Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in Rubber Plantations Soil at Different Age Stages in the Western Region of Hainan Island

[Objective]The aim was to study on the characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in rubber （Hevea brasiliensis Muell-Arg） plantations at different age stages in the western region of Hainan Island,so as to evaluate the ecological benefits of rubber plantations and provide basic data for studying the effect of tropical land utilization/cover change on the global carbon and nitrogen cycle. [Method]The situs was in Danzhou city,western region of Hainan Island,and the samples were four kinds of rubber plantations soil at different ages and one kind of control check （pepper,Piper nigrum L.） soil. In this research,four quadrats were set up in each sample,and the size of each was 20 cm×20 cm. Four specimens were gathered from four layers of 0-15,15-30,30-45,45-60,and the average of them was the last analysis result of each sample. Soil density was measured by cutting ring method,soil containing and hygroscopic water was detected by oven drying method,soil organic carbon （SOC） was measured by low temperature heated outside potassium dichromate oxidation-colorimetry method,and soil total nitrogen （STN） was detected by semimicro Kjeldahl method. [Result]SOC contents of different layers in rubber plantations soil at different age stages （including the CK pepper soil,the same as below） varied little,and the content of SOC in surface layer （0-15 cm） was higher,while the underlayer （45-60 cm） was lower than the average value; there was significant difference in SOC content among different kinds of soil,and the content was of 6.03-7.78 g/kg,tapping young trees （7 years） CK pepper mature age trees （30 years） prophase of young trees （2 years） tapping trees （16 years）; there was no significant difference in SOC storage among different kinds of soil,and the storage was of 61.33-74.29 t/hm2,mature age trees （30 years） tapping young trees （7 years） prophase of young trees （2 years） CK pepper tapping trees （16 years）; there was significant difference in STN content among rubber plantations soil at different age stages,the content was of 410.86-664.14 mg/kg2,CK pepper tapping young trees （7 years） prophase of young trees （2 years） mature age trees （30 years） tapping trees （16 years）,and STN content of tapping trees （16 years） soil was extremely lowest; there was significant difference in C/N ratio among different kinds of soil,the ratio was of 10.94-14.47,and the ratio of tapping trees （16 years） mature age trees （30 years） tapping young trees （7 years） CK pepper prophase of young trees （2 years）. [Conclusion]There wasn＇t unhealthy effect of rubber trees planted in tropical area on the content and storage of SOC,the content of STN and the ratio of C/N. there was no significant difference between rubber plantations and CK pepper soil,and the effects of rubber plantation on soil carbon-nitrogen was similar to that of other tropical crops （such as pepper）.

Distribution of soil carbon in different grassland types of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Accurate estimate of soil carbon storage is essential to reveal the role of soil in global carbon cycle. However, there is large uncertainty on the estimation of soil organic carbon(SOC) storage in grassland among previous studies, and the study on soil inorganic carbon(SIC) is still lack. We surveyed 153 sites during plant peak growing season and estimated SOC and SIC for temperate desert, temperate steppe, alpine steppe, steppe meadow, alpine meadow and swamp, which covered main grassland in the Qinghai Plateau during 2011 to 2012. The results showed that the vertical and spatial distributions of SOC and SIC varied by grassland types. The SOC amount mainly decreased from southeast to northwest, whereas the SIC amount increased from southeast to northwest. The magnitude of SOC amount in the top 50 cm across grassland types ranked by: swamp > alpine meadow >steppe meadow > temperate steppe > alpine steppe > temperate desert, while the SIC amount showed an opposite order. There was a great deal of variation in proportion of SOC and SIC among different grassland types(from 55.17 to 94.59 for SOC and 5.14 to 44.83 for SIC). The total SOC and SIC storage was 5.78 Pg and 1.37 Pg, respectively, in the top 50 cm of soil in Qinghai Province. The mixed linear model revealed that grassland types was the predominant factor in spatial variations of SOC amount while grassland types and soil p H accounted for those of SIC amount. Our results suggested that the community shift of alpine meadow towards alpine grassland induced by climate warming would decrease carbon sequestration capacity by 6.0 kg C m2.

