than -4.1 dB when the ideal coherent light （no extra noise） for the probe beam is used.

Measurements of NO_2 mixing ratios with topographic target light scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy system and comparisons to point monitoring technique

A topographic target light scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy （＇IbTaL-DOA~） system is de- veloped for measuring average concentrations along a known optical path and studying surface-near distributions of atmospheric trace gases. The telescope of the ToTaL-DOAS system points to targets which are located at known dis- tances from the measurement device and illuminated by sunlight. Average concentrations with high spatial resolution can be retrieved by receiving sunlight reflected from the targets, A filed measurement of NO2 concentration is performed with the ToTaL-DOAS system in Shijiazhuang in the autumn of 2011. The measurement data are compared with con- centrations measured by the point monitoring technique at the same site. The results show that the ToTaL-DOAS system is sensitive to the variation of NO2 concentrations along the optical path.

A Comparative Study of the Novel Ratio Difference Method versus Conventional Spectrophotometric Techniques for the Analysis of Binary Mixture with Overlapped Spectra

The smart novel ratio difference spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of a binary mixture of Sodium cromoglicate (SCG) and Fluorometholone (FLU) in presence of benzalkonium chloride without prior separation. The results were compared to that of the conventional methods (dual wavelength and first derivative of ratio spectra). The suggested methods were validated in compliance with the ICH guidelines and were successfully applied for determination of SCG and FLU in their laboratory prepared mixtures and commercial ophthalmic solution. The novel method showed significant advantages over the conventional methods regarding simplicity, minimal data manipulation and maximum reproducibility and robustness;which enabled the analysis of binary mixtures with overlapped spectra for routine quality control testing with quite satisfactory.

Effects of Lobe Peak-to-Trough Width Ratio on Mixing and Combustion Performance in ATR Combustors

The air-turbo-rocket(ATR)engine is a promising propulsion plant for achieving numerous surface and air launched missile missions.The application of lobed mixer in the ATR combustor can promote the mixing of the fuelrich gas and the air,thus improving the engine performance significantly.The numerical simulation method was conducted to explore the effects of lobe peak-to-trough width ratio on mixing and combustion performance in ATR combustors.Results show that:For a given peak lobe width b1,the combustion efficiency and total pressure loss decrease with the increase of trough lobe width b2;For a given b2,the combustion efficiency and total pressure loss decrease with the increase of b1;The fan-type lobed mixer with smaller b2has a better effect on promoting the combustion efficiency in the region near the ATR combustor center line than that with a pair of parallel side walls.The total pressure recovery coefficient reaches more than 0.99 at the exit of combustor in nonreactive combustion while the total pressure loss reaches more than 4%in the reacting combustion.Compared with the mixing process,more than80%of the total pressure loss is caused during combustion.

Biohydrogen Production from Synthetic Waste Co-digested with Liquid Dairy Cow Manure： Effect of Temperature and Mixing Ratio

Biohydrogen production from synthetic waste, SW （model organic fraction of municipal solid waste） co-digested with liquid dairy manure （M） was tested in batch reactions to assess the effect of temperature and mixing ratio of the substrates. A 5 × 2 factorial design experiment was conducted. Synthetic waste： manure mixtures of 1：1, 2：1, 3：1, 1：0, 0：1 （volatile solids, VS, basis） were tested at 37 （T37） and 55 ℃ （T55） using thirty 1 L laboratory scale digesters. Total VS of each mixture was 50 g/L except SW：M 0：I treatment, where total VS was 27.4 g/L. Gas samples were taken daily to determine hydrogen production, and slurry samples taken before and after experimentation, were analyzed for volatile fatty acid （VFA） concentration, volatile solid （VS） degradation, ammonium nitrogen （NH4＋-N） and pH. Hydrogen production （mL/g-VS fed） showed a significant two-factor interaction between incubation temperature and SW：M ratio （P 〈 0.001）. Maximum production of 15.8 mL/g-VS （fed） was achieved in SW：M ratio of 3：1 at 55 ℃. Generally, hydrogen productions at thermophilic temperature （T55） were significantly higher than at mesophilic （T37） temperature for all treatments （P 〈 0.001） except for SW：M 1：0 and SW：M 0：1 treatments （P 〉 0.05）. This study indicates that hydrogen production from co-digestion of synthetic waste and manure is dependent on incubation temperature and relative contribution of wastes in the mixture.

