Generation and manipulation of bright spatial bound-soliton pairs under the diffusion effect in photovoltaic photorefractive crystals

The generation and propagation characteristics of bright spatial bound-soliton pairs (BSPs) are investigated under the diffusion effect in photovoltaic photorefractive crystals by numerical simulation. The results show that two coherent solitons, one as the signal light and the other as the control light, can form a BSP when the peak intensity of the control light is appropriately selected. Moreover, under the diffusion effect, the BSP experiences a self-bending process during propagating and the center of the BSP moves on a parabolic trajectory. Furthermore, the lateral shift of the BSP at the output face of the crystal can be manipulated by adjusting the peak intensity of the control light. The research results provide a method for the design of all-optical switching and routing based on the manipulation of the lateral position of BSPs.

The Approximate Analytical Solution of Non-Linear Equation for Simultaneous Internal Mass and Heat Diffusion Effects

For the first time a mathematical modelling of porous catalyst particles subject to both internal mass concentration gradients as well as temperature gradients, in endothermic or exothermic reactions has been reported. This model contains a non-linear mass balance equation which is related to rate expression. This paper presents an approximate analytical method (Modified Adomian decomposition method) to solve the non-linear differential equations for chemical kinetics with diffusion effects. A simple and closed form of expressions pertaining to substrate concentration and utilization factor is presented for all value of diffusion parameters. These analytical results are compared with numerical results and found to be in good agreement.

Simulation of the Ecosystem Productivity Responses to Aerosol Diffuse Radiation Fertilization Effects over the Pan-Arctic during 2001–19

The pan-Arctic is confronted with air pollution transported from lower latitudes.Observations have shown that aerosols help increase plant photosynthesis through the diffuse radiation fertilization effects(DRFEs).While such DRFEs have been explored at low to middle latitudes,the aerosol impacts on pan-Arctic ecosystems and the contributions by anthropogenic and natural emission sources remain less quantified.Here,we perform regional simulations at 0.2o×0.2ousing a well-validated vegetation model(Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere,YIBs)in combination with multi-source of observations to quantify the impacts of aerosol DRFEs on the net primary productivity(NPP)in the pan-Arctic during 2001-19.Results show that aerosol DRFEs increase pan-Arctic NPP by 2.19 Pg C(12.8%)yr^(-1)under clear-sky conditions,in which natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to 8.9% and 3.9%,respectively.Under all-sky conditions,such DRFEs are largely dampened by cloud to only 0.26 Pg C(1.24%)yr^(-1),with contributions of 0.65% by natural and 0.59% by anthropogenic species.Natural aerosols cause a positive NPP trend of 0.022% yr^(-1)following the increased fire activities in the pan-Arctic.In contrast,anthropogenic aerosols induce a negative trend of-0.01% yr^(-1)due to reduced emissions from the middle latitudes.Such trends in aerosol DRFEs show a turning point in the year of 2007 with more positive NPP trends by natural aerosols but negative NPP trends by anthropogenic aerosols thereafter.Though affected by modeling uncertainties,this study suggests a likely increasing impact of aerosols on terrestrial ecosystems in the pan-Arctic under global warming.

Solvent transport dynamics and its effect on evolution of mechanical properties of nitrocellulose(NC)-based propellants under hot-air drying process

Appropriate drying process with optimized controlling of drying parameters plays a vital role in the improvement of the quality and performance of propellant products.However,few research on solvent transport dynamics within NC-based propellants was reported,and its effect on the evolution of mechanical properties was not interpreted yet.This study is conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of hot-air drying for NC-based propellants and clarify the effect of temperature on solvent transport behavior and further the change of mechanical properties during drying.The drying kinetic curves show the drying time required is decreased but the steady solvent content is increased and the drying rate is obviously increased with the increase of hot-air temperatures,indicating hot-air temperatures have a significant effect on drying kinetics.A modified drying model was established,and results show it is more appropriate to describe solvent transport behavior within NC-based propellants.Moreover,two linear equations were established to exhibit the relationship between solvent content and its effect on the change of tensile properties,and the decrease of residual solvent content causes an obvious increase of tensile strength and tensile modulus of propellant products,indicating its mechanical properties can be partly improved by adjustment of residual solvent content.The outcomes can be used to clarify solvent transport mechanisms and optimize drying process parameters of double-based gun propellants.

Fractal scaling of effective diffusion coefficient of solute in porous media

Fractal approach is used to derive a power law relation between effective diffusion coefficient of solute in porous media and the geometry parameter characterizing the media. The results are consistent with the empirical equations analogous to Archie`s law and are expected to be applied to prediction of effective diffusion coefficient. Key words: diffusion; effective diffusion coefficient; fractal; porous media.

