A new approach for time effect analysis of settlement for single pile based on virtual soil-pile model

A new approach is proposed to analyze the settlement behavior for single pile embedded in layered soils. Firstly, soil layers surrounding pile shaft are simulated by using distributed Voigt model, and finite soil layers under the pile end are assumed to be virtual soil-pile whose cross-section area is the same as that of the pile shaft. Then, by means of Laplace transform and impedance function transfer method to solve the static equilibrium equation of pile, the analytical solution of the displacement impedance fimction at the pile head is derived. Furthermore, the analytical solution of the settlement at the head of single pile is theoretically derived by virtue of convolution theorem. Based on these solutions, the influences of parameters of soil-pile system on the settlement behavior for single pile are analyzed. Also, comparison of the load-settlement response for two well-instrumented field tests in multilayered soils is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. It can be noted that the presented solution can be used to calculate the settlement of single pile for the preliminary design of pile foundation.

Study on Optimization of Design Parameters for Precast Pipe Pile Treatment of Soft Soil Subgrade on the Jianghan Plain

The soft soil in the Jianghan Plain is characterized by a high water content, liquid limit, sensitivity, porosity ratio, and organic matter content and low strength and is commonly known as “five highs and one low” soft soil. Thus, the construction of expressways in this area is likely to cause subgrade settlement. The manuscript investigated the influence of the design parameters of precast pipe piles on the soft ground treatment in the Jianghan Plain based on the case of the soft soil subgrade project of the Xiaogan south section of the Wuhan city ring expressway, China. Midas GTS NX 2019 finite element software was used to analyse the settlement pattern of the subgrade under the variations in pile length, pile spacing and pile diameter. The results show that precast pipe piles are effective in reducing the settlement of soft soil subgrades with a high compressibility and water content;the soft foundation settlement decreases with increasing pile length and pile diameter and decreasing pile spacing. As the pile tip is embedded in the bearing stratum, the settlement of the soft foundation is greatly affected by the variations in pile length and pile spacing while slightly influenced by the variation in pile diameter;in combination with the curve fitting obtained from the real-time monitoring data, the analysis concludes that the soft foundation treatment plan with a pile length of 15 m, pile spacing of 1.2 m to 1.5 m and pile diameter of 0.6 m can better contain the soft soil subgrade settlement in this section.

Settlement mechanism of piled-raft foundation due to cyclic train loads and its countermeasure

In this paper, numerical simulation with soil-water coupling finite element-finite difference（FE-FD） analysis is conducted to investigate the settlement and the excess pore water pressure（EPWP） of a piled-raft foundation due to cyclic high-speed（speed： 300km/h） train loading. To demonstrate the performance of this numerical simulation, the settlement and EPWP in the ground under the train loading within one month was calculated and confirmed by monitoring data, which shows that the change of the settlement and EPWP can be simulated well on the whole. In order to ensure the safety of train operation, countermeasure by the fracturing grouting is proposed. Two cases are analyzed, namely, grouting in No-4 softest layer and No-9 pile bearing layer respectively. It is found that fracturing grouting in the pile bearing layer（No-9 layer） has better effect on reducing the settlement.

Advanced Sheet Pile Curtain Design: Case Study of Cotonou East Corniche

This paper delves into the critical aspects of sheet pile walls in civil engineering, highlighting their versatility in soil protection, retention, and waterproofing, all while emphasizing sustainability and efficient construction practices. The paper explores two fundamental approaches to sheet pile design: limit equilibrium methods and numerical techniques, with a particular focus on finite element analysis. Utilizing the robust PLAXIS 2016 calculation code based on the finite element method and employing a simplified elastoplastic model (Mohr-Coulomb), this study meticulously models the interaction between sheet pile walls and surrounding soil. The research offers valuable insights into settlement and deformation patterns that adjacent buildings may experience during various construction phases. The central objective of this paper is to present the study’s findings and recommend potential mitigation measures for settlement effects on nearby structures. By unraveling the intricate interplay between sheet pile wall construction and neighboring buildings, the paper equips engineers and practitioners to make informed decisions that ensure the safety and integrity of the built environment. In the context of the Cotonou East Corniche development, the study addresses the limitations of existing software, such as RIDO, in predicting settlements and deformations affecting nearby buildings due to the substantial load supported by sheet pile walls. This information gap necessitates a comprehensive study to assess potential impacts on adjacent structures and propose suitable mitigation measures. The research underscores the intricate dynamics between sheet pile wall construction and its influence on the local environment. It emphasizes the critical importance of proactive engineering and vigilant monitoring in managing and mitigating potential hazards to nearby buildings. To mitigate these risks, the paper recommends measures such as deep foundations, ground improvement techniques, and retrofitting. The findings presented in this study contribute significantly to the field of civil engineering and offer invaluable insights into the multifaceted dynamics of construction-induced settlement. The study underscores the importance of continuous evaluation and coordination between construction teams and building owners to effectively manage the impacts of sheet pile wall construction on adjacent structures.