Soil Organic Carbon Stock and Soil Quality under Four Major Agroecosystems in the Eastern Flank of Mount Bambouto (West-Cameroon)

Assessing soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) and soil quality (SQ) helps design better agricultural practices to improve environmental sustainability and productivity. The purpose of the study is to assess SOCS and soil quality SQ in the main agroecosystems (AES) of the eastern flank of Mount Bambouto (West, Cameroon). Using multiple statistics tests and principal component analysis (PCA), SOCS and Soil Quality Index (SQI) were computed for each AES. SOCS and SQI were computed based on soil chemical properties and analysis of variance. Topsoil samples (0 - 30 cm) were collected in a different AES and analyzed in the laboratory. The four AES identified and selected are cultivated land (CL), forest areas (FA), mixed areas (MA), and bush areas (BA). Further, multiple comparison tests were used to compare soils from different AES. PCA was used to select the most appropriate indicators that control SOCS and SQ. Several soil properties showed high to very high coefficient of variation within the AES. Organic matter (OM) was significantly high in FA. SOCS and SQ differ significantly (p = 0.000) between the AES. The study further indicates that the main variables controlling SQ within the eastern flank of Mount Bambouto are OM, pHw, N, C/N, and CEC. While the main soil parameters controlling SOCS are OM, OC, BD, C/N, S, and pHKCl.

Relationships among Glomalin Related Soil Protein,Soc and Soil Texture under Different Land Use Types

[Objective] The aim was to reveal the effects of different land use types on soil composition. [Method] GPRS,soil organic carbon content and soil texture in 3 depths (0-10,10-20,20-50 cm) of 5 main kind of selected land use type were examined in Hainan. [Result] The results showed that GRSP and SOC content of four artificial land use types decreased compared with the natural secondary forest land,the GRSP content of all samples ranged from 0.53-4.80 mg/g,accounting for 7.9%-23.4% of the SOC,which means that GRSP was one important component of SOC pool in soil. The ratio of GRSP to SOC was significantly different among land use types but the depths. GRSP and SOC exhibited obvious vertical distribution pattern. GRSP was significantly positively related to SOC and sand content but negatively related to silt and clay content. [Conclusion] The sand content determined the GRSP content significantly and loam was better matrix for GRSP accumulation than clay.

The establishment and development of Haloxylon ammodendron promotes salt accumulation in surface soil of arid sandy land

Haloxylon ammodendron, a representative C_4 succulent xerophyte and salt-secreting plant, is widely used in vegetation reestablishment programs to stabilize shifting sand, and is one of the dominant shrubs in the shelter belt used to control desertification in the desert-oasis ecotone in northwestern China. In this study, we collected soil samples in an age sequence of 0-, 2-, 5-, 13-, 16-, 31-, and 39-year-old H. ammodendron plantations to assess the effects of the shrub on soil fertility and salinity. Results show that SOC and total N concentrations increased significantly with increasing plantation age and increased 5.95-(in the interspaces) to 9.05-fold(under the canopy) and 6.15-to 8.46-fold at the 0-5 cm depth at the 39-year-old plantation compared with non-vegetated sandy land. Simultaneously, H. ammodendron establishment and development resulted in significant salt accumulation in the surface layer. On average, total soil salt content at the 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm depth increased 16.8-fold and 4.4-fold, respectively, compared with non-vegetated sandy land. The increase of total salt derived mostly from the accumulation of SO_4^(2-), Ca^(2+) and Na^+ with H. ammodendron development. The accumulation in salinity was more significant than the increase in fertility, suggesting that improved soil fertility did not limit the impact of salinization. The adverse effect of salt accumulation may result in H. ammodendron plantation degradation and impact community stability in the long run.

Effects of land use, climate, topography and soil properties on regional soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） and total nitrogen （TN） contents as well as their relationships with site characteristics are of profound importance in assessing current regional, continental and global soil C and N stocks and potentials for C sequestration and N conservation to offset anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This study investigated contents and distribution of SOC and TN under different land uses, and the quantitative relationships between SOC or TN and site characteristics in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China. Overall, both SOC and TN contents in natural secondary forests and grasslands were much higher than in plantations and croplands. Land use alone explained 37.2% and 38.4% of variations in SOC and TN contents, respectively. The optimal models for SOC and TN, achieved by multiple regression analysis combined with principal component analysis （PCA） to remove the multicollinearity among site variables, showed that elevation, slope, soil clay and water contents were the most significant factors controlling SOC and TN contents, jointly explaining 70.3% of SOC and 67.1% of TN contents variability. Only does additional 1.9% and 3% increase in the interpretations of SOC and TN contents variability respectively when land use was added to regressions, probably due to environment factors determine land use. Therefore, environmental variables were more important for SOC and TN variability than land use in the study area, and should be taken into consideration in properly evaluating effects of future land use changes on SOC and TN on a regional scale.

