Determination of Ni^(2+) in Waters with Sodium Polyacrylate as a Binding Phase in Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films

An aqueous solution containing sodium polyacrylate（PAAS） was used in diffusive gradient in thin-films technique（DGT） to measure DGT-labile Ni2＋ concentrations.The DGT devices（PAAS DGT） were validated in four types of solutions,including synthetic river water containing metal ions with complexing EDTA or that without complexing EDTA,natural river water（Ling River,Jinzhou,China） spiked with Ni2＋,and an industrial wastewater （Jinzhou,China）.Results show that only free metal ions were measured by PAAS DGT,recovery=97.36% in the solutions containing only free metal ions,recovery=49.62% in a solution with metal/EDTA molar ratio of 2：1 and recovery=0 in the solutions with metal/EDTA molar ratios of 1：1 and 1：2.These indicated that the complexes of Ni-EDTA were DGT-inert.The DGT performance in spiked river water（recovery=18.24%） and in industrial wastewater（recovery=12.25%） were investigated,which indicated that the measurement of metals by this DGT device did not include the humic substances complexed fractions of metals.The binding properties of PAAS DGT for Ni2＋ were investigated under different conditions of pH value and ionic strength.Conditional stability constants（lgK） of PAAS-Ni complexes were also evaluated.

Evaluation of Cadmium Bioavailability in Soils Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Film Technique and Traditional Methods

The developed technique of diffusive gradients in thin film( DGT) has been suggested as a promising tool for evaluation of cadmium( Cd) availability in soils,but there exists considerable debate on its suitability. In this study,Cd bioavailability in soils was systemically investigated by comparing this technique with seven traditional methods, including soil solution concentration and six commonly used extraction methods( HAc,EDTA,Na c,NH4Ac,CaCl2 and MgCl2). Two typical plants( wheat and maize) were examined for Cd uptake. Maize was more sensitive to increasing exposure to Cd in soils than wheat when the added amounts of Cd ranged from 3. 5 to 5. 0 mg · kg-1,accompanied by the significant decreases of shoot and root biomasses. Cd concentrations in shoots and roots of two plants increased continuously with increasing levels of Cd in soils. Cd uptake was higher in wheat than that in maize. The bioavailable concentrations of Cd measured by all methods increased nearly linearly with increasing addition of Cd in soils. Positive correlations were observed between various bioavailable indicators of Cd in soils and Cd concentrations in two plants. The extractable Cd by six chemical extractants was considerably higher for maize than for wheat,while the DGT-measured and soil solution concentrations of Cd were lower for maize than for wheat,following the same trend as plant Cd uptake. The results imply that DGT measurement can effectively predict the bioavailable levels of Cd in soil solutions and that it is an ideal tool for prediction of Cd bioavailability in soils.

Evaluation of the Bioavailability of Metals in Sediment from the Southern Coastal Wetland of the Qiantang Estuary by Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique

Metal pollution has become an major issue governing the wetland ecosystem health.The southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Estuary are facing unusual perturbation due to rapid development along the embayment in recent decades.This study evaluated the bioavailability of metals(Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr and Zn)in the sediment of the southern coastal wetland of the Qiangtang Es-tuary using diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT)techniques and compared with several methods based on total metal content.The results showed that the contents of Cr,Pb,Cd and Cu in sediment,as detected using DGT,were considerably correlated with the exchangeable fraction and the content in Phragmites australis roots,while a weak correlation was observed for Zn.Therefore,DGT analysis could be used to evaluate the bioavailability and potential risk of Cr,Cd,Pb and Cu for P.australis.Quantitative indices,such as DGT concentration,bioaccumulation in P.australis,geoaccumulation index(Igeo)and potential ecological risk index(RI),revealed that Cd was a major potential ecological risk factor along the southern coast wetland of the Qiantang Estuary,especially in the upstream region,which is potentially more vulnerable to the anthropogenic pollution.

