Spatial sensitivity to absorption changes for various near-infrared spectroscopy methods:A compendium review

This compendium review focuses on the spatial distribution of sensitivity to localized absorption changes in optically diffuse media,particularly for measurements relevant to near-infrared spectroscopy.The three temporal domains,continuous wave,frequency domain,and time domain,each obtain different optical data types whose changes may be related to effective homogeneous changes in the absorption coefficient.Sensitivity is the relationship between a localized perturbation and the recovered effective homogeneous absorption change.Therefore,spatial sensitivity maps representing the perturbation location can be generated for the numerous optical data types in the three temporal domains.The review first presents a history of the past 30 years of work investigating this sensitivity in optically diffuse media.These works are experimental and theoretical,presenting one-,two-,and three-dimensional sensitivity maps for different Near-Infrared Spectroscopy methods,domains,and data types.Following this history,we present a compendium of sensitivity maps organized by temporal domain and then data type.This compendium provides a valuable tool to compare the spatial sensitivity of various measurement methods and parameters in one document.Methods for one to generate these maps are provided in Appendix A,including the code.This historical review and comprehensive sensitivity map compendium provides a single source researchers may use to visualize,investigate,compare,and generate sensitivity to localized absorption change maps.

'The Theory of Field-Effect Transistors XII.The Bipolar Drift and Diffusion Currents(1-2-MOS-Gates on Thin-Thick Pure-Impure Base)

The previous report （XI） gave the electrochemical-potential theory of the Bipolar Field-Effect Transistors. This report （XII） gives the drift-diffusion theory. Both treat 1-gate and 2-gate, pure-base and impure-base, and thin and thick base. Both utilize the surface and bulk potentials as the parametric variables to couple the voltage and current equations. In the present drift-diffusion theory, the very many current terms are identified by their mobility multiplier for the components of drift current,and the diffusivity multiplier for the components of the diffusion current. Complete analytical driftdiffusion equations are presented to give the DC current-voltage characteristics of four common MOS transistor structures. The drift current consists of four terms： 1-D （One-Dimensional） bulk charge drift term, 1-D carrier space-charge drift term,l-D Ex^2 （transverse electric field） drift term,2-D drift term. The diffusion current consists of three terms： 1-D bulk charge diffusion term,l-D carrier space-charge diffusion term,and 2-D diffusion term. The 1-D Ex^2 drift term was missed by all the existing transistor theories, and contributes significantly, as much as 25 % of the total current when the base layer is nearly pure. The 2-D terms come from longitudinal gradient of the longitudinal electric field,which scales as the square of the Debye to Channel length ratio, at 25nm channel length with nearly pure base, （LD/L）^2 = 10^6 but with impurity concentration of 10^18cm^-3 , （LD/L）^2 = 10^-2 .

Mechanisms of ultrasonic modulation of multiply scattered incoherent light based on diffusion theory

An analytic equation interpreting the intensity of ultrasound-modulated scattering light is derived, based on diffusion theory and previous explanations of the intensity modulation mechanism. Furthermore, an experiment of ultrasonic modulation of incoherent light in a scattering medium is developed. This analytical model agrees well with experimental results,which confirms the validity of the proposed intensity modulation mechanism. The model supplements the existing research on the ultrasonic modulation mechanism of scattering light.

The Accumulation of He on a W Surface During keV-He Irradiation:Cluster Dynamics Modeling

The accumulation of He on a W surface during keV-He ion irradiation has been simulated using cluster dynamics modeling. This is based mainly on rate theory and improved by involving different types of objects, adopting up-to-date parameters and complex reaction processes, as well as considering the diffusion process along with depth. These new features make the simulated results compare very well with the experimental ones. The accumulation and diffusion processes are analyzed, and the depth and size dependence of the He concentrations contributed by different types of He clusters is also discussed. The exploration of the trapping and diffusion effects of the He atoms is helpful in understanding the evolution of the damages in the near-surface of plasma-facing materials under He ion irradiation.