Detecting the storage and change on topsoil organic carbon in grasslands of Inner Mongolia from 1980s to 2010s

Soil carbon sequestration and potential has been a focal issue in global carbon research. Under the background of global change, the estimation of the size as well as its change of soil organic carbon（SOC） storage is of great importance. Based on soil data from the second national soil survey and field survey during 2011–2012, by using the regression method between sampling soil data and remote sensing data, this paper aimed to investigate spatial distribution and changes of topsoil（0–20 cm） organic carbon storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s. The results showed that：（1） the SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s was estimated to be 2.05 and 2.17 Pg C, with an average density of 3.48 and 3.69 kg C·m–2, respectively. The SOC storage was mainly distributed in the typical steppe and meadow steppe, which accounted for over 98% of the total SOC storage. The spatial distribution showed a decreased trend from the meadow steppe, typical steppe to the desert steppe, corresponding to the temperature and precipitation gradient.（2） SOC changes during 1982–2012 were estimated to be 0.12 Pg C, at 7.00 g C·m–2·yr–1, which didn＇t show a significant change, indicating that SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia remained relatively stable over this period. However, topsoil organic carbon showed different trends of carbon source/sink during the past three decades. Meadow steppe and typical steppe had sequestered 0.15 and 0.03 Pg C, respectively, served as a carbon sink; while desert steppe lost 0.06 Pg C, served as a carbon source. It appears that SOC storage in grassland ecosystem may respond differently to climate change, related to vegetation type, regional climate type and grazing intensity. These results might give advice to decision makers on adopting suitable countermeasures for sustainable grassland utilization and protection.

化肥减量配施有机肥对花生土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

为了探究化肥减量配施两种不同黄腐酸钾有机肥对土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分的影响,采取盆栽试验模拟大田花生种植,以不施肥、纯施化肥为对照,设置100%化肥配施100%有机肥、75%化肥配施25%有机肥、50%化肥配施50%有机肥、25%化肥配施75%有机肥和施用100%有机肥处理,探讨了SOC、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)和惰性有机碳(ROC)在花生不同生育期内的含量特征。结果表明:化肥减量配施有机肥各处理SOC及其组分含量在花生各生育期均表现为:花针期显著高于结荚期和成熟期,其中DOC和MBC含量结荚期显著高于成熟期(P<0.05);各处理SOC及其组分含量均表现为:25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理;其中花针期25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOC和ROC含量分别为133.0 g/kg、284.4 mg/kg、269.7 mg/kg、30.76 g/kg和111.2 g/kg,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOC和ROC含量分别为130.9 g/kg、250.5 mg/kg、251.7 mg/kg、29.86 g/kg和110.8 g/kg。综上,化肥减量配施生化黄腐酸钾对SOC及其组分含量的影响整体优于配施矿源黄腐酸钾,化肥减量配施黄腐酸钾花针期含量显著高于结荚期和成熟期(P<0.05),其中25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理对提升SOC及其组分含量效果最佳。

