Concentration difference of auxin involved in stem development in soybean

Auxin regulates cell division and elongation of the primordial cells through its concentration and then shaped the plant architecture. Cell division and elongation form the internode of soybean and result in different plant heights and lodging resistance. Yet the mechanisms behind are unclear in soybean. To elucidate the mechanism of the concentration difference of auxin related to stem development in soybean, samples of apical shoot, elongation zone, and mature zone from the developing stems of soybean seedlings, Charleston, were harvested and measured for auxin concentration distributions and metabolites to identify the common underlying mechanisms responsible for concentration difference of auxin. Distribution of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), indole-3-butyric acid(IBA), and methylindole-3-acetic acid(Me-IAA) were determined and auxin concentration distributions were found to have a complex regulation mechanism. The concentrations of IAA and Me-IAA in apical shoot were significantly different between elongation zone and mature zone resulting in an IAA gradient. Tryptophan dependent pathway from tryptamine directly to IAA or through indole-3-acetonitrile to IAA and from indole-3-propionic acid(IPA) to IAA were three primary IAA synthesis pathways. Moreover, some plant metabolites from flavonoid and phenylpropanoid synthesis pathways showed similar or reverse gradient and should involve in auxin homeostasis and concentration difference. All the data give the first insight in the concentration difference and homeostasis of auxin in soybean seedlings and facilitate a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of stem development and growth. The gathered information also helps to elucidate how plant height is formed in soybean and what strategy should be adopted to regulate the lodging resistance in soybean.

Individual Differences in Blood Alcohol Concentrations after Moderate Drinking Are Mainly Regulated by Gastric Emptying Rate Together with Ethanol Distribution Volume

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) differs greatly among individuals, even when people of the same sex and age drink alcohol under the same drinking conditions. In this study, we investigated the main factors involved in the internal reg-ulation of individual differences in BAC, focusing on the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) genotype, blood acetal-dehyde concentration (BAcH), amount of habitual alcohol consumption, pharmacokinetic parameters of BAC, distribution volume of ethanol (Vd), and gastric emptying rate (GER) under the same drinking conditions. Twenty healthy Japanese males aged between 40 and 59 years old and having the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genotype of ALDH 2*1/*2 were recruited for this study. The subjects were given 0.32 g ethanol/kg body weight in the form of commercially available beer (5%, v/v). The results showed that BAC-max differed greatly among individuals with a more than two-fold variation. When the BAC-time curve was compared among ADH1B genotypes (ADH1B*1/*1, *1/*2, and *2/*2), there were no differences in BAC among the genotypes. Although BAcH, monthly alcohol consumption, elimination rate of blood ethanol (β value) and ethanol disappearance rate from the body (EDR) can affect BAC, all of them had no correlations with BAC-max. However, Vd (liter/kg), ΔPlasma glucose concentration (ΔPGC = PGC30 min ? PGC0 min) and the serum concentration of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) did correlate with BAC-max. Model 2 in multiple linear regression analysis showed the optimal model for Vd and GIP with positive correlations with BAC-max. As GIP and ΔPGC are both reflected by gastric emptying rate (GER), we concluded that the individual differences in BAC after moderate drinking are mainly regulated by GER together with Vd. These findings demonstrate that together with body water content, the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in the regulation of individual differences in BAC, involving first pass metabolism of ethanol.

Exact Distribution of Difference of Two Sample Proportions and Its Inferences

Comparing two population proportions using confidence interval could be misleading in many cases, such as the sample size being small and the test being based on normal approximation. In this case, the only one option that we have is to collect a large sample. Unfortunately, the large sample might not be possible. One example is a person suffering from a rare disease. The main purpose of this journal is to derive a closed formula for the exact distribution of the difference between two independent sample proportions, and use it to perform related inferences such as a confidence interval, regardless of the sample sizes and compare with the existing Wald, Agresti-Caffo and Score. In this journal, we have derived a closed formula for the exact distribution of the difference between two independent sample proportions. This distribution doesn’t need any requirements, and can be used to perform inferences such as: a hypothesis test for two population proportions, regardless of the nature of the distribution and the sample sizes. We claim that exact distribution has the least confidence width among Wald, Agresti-Caffo and Score, so it is suitable for inferences of the difference between the population proportion regardless of sample size.

Determination of Threshold Voltage and Mobility ofMOSFET by Proportional Difference Operator

Proportional Difference Operator (PDO) method is proposed for the first time to determine the key parameters of a MOSFET, including the threshold voltage and ca rrier mobility.This method is applied to the transfer characteristic of a MOSFET first, and then the effect of gate voltage on carrier mobility is considered. The dependence of carrier mobility on the gate voltage is obtained.