Variations of CO2 Mixing Ratios in the Air near the Ground in the European Territory of Russia

The instrumentation, method and measurement results used for measurements of CO2 concentrations in surface air of Obninsk （55.1° N, 36.9° E, 183 m above the sea level） located at a distance of 105 km to the south-west of Moscow are presented. Proposed is a method of experimental data filtering allowing one to separate natural and anthropogenic variations of CO2 concentrations. It is shown that minimal concentrations of CO2 registered in Obninsk and at the continental stations of GAW WMO characterize not only the ＂regional background＂ but also coincide with the data from GAW WMO background stations located in the oceanic regions. In this connection, one can assume that the excess in measured CO2 concentration over its minimal values, making about 5-6 ppm, is connected with an anthropogenic emission, and the continent should be considered as an anthropogenic source of C02.

Determination Multipole Mixing Ratios and Transition Strengths of Gamma Rays from Level Studies of 93Mo （p, nγ） Reaction

The multipole mixing ratios have been calculated by a2-ratio method, from levels of 93Mo（p, nγ） reaction. The branching ratios of such γ-transitions are used to calculate the total gamma widths. Besides, the transition strengths and probabilities have been calculated for γ-transitions from excited states whose life times have been reported previously. The results are found to be in general in good agreement with the previous results populated from the previous work.

Tidal harmonic analysis of TOPEX/POSEIDON data in the Northwest Pacific by introducing difference-ratio relations

The difference-ratio relations are introduced to separate tidal constituents that are aliaseddue to the sampling interval and sampling span of the TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter. It is found that some tidal constituents such as K_1 and SSA, though aliased at along track points, are not aliased at crossover points beeause the data at crossover points are double those at along track points. So the harmonic analysis method can be employed directly for the analysis of time series at crossover points. Then the difference-ratio relations from crossover points are introduced to analyze the time series at along track points. The TOPEX/POSEIDON data in the Northwest Pacific are analyzed with this method. The results from this method agree well with tidal constants from tidal gauges.

Effect of Starch/Polylactic Acid Ratio on the Interdependence of Two-Phase and the Properties of Composites

Starch/polylactic acid(PLA) composites were prepared by melt extrusion, with corn starch and PLA as raw materials, glycerol as the plasticizer. Effects of starch/PLA ratio on the interdependence of two-phase and other properties of the composites were studied. The combination of results of TGA with SEM indicated that the interdependence between starch and PLA was increased gradually as the starch/PLA ratio reduced. DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature(Tg), melting temperature(Tm) and degree of crystallinity of PLA in composites were increased gradually, whereas the cold crystallization temperature(Tc) was gradually decreased as the starch/PLA ratio reduced. The rheological properties of composites were closely related with the interdependence of two-phase, with reducing starch/PLA proportion, the interdependence was increased, and then the strain for storage modulus was firstl reduced and then gradually increased. Frequency scanning showed that the storage modulus and complex viscosity were decreased with reducing starch content. As the starch/PLA ratio reduced, the matrix phase PLA was increased, so that the strength of composites was increased gradually, whereas water absorption rate was decreased gradually.

NUMERICAL METHOD OF MIXED FINITE VOLUME-MODIFIED UPWIND FRACTIONAL STEP DIFFERENCE FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS

Transient behavior of three-dimensional semiconductor device with heat conduc- tion is described by a coupled mathematical system of four quasi-linear partial differential equations with initial-boundary value conditions. The electric potential is defined by an ellip- tic equation and it appears in the following three equations via the electric field intensity. The electron concentration and the hole concentration are determined by convection-dominated diffusion equations and the temperature is interpreted by a heat conduction equation. A mixed finite volume element approximation, keeping physical conservation law, is used to get numerical values of the electric potential and the accuracy is improved one order. Two con- centrations and the heat conduction are computed by a fractional step method combined with second-order upwind differences. This method can overcome numerical oscillation, dispersion and decreases computational complexity. Then a three-dimensional problem is solved by computing three successive one-dimensional problems where the method of speedup is used and the computational work is greatly shortened. An optimal second-order error estimate in L2 norm is derived by using prior estimate theory and other special techniques of partial differential equations. This type of mass-conservative parallel method is important and is most valuable in numerical analysis and application of semiconductor device.

O,H,and Sr isotope evidence for origin and mixing processes of the Gudui geothermal system,Himalayas,China