水稻秸秆碳组分对土壤有机碳激发效应的影响机理

秸秆还田显著影响土壤有机碳激发效应,秸秆不同碳组分对土壤有机碳激发效应影响的方向和强度尚不明确,作用机理仍不清楚。本研究以淮北平原的黄潮土为研究对象,以13C标记的水稻秸秆的水溶性碳、脂溶性碳、残余碳组分和全秸秆碳作为外源碳,利用微宇宙培养方法,研究秸秆不同碳组分添加对土壤有机碳激发效应的影响及作用机理。结果表明,添加秸秆不同碳组分土壤CO_(2)-C排放累积量中,添加水溶性碳处理土壤CO_(2)-C排放速率最高,为29.60 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),而添加脂溶碳、残余碳和秸秆碳之间差异不显著。添加水溶性碳和全秸秆两种外源碳为正激发效应,分别为11.16%和13.39%,而添加脂溶碳和残余碳则表现为负激发效应,分别为-17.04%和-3.06%。相关分析表明,土壤酶活性与秸秆碳组分的TN呈显著正相关(r=0.768**),与C/N呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.776**)。正激发效应与秸秆碳组分的TN和土壤酶活性呈显著正相关关系,负激发效应与秸秆碳组分的TC和TN呈正相关关系,与C/N呈显著负相关。综上,秸秆碳组分与土壤自身有机碳分解的“共代谢理论”是产生正激发效应的主要作用机理,秸秆碳组分C/N的“化学计量比理论”是产生负激发效应的主要作用机理。

深松与秸秆覆盖还田对半干旱区土壤碳组分和玉米产量的影响

为促进黑龙江省西部半干旱区土壤固碳和玉米增产,以黑龙江省农业科学院耕作与秸秆长期定位试验田为研究对象,以CK(常规种植)、NFG(秸秆覆盖还田)、SFG(深松+秸秆覆盖还田)3种处理对土壤有机碳、不同粒径有机碳、水溶性有机碳含量及玉米产量的影响进行分析,研究深松与秸秆覆盖还田对半干旱区土壤碳组分和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,(1)本试验中,在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层的土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量顺序均为SFG>NFG>CK。(2)<0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量明显高于>0.250 mm和0.053~0.250 mm粒级,在0~10 cm土层,SFG、NFG处理土层>0.250 mm、<0.053 mm和0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量均比对照CK提高10%以上。(3)在10~20 cm土层,SFG处理>0.250 mm粒级和NFG处理0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量增加较为明显。(4)不同处理之间玉米穗长、穗粗和穗行数差异不显著,穗粒数和产量差异达到显著水平,其中SFG和NFG处理分别较CK产量提高了28.57%和15.10%。产量与土壤有机碳含量之间呈极显著正相关关系,与团聚体有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系。

渭北地区不同种植年限苹果园土壤有机碳分布特征

目的探究种植年限对苹果园土壤有机碳含量及其分布特征的影响,为提高果园土壤肥力,增加果园产量提供参考依据。方法以渭北地区种植年限为5 a,10 a,15 a和20 a的苹果园为研究对象,利用重铬酸钾外加热方法测定苹果园土壤有机碳含量。结果(1)随着种植年限的增加,土壤有机碳含量的总体平均值呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势,且不同年限之间差异性显著(P<0.05),其中,5 a苹果园中有机碳含量最高,为6.83 g/kg。(2)在距树干0.5 m,1 m,1.5 m水平方向上,除5 a果园土壤外,距树干越近,土壤有机碳含量越高。除15 a果园土壤外,不同种植年限果园土壤有机碳含量在距树干0.5 m,1 m,1.5 m处的变化趋势差异显著(P<0.05)。(3)垂直剖面上,在0~40 cm土层深度范围内,不同种植年限苹果园土壤有机碳含量波动幅度较大,随着土层深度的增加,有机碳含量呈减少趋势,此外,5 a苹果园土壤有机碳含量在200~320 cm深度显著增加。结论渭北地区不同种植年限苹果园土壤有机碳含量随着种植年限的增加,呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势。水平方向上,不同种植年限果园在近干处有机碳含量高,对果园有机碳赋存的影响更大。垂直方向上,有机碳含量集中在浅层土壤,呈现出表聚特征。