Behavior of raft on settlement reducing piles:Experimental model study

An experimental program is conducted on model piled rafts in sand soil.The experimental program is aimed to investigate the behavior of raft on settlement reducing piles.The testing program includes tests on models of single pile,unpiled rafts and rafts on 1,4,9,or 16 piles.The model piles beneath the rafts are closed ended displacement piles installed by driving.Three lengths of piles are used in the experiments to represent slenderness ratio,L/D,of 20,30 and 50,respectively.The dimensions of the model rafts are 30 cm×30 cm with different thickness of 0.5 cm,1.0 cm or 1.5 cm.The raft-soil stiffness ratios of the model rafts ranging from 0.39 to 10.56 cover flexible to very stiff rafts.The improvement in the ultimate bearing capacity is represented by the load improvement ratio,LIR,and the reductions in average settlement and differential settlement are represented by the settlement ratio,SR,and the differential settlement ratio,DSR,respectively.The effects of the number of settlement reducing piles,raft relative stiffness,and the slenderness ratio of piles on the load improvement ratio,settlement ratio and differential settlement ratio are presented and discussed.The results of the tests show the effectiveness of using piles as settlement reduction measure with the rafts.As the number of settlement reducing piles increases,the load improvement ratio increases and the differential settlement ratio decreases.

Long-term settlement prediction of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation

The process and characteristics of loading on high-speed railway bridge pile foundation were firstly obtained by means of field research and analysis,and the corresponding loading function was presented.One-dimensional consolidation equation of elastic multilayered soils was then established with single drainage or double drainages under multilevel loading.Moreover,the formulas for calculating effective stress and settlement were derived from the Laplace numerical inversion transform.The three-dimensional composite analysis method of bridge pile group was improved,where the actual load conditions of pile foundation could be simulated,and the consolidation characteristics of soil layers beneath pile were also taken into account.Eventually,a corresponding program named LTPGS was developed to improve the calculation efficiency.The comparison between long-term settlement obtained from the proposed method and the in-situ measurements of pile foundation was illustrated,and a close agreement is obtained.The error between computed and measured results is less than 1 mm,and it gradually reduces with time.It is shown that the proposed method can effectively simulate the long-term settlement of pile foundation and program LTPGS can provide a reliable estimation.

考虑桩底沉渣时沉降后浇带提前封闭时间计算方法:以秦望广场综合体工程为例

为了合理确定沉降后浇带提前封闭时间,开展了考虑桩底沉渣效应时沉降后浇带封闭时机研究工作。首先基于模型试验结果和秦望广场综合体工程的原位试桩试验结果,提出了考虑桩底沉渣效应的单桩沉降模型。基于该单桩沉降模型,根据施工过程中的常见工况组合,考虑了浮荷载对单桩刚度的改变,计算得到后浇带最早可封闭时间,并分析了沉渣厚度对后浇带可封闭时间的影响。模拟结果表明:当沉渣厚度符合设计要求时,恒载、活载、浮载组合工况引起的后浇带两侧差异沉降最大,但随着沉渣厚度的增大,恒载、活载组合工况逐渐转变为控制工况;当沉渣厚度较小时,所有工况下的差异沉降均呈线性发展,此时可以通过前期沉降观测值对后期变形进行预测;当沉渣厚度较大时,后浇带可封闭时间显著延后,甚至无法提前封闭。