Consumer use intention of online financial products:the Yuebao example

Drawing on a valence framework and innovation diffusion theory,this study examines Yuebao deployment to model consumers’intention to use financial products offered online.We collect data via an online survey among a young age bracket and use a VisualPLS graphic interface to test our model.The results indicate that first,compatibility and advantages in relative utility significantly enhance consumers’use intentions and that ease of use has an indirect influence.Second,the negative utility of perceived risk no longer significantly affects intention to use.This mainly lies in consumers’perceived risk focused on the security of online financial products,which has become a part of all online transactions.Third,trust indirectly affects intention to use by influencing utility.

Foreground removal of 21cm fluctuation with multifrequency fitting

The 21 centimeter （21 cm） line emission from neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium （IGM） at high redshifts is strongly contaminated by foreground sources such as the diffuse Galactic synchrotron emission and free-free emission from the Galaxy, as well as emission from extragalactic radio sources, thus making its observation very complicated. However, the 21 cm signal can be recovered through its structure in frequency space, as the power spectrum of the foreground contamination is expected to be smooth over a wide band in frequency space while the 21 cm fluctuations vary significantly. We use a simple polynomial fitting to reconstruct the 21 cm signal around four frequencies 50, 100, 150 and 200 MHz with an especially small channel width of 20 kHz. Our calculations show that this multifrequency fitting approach can effectively recover the 21 cm signal in the frequency range 100 - 200 MHz. However, this method doesn＇t work well around 50 MHz because of the low intensity of the 21 cm signal at this frequency. We also show that the fluctuation of detector noise can be suppressed to a very low level by taking long integration times, which means that we can reach a sensitivity of ≈ 10 mK at 150 MHz with 40 antennas in 120 hours of observations.

An Investigation on Telecommunication Staff＇s Acceptance of E-Learning Technology

As the information on telecommunication products updates rapidly, using E-learning in staff training becomes an edge for company operation. However, previous studies showed that staff＇s attitude toward E-learning significantly affected the outcomes of training. The purpose of this study is to investigate the acceptance of E-learning in a telecommunication company. The researchers adopted the technology acceptance model （TAM） and diffusion of innovation theory to evaluate the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on E-learning, in addition to employees＇ self-directed learning motivation, attitude toward computers, and organizational influence. We randomly chose 571 employees of the telecommunication entrepreneur at the Taichung office in Taiwan to participate in this survey. The result showed that employees＇ background factors such as age, job position, marital status, education level and the scale of job unit had the significant impact on behavioral intention to use E-learning. Employees＇ self-directed learning, attitude toward computers, and organizational influence respectively also had positive effects on perceived usefulness of E-learning and perceived ease of use of E-learning. Furthermore, employees＇ perceived usefulness of E-learning and perceived ease of use of E-learning also had a positive effect on behavioral intention to use E-learning systems.

Examples Analysis under the New Situation of College English Teaching Reform Perspective of ＂Diffusion of Innovations＂

The purpose of college English teaching is to train students in listening, speaking, reading and writing English proficiency in all aspects. With the rapid development of society and innovative college English teaching concepts and models, the use of innovation diffusion theory is to guide the reform of college English teaching this subject into the spotlight. The use of innovative teaching mode diffusion theory can mobilize students a variety of sensory coordination and cooperation can be achieved to enhance English learning, to enhance the purpose of English proficiency. This paper will apply to the specific circumstances of innovation diffusion theory college English teaching reform of College English Teaching in the diffusion of innovation theory perspective.

Epidemic-Like Proximity-Based Traffic Offloading

Cellular networks are overloaded due to the mobile traffic surge,and mobile social networks(MSNets) can be leveraged for traffic offloading.In this paper,we study the issue of choosing seed users for maximizing the mobile traffic offloaded from cellular networks.We introduce a gossip-style social cascade(GSC) model to model the epidemic-like information diffusion process in MSNets.For static-case and mobile-case networks,we establish an equivalent view and a temporal mapping of the information diffusion process,respectively.We further prove the submodularity in the information diffusion and propose a greedy algorithm to choose the seed users for traffic offloading,yielding a sub-optimal solution to the NP-hard traffic offloading maximization(TOM) problem.Experiments are carried out to study the offloading performance,illustrating that the greedy algorithm significantly outperforms the heuristic and random algorithms,and user mobility can help further reduce cellular load.