细粒尾矿无土修复后土壤有机碳累积特性

铜等大宗尾矿无土化原位修复是尾矿资源化、无害化利用的有效途径。修复后土壤养分蓄积直接关系到后期田间管理,对其有机碳等重要养分积累规律研究至关重要。针对我国湖北某细粒铜尾矿修复场地进行研究,对未经修复、修复一年与修复两年的0~15、15~30、30~45 cm三种深度的土壤进行取样,对总有机碳、易氧化态有机碳、颗粒态有机碳、矿物结合态有机碳、可溶性有机碳与微生物量有机碳6种土壤有机碳形态进行测定并分析其变化规律。结果表明:经无土修复后的细粒尾矿土在无外源有机物的添加下依然会进行土壤总有机碳的积累;尾矿进行有机碳积累的主要方式是以矿物结合态有机碳为代表的惰性有机碳的增加,惰性碳的升高有助于固定有机碳;尾矿的团聚体粒径尺寸与土壤总有机碳的含量呈正相关,其中惰性有机碳更偏好聚集在粒径较小的团聚结构中,土壤碳库活性逐渐增强,更容易发生有机碳的转化;对尾矿土进行修复后土壤有机碳含量有显著提高,且主要以惰性有机碳的形式积累,在该场地表现出了巨大的碳汇潜力。该研究同时明确了该场地修复后矿区土壤有机碳各形态的累积特性,可为指导尾矿修复工作提供数据支持。

氮磷添加对常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体有机碳及其与磷组分相关的影响

[目的]为探究磷输入如何调节大气氮沉降对土壤团聚体有机碳含量及碳与磷关系的影响。[方法]在常绿阔叶林土壤建立长达6年(2015-2021年)的养分添加长期监测试验平台,包括4个处理:对照[P0+N0,P0 kg/(hm^(2)·a)+N0 kg/(hm^(2)·a)]、氮添加[P0+N100,P0 kg/(hm^(2)·a)+N100 kg/(hm^(2)·a)]、磷输入[P50+N0,P50 kg/(hm^(2)·a)+N0 kg/(hm^(2)·a)]以及氮磷同时输入[P50+N100,P50 kg/(hm^(2)·a)+N100 kg/(hm^(2)·a)],各处理设3次重复,共计12个样地。于2021年8月采集样地0-10 cm土层土壤样品,测定基础理化性质、土壤粒径分布规律、不同粒径土壤团聚体磷组分及有机碳(SOC)含量。[结果](1)P0处理下,氮添加显著增加大团聚体占比,减少黏粒和粉粒含量,提高各团聚体粒径中SOC含量;氮添加分别显著降低和增加团聚体黏粒、粉粒中易分解态磷组分(LP)和难分解态磷组分(RP)含量。(2)P50处理下,氮添加显著提高土壤团聚体平均几何直径(GMD),对各粒径团聚体中磷组分和SOC含量均无显著影响。(3)P0处理下,土壤团聚体SOC与难分解态磷呈正相关关系;P50处理下,土壤团聚体SOC与各功能磷组分无显著相关。由此推断,P0处理下,氮添加通过提高常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体黏粒、粉粒径中难分解态磷而增加土壤有机碳的固持;P50处理下,氮添加对各粒径中有机碳的影响可能受到生物因素的调节,与磷的有效性无关。[结论]氮沉降对常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体中碳磷内在关系的影响受到磷的调控,研究结果为森林土壤碳循环应对全球气候变化提供数据支撑。

不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的影响

为探究不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥影响植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应,基于连续9年的田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF-1,当地常规推荐施肥)、80%化肥(CF-2)、80%化肥配施有机肥(OF-1)、60%化肥配施有机肥(OF-2)、70%化肥配施有机肥+生物有机肥(BOF)处理,对植烟土壤有机碳储量盈亏、固碳速率、有机碳组分含量、有机碳敏感指数、土壤碳库活度和土壤碳库管理指数进行对比,探讨不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应。与CF-1处理相比,连续不施肥(CK)处理植烟土壤有机碳组分、储量和土壤碳固存速率显著下降。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥的OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理,植烟土壤有机碳含量分别增加9.6%、20.9%和13.9%,土壤活性有机碳含量分别增加43.4%、68.0%和41.7%,土壤可溶性有机碳含量分别增加14.8%、19.1%和25.4%,土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加22.8%、37.2%和36.4%,土壤有机碳储量分别增加15.3%、30.2%和31.2%,年平均固碳速率分别提高191.3%、382.6%和391.3%,碳库管理指数分别提高100.8%、159.8%和79.6%。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥显著提升土壤活性有机碳敏感指数。与CF-1相比,OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理的烟叶产量分别提高10.3%、33.5%和35.3%,中上等烟叶比例分别提高14.6%、22.0%和18.0%。连续9年化肥减量配施有机肥显著提高植烟土壤有机碳组分含量和土壤有机碳固存速率,促进烟叶产质量提升,是烟叶绿色优质生产、农田土壤固碳增效的有效途径,以OF-2和BOF效应更好。