震陷场地变截面单桩动力特性与损伤评价

为探明震陷场地变截面单桩动力响应特性与损伤状况,以翔安大桥为工程背景,基于大型振动台试验,开展了0.10g~0.45g地震动强度下变截面单桩动力响应特性的研究,评价分析了变截面单桩损伤程度。结果表明:受桩周软弱土层震陷特性的影响,变截面单桩桩顶水平位移动力响应、桩身加速度动力响应及桩身弯矩动力响应均随地震动强度增大呈增大趋势,桩基基频逐渐减小;变截面单桩弯矩最大值出现在震陷土层分界处,地震动强度为0.30g时,超过了其抗弯承载力;地震动强度为0.20g时,变截面单桩桩顶水平位移、桩身加速度、桩身弯矩显著增大,桩基基频突降。基于系统损伤理论,震陷场地变截面单桩损伤状况分为稳定阶段、加剧损伤阶段、塑性破坏阶段共3个阶段。试验结束后,变截面位置处产生弯曲塑性破坏。

基于桩-土界面剪切特性的单桩沉降和承载问题研究

近年来,西北地区出现了许多高填方场地,为减小建筑物基础的不均匀沉降,基础类型广泛使用桩基础。与一般场地不同,黄土填方场地中的单桩桩周土受力后仍会产生较大的变形,该类场地单桩沉降机制复杂。桩顶总沉降计算是桩基设计的重要依据,为此,建立了高填方黄土场地单桩桩顶总沉降计算模型。基于传统的荷载传递法和剪切位移法,分别考虑桩-土界面的桩-土相互作用和桩-土界面外剪切带土体的剪切变形。依据桩端边界,将单桩类型分为摩擦桩和端承摩擦桩,分别建立桩周土弹性阶段和塑性阶段的桩身位移控制微分方程,结合边界条件进行求解,得到桩身位移、轴力、侧摩阻力,并通过弹塑性理论求解了桩周土剪切带土体剪切变形,进而通过叠加原理求得桩顶总沉降。用桩长与桩周土塑性发展深度的比值,定义了桩基承载力安全系数K。通过算例分析与现场试验数据对比分析,研究结果表明:使用新的模型计算得到的桩顶总沉降与现场试验结果相近;当桩顶荷载较小、桩周土处于弹性阶段时,桩端边界对桩身轴力、位移和侧摩阻力影响很小,但桩周土进入塑性滑移阶段后,桩端边界的影响开始变大,考虑桩端土的承载能力会极大提高单桩极限承载力;建立了将荷载传递法和剪切位移法综合起来的计算模型,不仅可以考虑桩-土界面的相对滑移,还可以计算桩-土界面外土体剪切带的剪切变形,使得桩顶总沉降计算更加精确,可为类似场地中单桩沉降的分析与控制提供一定的参考。

成南高速公路软土地基高路堤拓宽工程差异沉降及控制标准研究

依托成南高速扩容工程,基于有限元方法,深入研究软土区高填路基拓宽工程差异沉降变化规律及其影响因素,提出适用于成南高速软土区高填拼接路基的差异沉降控制标准.研究表明,施工期在旧路基面会产生向两侧的水平变形和较大的不均匀沉降,极易导致旧路面中心附近产生纵向裂缝;运营期,不同运营时段路基表面累积沉降半幅区呈“勺”状分布,沉降最大值出现在路基拼接处附近,此处的底基层更容易出现拉裂破坏,运营期拼接附近成为路面裂缝的多发区域;填土高度、软基厚度、软土性质对路基面差异沉降影响均非常显著,而新路基模量对差异沉降的影响并不明显;综合考虑路面材料的极限拉应力和疲劳效应组合,对差异沉降控制标准进行了4级分级,以指导工程设计.