M-T Scheme for Predicting Effective Diffusion Coefficient of Chloride Ions in Cement-based Materials

To investigate the transport characteristics of chloride ions in cement-based materials, the Mori-Tanaka (M-T) prediction scheme of the effective diffusion coefficient in composites containing single-phase and multi-phase inclusions is systematically deduced based on the theory of composite mechanics and porous medium. The volume fraction, morphology and distribution of aggregates, as well as the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) are fully taken into consideration in this proposed model. The results show that the algorithm of M-T prediction scheme with high accuracy is relatively simple.

EFFECTIVE DIFFUSION AND EFFECTIVE DRAG COEFFICIENT OF A BROWNIAN PARTICLE IN A PERIODIC POTENTIAL

We study the stochastic motion of a Brownian particle driven by a constant force over a static periodic potential. We show that both the effective diffusion and the effective drag coefficient are mathematically well-defined and we derive analytic expressions for these two quantities. We then investigate the asymptotic behaviors of the effective diffusion and the effective drag coefficient, respectively, for small driving force and for large driving force. In the case of small driving force, the effective diffusion is reduced from its Brownian value by a factor that increases exponentially with the amplitude of the potential. The effective drag coefficient is increased by approximately the same factor. As a result, the Einstein relation between the diffusion coefficient and the drag coefficient is approximately valid when the driving force is small. For moderately large driving force, both the effective diffusion and the effective drag coefficient are increased from their Brownian values, and the Einstein relation breaks down. In the limit of very large driving force, both the effective diffusion and the effective drag coefficient converge to their Brownian values and the Einstein relation is once again valid.

Effect of Back Diffusion of Mg Dopants on Optoelectronic Properties of InGaN-Based Green Light-Emitting Diodes

The effect of back-diffusion of Mg dopants on optoelectronic characteristics of InGaN-based green light-emitting diodes （LEDs） is investigated. The LEDs with less Mg back-diffusion show blue shifts of longer wavelengths and larger wavelengths with the increasing current, which results from the Mg-dopant-related polarization screening. The LEDs show enhanced efficiency with the decreasing Mg back-diffusion in the lower current region. Light outputs follow the power law L α I^m, with smaller parameter m in the LEDs with less Mg back-diffusion, indicating a lower density of trap states. The trap-assisted tunneling current is also suppressed by reducing Mg- defect-related nonradiative centers in the active region. Furthermore, the forward current-voltage characteristics are improved.

Effect of Electric Current on Diffusion of Aluminum in Ti3AlC2 into Zirconium Alloy

The spark plasma sintering（SPS） method was used to study the mechanism of reaction interface between Zr and Ti3AlC2 with electric current going through it. It was found that electric current greatly reduced the bonding temperature of Zr and Ti3AlC2. By the micro-structure analysis of the interface through SEM/EDS, it was found that Al atoms diffused from the Ti3AlC2 substrate into the Zr side and reacted with Zr to form the Zr-Al compounds at the interface, which is the strengthening mechanism of Ti3AlC2-Zr bonding. The thickness of reaction layers（Zr-Al alloy） was from 0.879 to 13.945 mm depending on different sintering condition. Current direction, heating rate, soaking time, pulse patterns all influenced the diffusion of Al atoms which affected the joining quality of Zr and Ti3AlC2.

Effects of Positron Diffusion and Its Application in Composite System

The effects of positron diffusion on the measured S parameter have been investigated by a point-source diffusion model and a δ function method. Firstly, the theoretical analyses of the effects are presented for the samples of a homogeneous semi-infinite medium and a film of definite thickness. Then the results are used to analyze the S parameters in several composite systems and interface models.

How to estimate isotope fractionations of a Rayleigh-like but diffusion-limited disequilibrium process?

The Rayleigh distillation isotope fractionation(RDIF) model is one of the most popular methods used in isotope geochemistry. Numerous isotope signals observed in geologic processes have been interpreted with this model. The RDIF model provides a simple mathematic solution for the reservoir-limited equilibrium isotope fractionation effect. Due to the reservoir effect, tremendously large isotope fractionations will always be produced if the reservoir is close to being depleted. However, in real situations, many prerequisites assumed in the RDIF model are often difficult to meet. For instance, it requires the relocated materials, which are removed step by step from one reservoir to another with different isotope compositions(i.e., with isotope fractionation), to be isotopically equilibrated with materials in the first reservoir simultaneously. This ‘‘quick equilibrium requirement’’ is indeed hard to meet if the first reservoir is sufficiently large or the removal step is fast. The whole first reservoir will often fail to re-attain equilibrium in time before the next removal starts.This problem led the RDIF model to fail to interpret isotope signals of many real situations. Here a diffusion-coupled and Rayleigh-like(i.e., reservoir-effect included) separation process is chosen to investigate this problem. We find that the final isotope fractionations are controlled by both the diffusion process and the reservoir effects via the disequilibrium separation process. Due to its complexity, we choose to use a numerical simulation method to solve this problem by developing specific computing codes for the working model.According to our simulation results, the classical RDIF model only governs isotope fractionations correctly at the final stages of separation when the reservoir scale(or thickness of the system) is reduced to the order of magnitude of the quotient of the diffusivity and the separation rate. The RDIF model fails in other situations and the isotope fractionations will be diffusion-limited when the reservoir is relatively large, or the separation rate is fast. We find that the effect of internal isotope distribution inhomogeneity caused by diffusion on the Rayleigh-like separation process is significant and cannot be ignored. This method can be applied to study numerous geologic and planetary processes involving diffusion-limited disequilibrium separation processes including partial melting,evaporation, mineral precipitation, core segregation, etc.Importantly, we find that far more information can be extracted through analyzing isotopic signals of such ‘‘disequilibrium’’processes than those of fully equilibrated ones, e.g., reservoir size and the separation rate. Such information may provide a key to correctly interpreting many isotope signals observed from geochemical and cosmochemical processes.