北方常见绿化树种凋落物添加对城市土壤有机碳组成特征的影响

本研究将垂柳(Salix babylonica L.)、元宝枫(Acer pictum subsp.mono(Maxim.)H.Ohashi)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)、龙爪槐(Sophora japonica L.var.japonica f.pendula Hort.)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis Carrière)、刺柏(Juniperus formosana Hayata)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco)和云杉(Picea asperata Mast.)等8种北方城市常见绿化树种的凋落物与延安市城区受到频繁扰动的表层土壤以2%(凋落物/干土)的比例混合,在模拟自然条件下的土壤容重和含水量的基础上进行120 d的室内培养实验,检测处理后土壤有机碳及其各组分的含量以及相应碳库指数的变化,并分析凋落物化学特性与上述指标的关系。结果显示,8种供试凋落物中,除五角枫和刺柏外的所有凋落物处理均显著提高了土壤总有机碳含量,除五角枫、银杏和刺柏外的凋落物处理显著提高了其稳定组分的含量,而所有凋落物处理普遍显著提高了中等和高活性组分的含量。垂柳、侧柏、云杉和油松凋落物处理显著提高了土壤碳库指数,几乎所有处理均显著提高了土壤有机碳活度指数和碳库管理指数,仅侧柏凋落物处理显著提高了土壤固碳指数。凋落物氮和氨基酸含量与土壤有机碳各组分含量和相关碳库指数总体呈负相关;凋落物总酚和可溶性糖含量以及碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比与高活性、低活性和稳定有机碳组分含量呈正相关,其总有机酸、磷、总碳、萜类、酚类含量和碳氮比则与中等活性有机碳组分含量呈正相关。仅从提高土壤有机碳总量及其各组分含量,以及土壤有机碳活性和稳定的角度考虑,侧柏凋落物可作为处理城市土壤的优选材料,其次为垂柳、云杉和油松凋落物。

蚂蚁筑巢对纳帕海面山土壤碳积累及分配的影响

【目的】揭示纳帕海面山森林蚁巢与非蚁巢土壤总有机碳储量及活性有机碳组分的分配特征,为阐明蚂蚁活动对森林土壤有机碳沉积影响的过程及机制提供关键数据支撑。【方法】以纳帕海面山云杉−冷杉森林群落为研究对象,比较蚁巢和非蚁巢2种处理土壤总有机碳储量、活性碳组分(微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳、颗粒有机碳、可溶性有机碳)及其碳分配(微生物生物量碳/总有机碳、易氧化有机碳/总有机碳、颗粒有机碳/总有机碳、可溶性有机碳/总有机碳)的差异,并分析蚂蚁筑巢活动引起土壤理化环境改变对总有机碳储量及活性有机碳组分分配的影响。【结果】蚂蚁筑巢显著影响土壤有机碳积累及活性碳组分分配(P<0.05)。其中,蚁巢土壤有机碳储量是非蚁巢的5.7倍;蚁巢土壤总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳、颗粒有机碳含量分别提高了3.8、2.7、4.0、3.5倍;蚁巢土壤易氧化有机碳/总有机碳均值大小比蚁巢高出1.50%,而非蚁巢土壤微生物生物量碳/总有机碳、颗粒有机碳/总有机碳、可溶性有机碳/总有机碳均值分别比蚁巢高0.43%、3.30%、3.21%;不同处理和土层仅对土壤总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、颗粒有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量存在明显的交互作用(P<0.05);回归分析结果表明土壤微生物生物量碳、颗粒有机碳、可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳分别解释了96.45%、96.35%、95.13%、94.27%的总有机碳变化;主成分分析表明土壤密度、全氮和速效磷是总有机碳储量的主控因子,而速效氮、速效磷、土壤密度等是活性碳组分积累的主要驱动因子;全钾、含水量分别是颗粒性有机碳与可溶性有机碳分配的主要影响因子。【结论】蚂蚁筑巢主要通过改变土壤紧实度、氮磷养分条件等环境因子,进而调控纳帕海面山森林土壤总有机碳储量与活性有机碳组分的分配,研究结果有助于理解高原湿地面山土壤碳积累过程的土壤动物学调控机制。