赛车道软土路基PHC桩负摩阻力中性点的时间效应

武汉赛车场跑道下伏的深厚软土层给桩基的设计与施工带来不小阻碍,桩基的负摩阻力及其中性点的确定对工程的稳定性具有非常重要的影响。为检验武汉赛车场跑道软土路基的预应力高强度混凝土管桩(PHC)设计的合理性以及为后续桩基改进方案的提供技术支持,选择典型地层开展了堆载作用下桩与桩间土的沉降监测,根据桩与土的相对沉降变化规律研究负摩阻力中性点的时间效应。结果表明,该场地的PHC桩的桩周土沉降约是桩沉降的6倍,具有明显的负摩阻力特性,桩周软弱土的下限深度为13.0 m;随着时间增加,中性点向上移动;中性点深度随时间变化具有三阶段特征,采用指数函数的中性点时间效应预测模型能较好反映中性点初始值、中性点变化规律与速率以及最终稳定值,与规范法比较,预测模型计算的中性点深度具有更高的准确性,由此得到了两个试验场地的中性点稳定值分别为4.43 m与5.72 m。研究还表明三向土工格栅能有效降低桩间土的沉降,也能降低桩-土的差异沉降,使中性点上移,减小负摩阻力,提高桩的承载力。本研究对了解负摩阻力对桩基性能发挥有一定的参考价值。

某高速公路深厚软基路桥过渡段跳车病害处治研究

结合某在役高速公路路堤深厚软基桥头跳车实测累计沉降量40.60 cm病害处治工程,开展室内土工试验、理论计算及GEO5模型计算分析。结果表明:15年内的累计剩余沉降量均超规范中桥头路基容许工后剩余沉降量不大于10.00 cm要求;提出“CFG桩+路面重铺”等处治方案,进行检算校核,计算得剩余总沉降量9.76cm,表明处治设计方案较为可靠。结合工点需保通及基底存在前期已施工CFG桩特点,制定通车条件下的施工顺序及工艺,确保方案可行。

基于界面本构模型的砂土中单桩荷载−沉降响应预测方法

基于界面本构模型提出了一种新的砂土中单桩荷载沉降响应的预测方法。首先,从土−结构界面本构模型出发推导了严格的桩−土界面非线性荷载传递模型,该模型承继了界面本构模型特征,能够模拟桩−土界面上发生的应变硬化/软化、剪胀与应力路径依赖性等行为。此外,采用双曲线荷载传递模型模拟桩端−土相互作用的非线性应力−位移关系。上述荷载传递模型所需参数可以通过室内界面剪切试验和土工试验进行校准。继而,基于荷载传递法,提出了单桩荷载沉降响应分析的一维计算模型,并采用迭代算法进行数值求解。最后,将理论解答与已报道的模型试验、自主开展的模型桩试验以及数值模拟结果进行比较,以验证所提出的理论方法的正确性。试验结果表明,预测值与实测值吻合较好,且该方法能够很好地预测非位移桩与位移桩的荷载沉降响应。提出了一个基于界面本构模型的单桩荷载沉降响应分析框架,为竖向荷载下砂土中单桩优化设计提供了理论参考。

填方灰土桩复合地基大底盘建筑倾斜特性数值分析

目前建筑倾斜事故频繁发生,但对于大底盘建筑倾斜全过程的变形力学行为受到了较少的关注。因此,研究了填方灰土桩复合地基倾斜过程的沉降变形特性及受力特性。基于数值模拟,探讨了填方灰土桩复合地基大底盘建筑倾斜特性相应变化规律,分析填方灰土桩复合地基倾斜过程中沉降变形及大底盘基础变形受力特性,研究了填方区地基处理优化方案。研究结果表明:建筑倾斜过程中,基础边缘处剪切变形最大,剪切变形值与倾斜值呈正相关;大底盘建筑倾斜过程中基础顶板混凝土首先开裂,其弯曲点不断变化;基础底板尚未开裂但底板南半段出现隆起现象,在靠近倾斜建筑0.2 L(L为底板长度)位置处存在开裂风险,倾斜过程弯曲点基本不变;水泥粉煤灰碎石桩(cement fly-ash gravel,CFG)桩地基处理方案剪应变最大值比原有方案剪应变最大值降低了67.08%,沉降值和倾斜值分别降低了67.52%、73.83%,达到此类建筑倾斜率不应超过3‰的规范要求;研究结果为类似复合地基大底盘建筑纠偏加固提供了借鉴和参考。