Effects of Distribution of Induced Defects on Positron Diffusion

The effects of distribution of induced defects on the positron diffusion was studied by using the point-source diffusion model and 6 function method.

Diffusion Characteristics of Swells in the North Indian Ocean

Research on the diffusion characteristics of swells contributes positively to wave energy forecasting, swell monitoring, and early warning. In this work, the South Indian Ocean westerly index(SIWI) and Indian Ocean swell diffusion effect index(IOSDEI) are defined on the basis of the 45-year(September 1957–August 2002) ERA-40 wave reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) to analyze the impact of the South Indian Ocean westerlies on the propagation of swell acreage. The following results were obtained: 1) The South Indian Ocean swell mainly propagates from southwest to northeast. The swell also spreads to the Arabian Sea upon reaching low-latitude waters. The 2.0-meter contour of the swell can reach northward to Sri Lankan waters. 2) The size of the IOSDEI is determined by the SIWI strength. The IOSDEI requires approximately 2–3.5 days to fully respond to the SIWI. The correlations between SIWI and IOSDEI show obvious seasonal differences, with the highest correlations found in December–January–February(DJF) and the lowest correlations observed in June–July–August(JJA). 3) The SIWI and IOSDEI have a common period of approximately 1 week in JJA and DJF. The SIWI leads by approximately 2–3 days in this common period.

Numerical simulation to evaluate gas diffusion of turbulent flow in mine ventilation system

Tracer gas technique is a method to analyze the airflow path, measure the airflow quantity, and detect any recirculation or leakages in underground mine. In addition, it is also possible to evaluate the axial gas diffusion of gas in turbulent bulk flow by utilizing the tracer gas data. This paper discussed about the measurement using tracer gas technique in Cibaliung Underground Mine, Indonesia and the evaluation of effective axial diffusion coefficient, E, by numerical simulation. In addition, a scheme to treat network flow in mine ventilation system was also proposed. The effective axial diffusion coefficient for each airway was evaluated based on Taylor's theoretical equation. It is found that the evaluated diffusion coefficient agrees well with Taylor's equation by considering that the wall friction factor, f, is higher than those for smooth pipe flow. It also shows that the value of effective diffusion coefficient can be inherently determined and the value is constant when matching with other measurements. Furthermore, there are possibilities to utilize the tracer gas measurement data to evaluate the airway friction factors.

Temporal Spreading Effect of Oceanic Lidar System

In this paper, multipath temporal spreading distributions of laser pulses are calculated when they travel through the seawater. Individual photon is followed in Monte Carlo calculation A modified Henyey-Greenstein （HG） function is applied to represent the scattering phase function of seawater. This paper proposes a new scaling method, which uses the effective scattering thickness τd to replace the optical thickness used in the traditional scaling technique. This paper compares the temporal spreading distributions of photons on conditions of different attenuation coefficients and target depths. The experiments reveal that these mutual deviations are changing in the range from 0.5% to 5%, so long as the corresponding effective scattering thicknesses τd remains the same. Therefore, a conclusion can be obtained, that the temporal spreading distribution is only dependent on the effective diffusion thickness τd .

An improved recommendation algorithm via weakening indirect linkage effect

We propose an indirect-link-weakened mass diffusion method（IMD）, by considering the indirect linkage and the source object heterogeneity effect in the mass diffusion（MD） recommendation method. Experimental results on the MovieLens, Netflix, and RYM datasets show that, the IMD method greatly improves both the recommendation accuracy and diversity, compared with a heterogeneity-weakened MD method（HMD）, which only considers the source object heterogeneity. Moreover, the recommendation accuracy of the cold objects is also better elevated in the IMD than the HMD method. It suggests that eliminating the redundancy induced by the indirect linkages could have a prominent effect on the recommendation efficiency in the MD method.