高寒草甸土壤有机碳活性组分对灌丛化的响应

[目的]草地灌丛化过程的植被群落演替会影响土壤有机碳库,而土壤有机碳(SOC)活性组分能够敏捷反映土壤有机碳库变化。分析灌丛化对高寒草甸SOC活性组分的影响,为全球气候变化背景下青藏高原草地土壤有机碳库变化和固碳研究提供数据支撑。[方法]以青藏高原川西锦鸡儿(Caragana erinacea)灌丛草甸为研究对象,分析不同灌丛化阶段(未灌丛化、中度灌丛化和重度灌丛化草甸)0—10,10—20,20—40 cm土壤理化性质、碳转化酶活性和SOC活性组分特征。[结果](1)灌丛化使得0—20 cm土壤含水量(SWC)显著减小,各土层SOC含量均在重度灌丛化草甸最大,中度灌丛化草甸土壤pH值显著增大。(2)中度灌丛化草甸土壤淀粉酶活性(SAA)显著低于未灌丛化草甸,10—40 cm土壤蔗糖酶活性(SSA)也显著较低,SSA在重度灌丛化阶段显著强于未灌丛化草甸。(3)与未灌丛化草甸相比,中度灌丛化草甸0—10,10—20,20—40 cm易氧化有机碳(ROOC)含量分别显著减少16.79%,21.73%和31.11%,0—10 cm土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量也显著减少;重度灌丛化草甸0—10 cm土壤颗粒态有机碳(POC)和ROOC含量分别增大24.37%和29.54%,10—20 cm土壤MBC和DOC分别增大12.96%和10.38%,20—40 cm土壤MBC和DOC分别增大57.62%和22.10%。(4)土壤有机碳活性组分均与TN,SWC,SOC以及碳转化酶活性显著正相关,ROOC与pH值显著负相关。[结论]研究区域川西锦鸡儿灌丛化初期土壤有机碳活性组分含量降低,而灌丛化后期土壤有机碳及其各活性组分均得到积累,可能对该区域土壤有机碳积累和土壤质量提升产生积极效应。

不同土地利用方式对土壤惰性碳的影响

【目的】研究不同土地利用方式对草地土壤惰性碳的影响,对于客观认识草地在减少大气CO_(2)排放中的作用,制定草地碳增汇策略,合理利用草地资源具有重要意义。【方法】在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统研究站3种不同利用方式土地(冬季自由放牧—冬牧、围封禁牧—禁牧、开垦播种燕麦—燕麦),采用梅花形5点采样法采集野外样品,结合室内酸水解等分析方法,对0~30 cm土层的土壤总有机碳和惰性碳进行分层研究。【结果】1)0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量以冬牧最高(95.15 g/kg),禁牧次之(70.56 g/kg),开垦播种燕麦最小(54.44 g/kg)。冬牧土壤惰性碳含量比禁牧高27.77%,冬牧比燕麦高32.54%。2)与冬牧相比,禁牧16年土壤0~10 cm土层有机碳下降了25.84%,开垦30年0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳下降了42.79%。禁牧16年土壤0~30 cm土层有机碳下降了10.89%,开垦30年0~30 cm土层土壤有机碳下降了9.48%。0~30 cm土层惰性碳平均含量冬牧比禁牧高22.67%,冬牧比燕麦高3.60%;与开垦相比,禁牧使惰性碳降低了19.78%。3)不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质与土壤碳库组成存在显著相关,土壤理化性质的改变是引起不同草地类型土壤碳库组成变化的重要原因。【结论】禁牧后土壤惰性碳含量降低的幅度大于开垦,冬牧有利于土壤惰性碳的积累;健康草地禁牧之后降低了土壤惰性碳的含量,减弱了土壤有机碳的稳定性。不同土地利用方式主要通过影响土壤理化性质及养分含量影响土壤有机碳和惰性碳含量。因此,通过改善放牧管理,可以维持或进一步增加有机碳存储以及土壤有机碳的稳定性,健康草地禁牧不利于土壤有机碳的积累。