Effect of Non-Uniform Basic Concentration Gradient on the Onset of Double-Diffusive Convection in Micropolar Fluid

The effect of non-uniform basic concentration gradient on the onset of double diffusive convection in a micropolar fluid layer heated and saluted from below and cooled from above has been studied. The linear stability analysis is performed. The eigen value of the problem is obtained using Galerkian method. The eigen values are obtained for 1) free-free 2) rigid-free 3) rigid-rigid velocity boundary combination with isothermal temperature condition on spin-vanishing permeable boundaries. The influence of various micropolar parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. One linear and five non linear concentration profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed and results are depicted graphically. It is observed that fluid layer with suspended particles heated and soluted from below is more stable compare to the classical fluid without suspended particles.

The effect of different number of diffusion gradients on SNR of diffusion tensor-derived measurement maps

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is mainly applied to white matter fiber tracking in human brain, but there is still a debate on how many diffusion gradient directions should be used to get the best results. In this paper, the performance of 7 protocols corresponding to 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, and 30 noncollinear number of diffusion gradi-ent directions (NDGD) were discussed by com-paring signal-noise ratio (SNR) of tensor- de-rived measurement maps and fractional ani-sotropy (FA) values. All DTI data (eight healthy volunteers) were downloaded from the website of Johns Hopkins Medical Institute Laboratory of Brain Anatomi-cal MRI with permission. FA, apparent diffusion constant mean (ADC-mean), the largest eigen-value (LEV), and eigenvector orientation (EVO) maps associated with LEV of all subjects were calculated derived from tensor in the 7 proto-cols via DTI Studio. A method to estimate the variance was presented to calculate SNR of these tensor-derived maps. Mean ±standard deviation of the SNR and FA values within re-gion of interest (ROI) selected in the white mat-ter were compared among the 7 protocols. The SNR were improved significantly with NDGD increasing from 6 to 20 (P<0.05). From 20 to 30, SNR were improved significantly for LEV and EVO maps (P<0.05), but no significant dif-ferences for FA and ADC-mean maps (P>0.05). There were no significant variances in FA val-ues within ROI between any two protocols (P>0.05). The SNR could be improved with NDGD in-creasing, but an optimum protocol is needed because of clinical limitations.

NMR Chromatography: Molecular Diffusion in the Presence of Pulsed Field Gradients in Analytical Chemistry Applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an excellent analytical tool for precise structural characterization of organic and bio-molecules. Though NMR is often used to characterize a single compound in solution, emerging experimental methods using pulsed-field-gradients (PFGs) allow structural dynamic characterization of several compounds, simultaneously in the same solution. NMR as a chromatography tool is often an overlooked application by analytical chemists. Therefore, in this article we introduce the concept of NMR based diffusion measurements, basic operational methods and novel applications. We expect this article to increase the overall use and appreciation of NMR-based diffusion measurements in general and in particular, in analytical chemistry applications.

Effects of temperature gradient on the interface microstructure and diffusion of diffusion couples:Phase-field simulation

The temporal interface microstructures and diffusions in the diffusion couples with the mutual interactions of the temperature gradient, concentration difference and initial aging time of the alloys are studied by phase-field simulation, and the diffusion couples are produced by the initial aged spinodal alloys with different compositions. Temporal composition evolution and volume fraction of the separated phase indicate the element diffusion direction through the interface under the temperature gradient. The increased temperature gradient induces a wide single-phase region on two sides of the interface.The uphill diffusion proceeds through the interface, no matter whether the diffusion direction is up or down with respect to the temperature gradient. For an alloy with short initial aging time, phase transformation accompanying the interdiffusion results in the straight interface with the single-phase regions on both sides. Compared with the temperature gradient,composition difference of diffusion couple and initial aging time of the alloy show greater effects on diffusion and interface microstructure.

ELLIPTIC GRADIENT ESTIMATES FOR DIFFUSION OPERATORS ON COMPLETE RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS

In this note, we obtain the elliptic estimate for diffusion operator L = △＋△Ф·△ on complete, noncompact Riemannian manifolds, under the curvature condition CD（K, m）, which generalizes B. L. Kotschwar＇s work [5]. As an application, we get estimate on the heat kernel. The Bernstein-type gradient estimate for SchrSdinger-type gradient is also derived.