基于现场试验的CFG桩复合地基桩帽与垫层效应分析

【目的】柔性垫层和桩帽对CFG桩复合地基的桩土应力比、荷载分担比和沉降均有较大影响,但目前柔性垫层与桩帽在现场试验中如何共同影响复合地基特性仍有待进一步的研究。【方法】以CFG桩复合地基软基处理的某路段作为工程背景,在土工格栅层数不变的情况下,对垫层厚度为100 mm、200 mm、300 mm,桩帽尺寸为0.8 m、1.0 m、1.2 m组合下的形式进行了现场原位试验,研究了CFG桩复合地基的桩土应力比、荷载分担比和沉降特性。【结果】现场试验表明:随着垫层厚度由100 mm增大到300 mm,桩土荷载比减小了51.5%,桩土应力比减小了52.5%,总沉降量增大了7.9%;随着桩帽直径由0.8 m增大到1.2 m,桩土荷载比增大了29.0%,桩土应力比减小了29.2%,总沉降量10.4%.本文区域地质条件,宜选用垫层厚度100 mm、桩帽直径为1.2 m的CFG桩复合地基形式。

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

城市轨道交通深厚软土地层地下车站超长钻孔灌注桩承载-沉降特性分析

[目的]为有效控制软土地层深基坑开挖及使用过程中车站结构的变形,同时增大坑底承载力,需对上部含有空桩的超长钻孔灌注桩(以下简称“超长桩”)承载-沉降特性进行深入研究。[方法]以某城市轨道交通双线L型交叉换乘车站为例,采用自平衡法静载试验和数值模型对超长桩承载-沉降特性的影响因素进行分析,并探究超长桩承载特性与桩身长度、桩身刚度及桩身直径之间的关系。[结果及结论]静载试验表明:上部含有空桩的超长桩在荷载箱等量增荷加载过程中,桩顶位移及其增速均逐渐增大,在卸荷过程中桩顶出现位移回弹现象。数值模拟分析表明:超长桩的桩身轴力从桩顶到桩端呈逐渐减小趋势,在桩顶极限荷载作用下,桩身上部的轴力远大于桩端;桩身长度和桩身刚度变化会影响上部含有空桩的超长桩承载-沉降特性,桩身刚度改变对其造成的影响很小。

盐渍土地区CFG桩水泥土褥垫层性能的研究

利用MIDAS-GTS NX数值模拟软件,针对褥垫层厚度和弹性模量变化对桩的沉降和桩土应力比的影响等问题,通过数值模拟对CFG桩桩顶沉降、桩顶应力、桩土应力比等进行研究,并得出以下结论:随着弹性模量的增大,桩土应力比增加趋于平缓,桩顶沉降增加;随着水泥土褥垫层厚度的增大,桩顶应力变化趋势也随之增大,且趋势基本相似;褥垫层厚度小于600 mm,弹性模量小于100 MPa时,地基沉降与二者参数变化有着较大关联;盐渍地区600 mm的水泥土褥垫层理论上可以有400 mm碎石褥垫层的工作性能。

水载预压下复合地基沉降及桩土受力特性分析

以广东省某高速公路T3标段为研究对象,部分路段采用预制管桩复合地基加固软土地基,采用水袋加载的方法进行等载预压,选取3个典型监测断面埋设传感器,监测分析地基土和桩身的沉降、土压力、桩身轴力的变化规律。结果表明:复合地基中桩体为主要的受荷体,设置褥垫层使其产生刺入变形,可有效调动地基土的承载力;荷载在地基中的传递存在滞后性,提升加载速率可有效改善荷载的传递速率,分级加载有助于达到更好的预压效果;过大的加载速率会导致土压力与桩身轴力出现波动,通过荷载重分配实现桩土共同承担上部荷载。采用水载预压联合预制桩复合地基处理软土路基,可降低30%的施工成本,且可有效提升地基工后的稳定性。

浅层就地固化桩土刚性复合地基沉降计算新方法

针对就地固化桩土刚性复合地基沉降计算研究的不足及现行规范此类工况沉降计算方法的局限性,首先剖析了就地固化桩土刚性复合地基沉降机理,分析了土拱效应下的桩端应力分担比例和等沉面以上负摩阻区的附加应力对沉降的影响,提出了就地固化桩土刚性复合地基沉降计算的新方法,并通过数值模拟和工程实例进行了验证。验证结果表明,就地浅层固化土技术,可强化土拱效应、增强桩基传递效应,能有效减小复合地基的整体沉降,新沉降计算方法准确可靠。