牛粪与化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

【目的】研究牛粪化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤活性有机碳组分和酶活性的影响,揭示不同配施比例对土壤碳库的影响,为苹果园牛粪与化肥的科学配施及土壤质量改善提供理论支撑。【方法】选取中国农业科学院果树研究所砬山施肥试验平台中不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF100)、25%牛粪配施75%化肥(CM25CF75)、50%牛粪配施50%化肥(CM50CF50)、75%牛粪配施25%化肥(CM75CF25)、100%牛粪(CM100)6个处理,分别测定施肥区(F)与非施肥区(NF)土壤活性有机碳组分(颗粒有机碳,POC;微生物量碳,MBC;易氧化有机碳,ROC)和酶活性(α-D-葡萄糖苷酶,AG;β-D-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;纤维素酶,CBH;过氧化物酶,PER;脲酶,UR)等相关指标。【结果】(1)牛粪化肥配施后施肥区土壤SOC、POC和ROC的含量随着牛粪施入比例的增加而增加;CM50CF50处理的MBC含量最高,比CK提高了139.7%。非施肥区,CF100、CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25处理与CK相比土壤POC含量分别下降了32.8%、28.4%、21.6%、14.7%,CM50CF50和CM75CF25处理ROC含量分别下降了31.5%和17.4%。同一处理施肥区活性有机碳组分含量明显高于非施肥区。(2)CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性较CK分别提高了87.7%、68.4%、278.1%、331.6%;CM25CF75处理β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高(39.00μg·g^(-1)·h^(-1));脲酶活性随牛粪施入比例的增加先升高后降低。牛粪化肥配施非施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶活性也显著提高。(3)牛粪化肥配施显著提高了施肥区土壤POC/SOC和碳库管理指数(CPMI),CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理的碳库管理指数分别提高了19.7%、38.3%、56.2%、103.5%。非施肥区牛粪化肥配施碳库管理指数显著下降。同一处理施肥区土壤碳库管理指数明显高于非施肥区。(4)相关分析和主成分分析表明,施肥区土壤中活性有机碳组分与α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著正相关,牛粪比例的提高对土壤活性有机碳的提高贡献较大。【结论】牛粪化肥配施对于苹果园施肥区土壤的改善效果大于非施肥区。高比例的牛粪(配施比例在50%以上)能够提高土壤有机碳各组分含量和促进土壤酶活性增强,是苹果园科学施肥的较好的配施比例。

生物质炭配施有机物料对红壤碳组分及酶生态化学计量特征的影响

【目的】分析生物质炭和有机物料施用对旱地红壤有机碳组分和酶活性的影响,探明微生物的碳氮磷元素限制特征,为提升红壤有机碳稳定性提供理论依据。【方法】采用田间试验,设置不施有机物料对照(ck)、玉米Zea mays秸秆单施、羊粪单施及其分别与生物质炭(玉米秸秆炭)配施等6个处理。试验开始2 a后测定土壤有机碳组分、土壤养分质量分数、碳氮磷循环相关碱解酶活性和氧化酶活性。【结果】与单施秸秆和羊粪相比,生物质炭与有机物料配施显著增加了土壤有机碳和碱解氮质量分数(P<0.05),提高了土壤碳氮比和碳磷比及惰性碳组分质量分数,降低了有机碳活性指数。有机物料施用显著提高了纤维二糖水解酶(CB)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和过氧化物酶(PERO)活性(P<0.05);与单施羊粪相比,生物质炭与羊粪配施处理显著降低β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)活性50.9%、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性32.1%、NAG活性45.3%、酸性磷酸酶(PHOS)活性40.0%(P<0.05)。与单施秸秆相比,生物质炭与秸秆配施降低了多酚氧化酶(PHOX)活性28.6%和PERO活性22.2%,但对其他酶的活性无影响。与单施秸秆相比,生物质炭配施秸秆降低了向量长度;与单施羊粪相比,生物质炭配施羊粪对酶化学计量比、向量长度及向量角度均无显著影响。PERO和PHOX与土壤惰性碳质量分数、碳氮比、碳磷比呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明:土壤惰性碳质量分数、碳氮比和碳磷比是影响土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征的主要因子。【结论】与有机物料单施相比,生物质炭与有机物料配施可以更好地提高旱地红壤养分和惰性碳组分质量分数,降低有机碳分解酶活性,缓解碳磷限制,可作为改善红壤微生物养分限制和提高碳汇能力的有效措施。