Concentration of Bio-Ethanol through Cellulose Ester Membranes during Temperature-Difference Controlled Evapomeation

To evaluate the high-performance of membrane materials in the concentration of an aqueous solution of dilute bioethanol under temperature-difference controlled evapomeation (TDEV), asymmetric porous cellulose nitrate (CN) and cellulose acetate (CA) membranes were prepared by a phase inversion method. In the concentration of dilute ethanol under TDEV, these membranes showed a high permeation rate and high ethanol/water selectivity. In membranes with almost the similar pore size, the ethanol/water selectivity was considerably higher for the CN membrane than the corresponding CA membrane. This result suggested that the affinity between the membrane material and the permeant is an important factor in the separation selectivity.

Safety Evaluation of Vegetables Growing in Soils Contaminated by Different Levels of Cadmium(Cd)

The tested soils containing different Cd levels were obtained by mixing the normal cultivated soils with the Cd-contaminated soils taken from the paddies near a mine. Five major categories of vegetables, i.e. cucumber, cowpea, Bok choy, radish and lettuce, widely planted in the spring and autumn in Hunan Province, were selected for pool-culture experiments. Results showed that the Cd accumulations varied greatly according to the category of vegetables. The Cd accumulations in cucumber and cowpea growing in soils with high Cd levels (1.5 mg/kg) were within the threshold limits of the national standards, meaning that these two categories are safe to grow in Cd-contaminated soils. For either the cucumber or the cowpea category, there were no significant differences in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes. Most of the tested Bok choy and radish cultivars could grow safely in soils whose Cd levels were below 1.0 mg/kg. In comparison, the Cd accumulations in some cultivars tended to increase sharply as the Cd level in the soil went beyond 1.0 mg/kg. Significant variations were also observed in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes with mounting Cd levels in the soil. Besides, there were no positive correlations between Cd accumulations in plants and Cd levels in soils, indicating large fluctuations and poor ecological stability of Bok choy and radish. Therefore, the planting of Bok choy and radish should be strictly evaluated and controlled in Cdcontaminated regions. The Cd contents of most celtuce cultivars growing in mildlycontaminated soils had already exceeded the threshold limit. Therefore, it is not safe for celtuce to grow in Cd-contaminated environments.

Modeling Tracer Flow Characteristics in Different Types of Pores: Visualization and Mathematical Modeling

Structure of porous media and fluid distribution in rocks can significantly affect the transport characteristics during the process of microscale tracer flow.To clarify the effect of micro heterogeneity on aqueous tracer transport,this paper demonstrates microscopic experiments at pore level and proposes an improved mathematical model for tracer transport.The visualization results show a faster tracer movement into movable water than it into bound water,and quicker occupancy in flowing pores than in storage pores caused by the difference of tracer velocity.Moreover,the proposed mathematical model includes the effects of bound water and flowing porosity by applying interstitial flow velocity expression.The new model also distinguishes flowing and storage pores,accounting for different tracer transport mechanisms(dispersion,diffusion and adsorption)in different types of pores.The resulting analytical solution better matches with tracer production data than the standard model.The residual sum of squares(RSS)from the new model is 0.0005,which is 100 times smaller than the RSS from the standard model.The sensitivity analysis indicates that the dispersion coefficient and flowing porosity shows a negative correlation with the tracer breakthrough time and the increasing slope,whereas the superficial velocity and bound water saturation show a positive correlation.

Temporal Sequence of Sweetness Perception in Fruit-Flavored Tea: A Descriptive Report on the Influence of Sucrose Concentrations on the Sensation

The goals of this study were to examine, using the temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) method, the effects of 1) the sucrose concentration on the temporal sequence of sweetness perception in four fruit-flavored (lemon, peach, strawberry, and vanilla) teas with 0.05, 0.15, and 0.25 M sucrose;and 2) participants’ sex on this temporal sequence. Twenty-four healthy young adults were assigned to female (n = 12) and male (n = 12) groups. Both groups evaluated five sensory attributes in 12 samples (four fruit-flavored teas, each with three sucrose concentrations). As in our preceding study [1], two sensations, sweetness and fruitiness, were dominant after ingesting the 12 teas in both groups, but the temporal sequence of sweetness perception differed between the two groups. On average, the male group reported the first appearance of sweetness earlier in the samples with 0.05 M sucrose compared with the female group, with the samples containing 0.15 and 0.25 M sucrose. The average durations of the sweetness sensation were different between the male and female groups as well as among the sucrose concentrations and the four flavors tested.