Tho Gudui geothermal field records the highest temperature at equivalent borehole depths among the lainland hydrothermal systems in China's Mainland.Located about 150 km southeast of Lhasa City,the capital of Tibet,the Gudui geothermal field belongs to the Sangri-Cuona rift belt,also known as the Sangri-Cuona geothermal belt,and is representative of the non-volcanic geothermal systems in the Himalayas.In this study,oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope compositions as well as 87Sr/86Sr ratios of water samples collected from the Gudui geothermal field were characterized to understand the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluids at Gudui.Hydrogen and oxygen isotope plots show both,deep and shallow reservoirs in the Gudui geothermal field.Deep geothermal fluids are the mixing product of magmatic and infiltrating snow-melt water.Calculations show that the magma fluid component of the deep geothermal fluids account for about 21.10%-24.04%;magma fluids lay also be a contributing source of lithium.The linear relationship of the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio versus the 1/Sr plot indicates that shallow geothermal fluids form from the mixing of deep geothermal fluids with cold groundwater.Using a binary mixing model with deep geothermal fluid and cold groundwater as two end-members,the nixing ratios of the latter in most surface hot springs samples were calculated to be between 5% and 10%.Combined with basic geological characteristics,hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics,strontium concentration,87Sr/(86)Sr ratios,and the binary mixing model,we infer the 6 th-Class Reservoirs Evolution Conceptual Model(6-CRECM) for the Gudui geothermal system.This model represents an idealized summary of the characteristics of the Gudui geothermal field based on our comprehensive understanding of the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluid in Gudui.This study may aid in identifying the geothermal and geochemical origin of the Gudui high-temperature hydrothermal systems in remote Tibet of China,whose potential for geothermal development and utilization is enormous and untapped.

Analysing the structure of the optical path length of a supersonic mixing layer by using wavelet methods

The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）, which is quite crucial for the study of aero-optics, is obtained by post processing. Based on the high spatiotemporal resolutions of the NPLS, the structure of the OPL is ana]ysed using wavelet methods. The coherent structures of the OPL are extracted using three methods, including the methods of thresholding the coefficients of the orthogonal wavelet transform and the wavelet packet transform, and preserving a number of wavelet packet coefficients with the largest amplitudes determined by the entropy dimension. Their performances are compared, and the method using the wavelet packet is the best. Based on the viewpoint of multifractals, we study the OPL by the wavelet transform maxima method （WTMM）, and the result indicates that its scaling behaviour is evident.

OSCILLATORY BEHAVIOR OF SOLUTIONS OF CERTAIN THIRD ORDER MIXED NEUTRAL DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

The objective of this paper is to study the oscillatory and asymptotic properties of the mixed type third order neutral difference equation of the form△（an△^2（xn＋bnxn-τ1＋cnxn＋τ2））＋qnx^βn＋1-σ1＋pnx^^βn＋1＋σ2=0,where （an）, （bn}, （cn}, （qn} and （pn} are positive real sequences, β is a ratio of odd positive integers, τ1, τ2, and σ2 are positive integers. We establish some sufficient conditions which ensure that all solutions are either oscillatory or converges to zero. Some examples are presented to illustrate the main results.

Computational Analysis of the Effect of Nano Particle Material Motion on Mixed Convection Flow in the Presence of Heat Generation and Absorption

The present study is concerned with the physical behavior of the combined effect of nano particle material motion and heat generation/absorption due to the effect of different parameters involved in prescribed flow model.The formulation of the flow model is based on basic universal equations of conservation of momentum,energy and mass.The prescribed flow model is converted to non-dimensional form by using suitable scaling.The obtained transformed equations are solved numerically by using finite difference scheme.For the analysis of above said behavior the computed numerical data for fluid velocity,temperature profile,and mass concentration for several constraints that is mixed convection parameterλt,modified mixed convection parameterλc,Prandtl number Pr,heat generation/absorption parameterδ,Schmidt number Sc,thermophoresis parameter Nt,and thermophoretic coefficient k are sketched in graphical form.Numerical results for skin friction,heat transfer rate and the mass transfer rate are tabulated for various emerging physical parameters.It is reported that in enhancement in heat,generation boosts up the fluid temperature at some positions of the surface of the sphere.As heat absorption parameter is decreased temperature field increases at position X=π/4 on the other hand,no alteration at other considered circumferential positions is noticed.

Retrospective analysis of two northern California wild-land fires via Landsat five satellite imagery and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

Wild-land fires are a dynamic and destructive force in natural ecosystems. In recent decades, fire disturbances have increased concerns and awareness over significant economic loss and landscape change. The focus of this research was to study two northern California wild-land fires: Butte Humboldt Complex and Butte Lightning Complex of 2008 and assessment of vegetation recovery after the fires via ground based measurements and utilization of Landsat 5 imagery and analysis software to assess landscape change. Multi-temporal and burn severity dynamics and assessment through satellite imagery were used to visually ascertain levels of landscape change, under two temporal scales. Visual interpretation indicated noticeable levels of landscape change and relevant insight into the magnitude and impact of both wild-land fires. Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and delta NBR (DNBR) data allowed for quantitative analysis of burn severity levels. DNBR results indicate low severity and low re-growth for Butte Humboldt Complex “burned center” subplots. In contrast, DNBR values for Butte Lightning Complex “burned center” subplots indicated low-moderate burn severity levels.