From Novelty to Normalcy:Making Entomophagy a Common Diet

This paper presents an analysis of the future of insect eating in two dimensions:the barriers of making insect eating popular and possible pathways to make entomophagy a common diet.Firstly,the brief introduction is stated to make a clear statement of normalizing insect eating,discuss the topic's relevance with current news regarding COVID-19 and provide a clear thesis statement.Then,the obstacles that prevent many people eating insects are evaluated through the framework of Failure of Diffusion Theory and“Yuck”factors.In the last part,possible solutions are offered accordingly,to help accomplish the goal of making insect food popular.Finally,some end notes and closing thoughts are included in the conclusion.

Thermionic emission theory and diffusion theory applied to CdTe PV devices

In this work, a comprehensive model that takes the phenomenon of carrier thermionic-emission within the frame work of a diffusion theory of current conducting into account in the type Ⅱ hetero-junction Cd Te solar cell is developed. According to this model, it is found that the total current flowing through the Cd Te solar cell is limited by the thermionic process for very thin quasi-neutral regions and limited by the diffusion process for the reverse case. In future research of the Cd Te solar cell, such an approach may enable the determination of the boundary conditions for all doping profiles and computation of the conversion efficiency, etc.

Unconditional Bound-Preserving and Energy-Dissipating Finite-Volume Schemes for the Cahn-Hilliard Equation

We propose finite-volume schemes for the Cahn-Hilliard equation which unconditionally and discretely preserve the boundedness of the phase field and the dissipation of the free energy.Our numerical framework is applicable to a variety of free-energy potentials,including Ginzburg-Landau and Flory-Huggins,to general wetting boundary conditions,and to degenerate mobilities.Its central thrust is the upwind methodology,which we combine with a semi-implicit formulation for the freeenergy terms based on the classical convex-splitting approach.The extension of the schemes to an arbitrary number of dimensions is straightforward thanks to their dimensionally split nature,which allows to efficiently solve higher-dimensional problems with a simple parallelisation.The numerical schemes are validated and tested through a variety of examples,in different dimensions,and with various contact angles between droplets and substrates.

IDT-TAM Integrated Model for IT Adoption

Two classical theories, the technology acceptance model （TAM） and the innovation diffusion theory （IDT）, were integrated into a model for analyzing individual information technology （IT） adoption behavior. In this IDT-TAM framework, the perceived characteristics of innovation are categorized as subjective evaluation, objective conditions, and interaction factors. The cognitive mechanisms that drive user IT acceptance are analyzed based on the patterns through which these characteristics influence individual user IT adoption behavior. The model was tested using an empirical survey regarding the adoption and use of e-mail in China. Results from a structural equation model analysis illustrate that the model provides meaningful insights for understanding, explaining, and predicting the IT adoption behavior of Chinese users.

Applicability of public sector reform initiatives of the Yemeni government from the integrated TOE-DOI framework

Effective resource allocation and accountability are critical for public services in countries facing a crisis,to ensure minimum inequality and even save lives.Administrative innovation is introduced as public sector reform to improve the performance and accountability of public sector organizations.Despite the said benefit,little has been done to study public administrative innovation in countries under crisis.This study extends the literature by examining the attitude of civil service managers to the administrative innovation in the Yemeni government representing a country in crisis from an integrated perspective of technology-organization-environment(TOE)and diffusion of innovation(DOI)theory.Data was collected from a survey of 200 civil service managers of the Yemeni central government.The result shows that the attitude of managers to private sector management style is scored the highest representing the key tool of the public administrative innovation.On the other hand,the downsizing elements were ranked the least significant as public sector reform elements.The explanatory model highlights the use of information technology,quality of human resources,and budget management orientation as significant factors for the applicability of public administrative innovation in the Yemeni central government.