The Combined Impact of Magnetic Field and Chloride Ion Concentration on Corrosion Behavior of Al-Mg Alloys

The impact of magnetic field on the corrosion behavior of Al-Mg-xR_(E)/Fe alloys in NaCl solutions with concentrations of 1.5wt%,3.5wt%,and 5.5wt%were studied by microstructure observation,immersion test,and electrochemical test.The combined impacts of magnetic field and chloride ion concentration on the corrosion behavior of Al-Mg alloys with various electrode potential phases were discussed.The results indicate that Al-3.0Mg-xR_(E)/Fe alloys corrode faster and have a higher pitting corrosion potential in the NaCl solution with a higher concentration.In addition,a magnetic field can lower the pitting sensitivity and corrosion rate of Al-3.0Mg and Al-3.0Mg-0.2R_(E)/Fe alloys in NaCl solution with different concentrations.However,at a higher concentration of NaCl solution,the magnetic field has a weaker inhibiting effect on corrosion rate and pitting sensitivity.In NaCl solutions with concentrations of 1.5wt%and 3.5wt%,the corrosion rate and pitting sensitivity of Al-3.0Mg-1.0R_(E)/Fe alloys can be reduced by a magnetic field.However,in NaCl solution with the concentration of 5.5wt%,the corrosion rate of the alloys is increased by a magnetic field.

SENSITIVITY OF THE CONCENTRATION CHANGE OF DYE DISPENSING USING COMPUTER SYSTEMS

This paper employs computer colour generation,and match prediction systems and aims tofind the most critical change of dye concentration corresponding to changes of Hue,or Chroma,orLightness of 1 unit just visible colour difference,thus investigating the required accuracy level fordyeing dispensing.This leads to the selection of one critical colour-difference dimension of threefrom CMC (1:c) measurement.The results reveal that the concentration change in dye dispensing ismost critical for change of Hue in a computer controlled system.The formula describing the rela-tionship Of △E and △H in CMC (2:1) measurement is selected for further investigation.

Decomposing scheelite and scheelite-wolframite mixed concentrate by caustic soda digestion

Scheelite and scheelite-wolframite mixed concentrates with different grades were decomposed by caustic soda digestion, and the effects of caustic soda（NaOH） dosage, the ratio of water to ore and the stirring rate on tungsten recovery were studied. The results show that under the conditions that the ratio of water to ore is （0.8,） stirring rate is 500 r·min-1 and the heating time is 2.0 h at （160 ℃,） the recovery of tungsten reaches 98% for scheelite （w（WO3） is （65.04%）） and wolframite containing high proportion of calcium （w（WO3） is 65.58%, w（Ca） is （7.53%）,） when caustic soda dosage is 2.2 and 2.0 times of theoretical value, respectively; the recovery of tungsten can be more than 98%,98% and 96% respectively for low-grade scheelite-wolframite mixed concentrate with （55.78%,） 45.32% and 25.21% WO3, when caustic soda dosage is 2.6,3.2 and 5.5 times of theoretical value, respectively.

Comparison of high-energy multi-pass Ti:sapphire amplifiers with a different Ti-dopant concentration

We experimentally compare the output abilities of lightly and heavily doped Ti：Sapphire（Ti：S） amplifiers with diameters as large as 150 mm. Although a lightly doped Ti：S is more favorable to overcome parasitic lasing（PL）and transverse amplified spontaneous emission（TASE）, the self-phase-modulation（SPM） effect becomes more pronounced when a longer crystal is used. Recompression of the amplified, stretched pulses can be seriously affected by the SPM effect. We then propose a temporal multi-pulse pump scheme to suppress PL and TASE in a thin, heavily doped Ti：S crystal. This novel temporal multi-pulse pump technique can find potential applications in 10 PW chirped-pulse amplification laser systems.

牛栏江—滇池补水工程水源区不同时间尺度径流变化特征

为做好补水工程水资源调度、配置、流域水安全治理和区域防汛抗旱工作,充分发挥工程效益,基于牛栏江—滇池补水工程水源区代表站长系列水文资料,采用集中度、不均匀系数、Hurst系数、M-K趋势检验、滑动T检验等多种方法分析了牛栏江—滇池补水工程水源区不同时间尺度径流变化特征。结果表明,水源区不同时间尺度径流年际变化大、丰-平-枯周期明显;年内分配向均匀性和坦化趋势演变;最小1、7 d径流显著上升,其他7个径流趋势变化不显著,均发生突变;年、丰水期、极端最大等5个径流指标突变后径流量减少明显,枯水期和极端最小等4个径流指标突变后为增长趋势;年径流突变后8~10月来水量减少明显;预计补水工程水源区未来一段时间不易发生极端枯水事件,但总来水量可能会进一步衰减。