Effect of Ocean Thermal Diffusivity on Global Warming Induced by Increasing Atmospheric CO_2

A global mean ocean model including atmospheric heating, heat capacity of the mixed layer ocean, and vertical thermal diffusivity in the lower ocean, proposed by Cess and Goldenberg (1981), is used in this paper to study the sensitivity of global warming to the vertical diffusivity. The results suggest that the behaviour of upper ocean temperature is mainly determined by the magnitude of upper layer diffusivity and an ocean with a larger diffusivity leads to a less increase of sea surface temperature and a longer time delay for the global warming induced by increasing CO2 than that with smaller one. The global warming relative to four scenarios of CO2 emission assumed by Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) is also estimated by using the model with two kinds of thermal diffusivities. The result shows that for various combinations of the CO2 emission scenarios and the diffusivities, the oceanic time delay to the global warming varies from 15 years to 70 years.

Mesoporous molybdenum carbide for greatly enhanced hydrogen evolution at high current density and its mechanism studies

Currently the catalysis of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is mainly focused on the inherent electrocatalytic activity at relatively lower current densities while scarce at high current densities.Nevertheless,the latter is highly demanding in efficient mass-production of hydrogen.A SiO_(2) nanospheres template-synthesis is used to prepare mesoporous molybdenum carbide nanocrystals-embedded nitrogen-doped carbon foams(mp-Mo_(2)C/NC).The material shows much more excellent catalytic activity than the non-etched Mo_(2)C/NC toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in acidic medium.More interestingly mp-Mo_(2)C/NC still has larger overpotential than Pt/C at lower current densities,but possess remarkably smaller overpotential than the latter at higher current densities for much better electrocatalytic performance.An approach is developed to investigate the electrode kinetics by Tafel plots,especially with eliminating the diffusion effect,indicating that Pt/C and mp-Mo_(2)C/NC display different reaction mechanisms.At low current densities the former presents reversible reaction,while the latter shows mixed electrochemical polarization/reversible electrode process.In the region of higher current densities,the former becomes totally gas-diffusion controlled with large overpotential,while the latter can still retain an electrode polarization process for much lower overpotential at the same current density.Result endorses that the meso-porously structured mp-Mo_(2)C/NC plays a critical role in avoiding gas diffusion control-resulting large overpotential at high current densities.This work holds great potential for an inexpensive catalyst better than Pt/C in practical applications of mass-production hydrogen at high current densities,while clearly shedding fundamental lights on designs of rational HER catalysts for the uses at high current densities.

空心纳米柱状电极力-扩散耦合行为研究

文章以纳米尺度离子电池的电极结构为研究对象,建立可考虑表面效应的力-扩散双向耦合理论模型,对其在表面效应和外部载荷作用下的力学响应行为进行系统研究。借助建立的理论模型,研究尺寸效应、表面效应等对恒电压充电条件下空心纳米柱状电极中浓度场、应力场分布规律的影响并分析其内在机制。研究发现在该文条件下,表面效应对电极中环向和轴向应力场有压应力作用,且尺寸越小压应力作用越明显,而对径向应力场的作用则与位置有关。该研究为优化空心纳米柱状电极中的力-扩散耦合行为性能及应用拓展提供了一定的理论基础和参考依据。

The effect of ammonia on soot formation in ethylene diffusion flames

This paper originally investigates the effect of NH_(3) dilution on soot formation when NH_(3) is gradually added into the fuel stream in an ethylene laminar diffusion flame stabilized on a Santoro burner.The variations of flame diameter and two flame heights,i.e.,mixture-strength flame height and visible flame height are carefully documented and analyzed.Moreover,local soot volume fraction(SVF)and soot temperature fields are simultaneously measured by compact-modulated absorption and emission technique,and the corresponding measurement random errors are also provided by the error propagation calculations for the first time.All the reported measurement random errors of SVF and soot temperature fields are estimated within the range of±0.07–±0.08 ppm and±40–±91 K,respectively.As an original database,the concomitantly measured SVF and soot temperature distributions are provided as high-fidelity datasets for refining soot formation model that is overrode by NH_(3).In addition,the flame cross-section average SVF F_(soot)(z)is calculated for every NH_(3) diluted flame,and the relative contributions of NH_(3) dilution and chemical effect are quantitatively assessed in terms of F_(max)-X_(NH_(3))plotting.It is found that when X_(NH_(3))<30%,the chemical effect of ammonia is about twice that of the dilution effect.While X_(NH_(3))>30%,the chemical effect and dilution effect of ammonia are gradually equal.Eventually,through modeling of the soot formation rate V in the flames,the relative contributions of chemical effect,dilution effect and thermal effect of NH_(3)are further novelty discriminated within the X_(NH_(3))from 0 to 46%and it is shown that NH_(3) chemical effect plays the dominate role in soot suppression,then the dilution effect and the thermal one at the least.