利用数字化仪实现放射性气体^(85)Kr核素活度浓度的绝对测量

基于中国计量科学研究院建立的长度补偿法充气正比计数器绝对测量系统,利用CAEN公司开发的DT5730型数字化仪替代多套传统模拟电子学插件,并通过数字化仪对β信号进行采集、重建和数据离线分析,开展^(85)Kr放射性惰性气体活度浓度的绝对测量。实验研究了各种条件的影响,通过对正比计数器端效应、正比计数器壁效应、本底、噪声、死时间漏计数和阈值以下计数进行修正,最终得到^(85)Kr活度浓度绝对测量结果。在相同阈值、主放大倍数100倍、气压50.5 kPa,工作电压1675 V和1700 V的条件下,数字化仪测量和电子学插件测量^(85)Kr放射性活度浓度的相对偏差分别为0.83%和0.74%。测量结果在不确定度范围内一致,证明数字化仪可有效替代传统电子学插件实现放射性惰性气体^(85)Kr活度浓度的绝对测量。

甘肃产不同品种松针的抗氧化活性研究

以甘肃产白皮松、雪松、油松、落叶松、樟子松和华山松6个树种的松针为研究对象,采用DPPH法、ABTS法和铜离子还原能力测定其不同浓度乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性,并采用熵值法综合评价遴选出抗氧化活性强的松针资源,为松针的进一步开发利用提供参考。研究表明:采用不同浓度乙醇提取时,40%乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性最好;不同品种松针中,雪松松针的抗氧化活性最好,其中天水产雪松松针40%乙醇提取物的评分最高达99.52%,表明其可以作为进一步研究松针抗衰老研究的资源。

不同浓度罗哌卡因用于超声引导下TAP阻滞在妇科手术中的镇痛效果及安全性

目的:探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因用于超声引导下腹横肌平面(TAP)阻滞在妇科手术中的临床效果。方法:将2021年4月-2023年4月于本院行全身麻醉下腹腔镜子宫全切术患者105例,依据双盲法分为3组,分别给予0.25%、0.30%、0.375%罗哌卡因。对比各组手术相关指标,不同时间点患者疼痛和舒适度评分变化,麻醉前后患者炎症因子水平,术后24h不良反应。结果:3组麻醉时间、术中出血量、手术时间均无差异(P>0.05);与术后1h对比,术后24h各组视觉模拟评分(VAS)均下降,Bruggrmann舒适度评分(BCS)均提升,但0.375%组VAS评分(1.56±0.51分)低于0.25%组(2.69±1.02分)、0.30%组(2.35±0.68分),BCS评分(3.24±0.54分)高于0.25%组(2.23±0.39分)、0.30%组(2.59±0.41分)(P<0.05);麻醉后各组C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平均提升,但0.375%组CRP(21.36±4.26 mg/L)、TNF-α(70.13±7.16 pg/ml)水平低于0.25%组(28.98±5.62 mg/L、96.54±8.97 pg/ml)、0.30%组(24.69±4.87 mg/L、84.33±7.62 pg/ml),不良反应发生率0.375%组(8.6%)低于0.25%组(40.0%)、0.30%组(31.4%)(均P<0.05)。结论:0.375%浓度罗哌卡因在超声引导下妇科TAP阻滞术中应用,改善患者疼痛效果显著,提升患者术后舒适度,有助于降低术后不良反应发生风险,提高用药安全性。

科研人员职业生涯成长轨迹的性别差异研究——以图情档学科国家社科基金一般项目获批者为例

[目的/意义]性别差异问题在科研人员队伍中普遍存在,对科研人员职业生涯成长轨迹中的性别差异进行研究对于制定人才培养和成长政策具有重要意义。[方法/过程]本研究以2018—2022年图书馆、情报与文献学学科国家社科基金一般项目的负责人为研究对象,对379名科研人员的履历信息进行编码处理,采用生存分析法研究了科研人员职业生涯成长轨迹中的性别差异及影响因素。[结果/结论]研究发现,图情档学科科研人员获得国家社科一般项目支持的群体中高级职称的占比男性较高于女性,其他无显著差异。Kaplan-Meier分析表明,科研人员职业生涯成长过程中存在着显著的性别差异,男性科研人员的成长速度在总体上要快于女性。Cox分析结果表明,年龄在各个阶段对男性和女性的生存风险均有降低作用,会延缓科研人员的成长;机构流动经历会增加男性科研人员在副高阶段的生存风险,会加快其职称晋升速度;国外留学访学经历会增加女性科研人员在正高阶段的生存风险从而加快在该阶段的成长。研究结果为改善科研人员的性别差异提供一定的启示。