Two-dimensional equations for thin-films of ionic conductors

A theoretical model is developed for predicting both conduction and diffusion in thin-film ionic conductors or cables. With the linearized Poisson-Nernst-Planck(PNP)theory, the two-dimensional(2D) equations for thin ionic conductor films are obtained from the three-dimensional(3D) equations by power series expansions in the film thickness coordinate, retaining the lower-order equations. The thin-film equations for ionic conductors are combined with similar equations for one thin dielectric film to derive the 2D equations of thin sandwich films composed of a dielectric layer and two ionic conductor layers. A sandwich film in the literature, as an ionic cable, is analyzed as an example of the equations obtained in this paper. The numerical results show the effect of diffusion in addition to the conduction treated in the literature. The obtained theoretical model including both conduction and diffusion phenomena can be used to investigate the performance of ionic-conductor devices with any frequency.

Linear stability of triple-diffusive convection in micropolar ferromagnetic fluid saturating porous medium

The triple-diffusive convection in a micropolar ferromagnetic fluid layer heated and soluted from below is considered in the presence of a transverse uniform magnetic field. An exact solution is obtained for a flat fluid layer contained between two free boundaries. A linear stability analysis and a normal mode analysis method are carried out to study the onset convection. For stationary convection, various parameters such as the medium permeability, the solute gradients, the non-buoyancy magnetization, and the micropolar parameters （i.e., the coupling parameter, the spin diffusion parameter, and the micropolar heat conduction parameter） are analyzed. The critical magnetic thermal Rayleigh number for the onset of instability is determined numerically for a sufficiently large value of the buoyancy magnetization parameter M1. The principle of exchange of stabilities is found to be true for the micropolar fluid heated from below in the absence of the micropolar viscous effect, the microinertia, and the solute gradients. The micropolar viscous effect, the microinertia, and the solute gradient introduce oscillatory modes, which are non-existent in their absence. Sufficient conditions for the non-existence of overstability are also obtained.

EXISTENCE OF SOLUTIONS FOR GRADIENT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATION TO DIFFUSION PROBLEMS INVOLVING NONCONVEX ENERGIES

In this paper, we establish the existence of solutions for gradient systems ofevolution under some type （M） and semi-coerciveness conditions. The main result is appliedin order to solve nonlinear diffusion equations involving nonconvex energies.

Titanium diboride-metals gradient materials prepared by field activated diffusion bonding process

Functionally gradient samples are prepared by getting metal Ni or Cu bonded with Ni-matrix composites reinforced by TiB2 particles by field activated diffusion bonding process. The intermetallic compound of Ni3Al has been applied as a mediate layer in order to reduce residual stress. The microstracture, phase composition of the interfaces between the metal and Ni3Al are determined and the mechanical properties of the gradient materials are characterized. Elemental concentration profiles across the interfaces between layers showed significant diffusion dissolution and formation of firm bonds. Measured micro-hardness values of the sample increased monotonically from the metal substrate to the surface layer of composites. The values for the surface composite layer ranged from about 2 000 HK to 3 300 HK. The results of this investigation demonstrate the feasibility of field activated diffusion bonding process for rapid preparation of FGMs.

Self-similar singular solution of fast diffusion equation with gradient absorption terms

The self-similar singular solution of the fast diffusion equation with nonlinear gradient absorption terms are studied. By a self-similar transformation, the self-similar solutions satisfy a boundary value problem of nonlinear ordinary differential equation （ODE）. Using the shooting arguments, the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the initial data problem of the nonlinear ODE are investigated, and the solutions are classified by the region of the initial data. The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence and uniqueness of self-similar very singular solutions is obtained by investigation of the classification of the solutions. In case of existence, the self-similar singular solution is very singular solution.

Role of temperature gradient in liquid/solid phase solution-diffusion bonding

The liquid-film solution-diffusion bonding of ZCuBe2.5 alloys was conducted using Cu-based alloy powders. The tensile strength of the joint is up to 318 MPa. With the increase of temperature gradient, the bonding time decreases and the interface migration velocity increases remarkably. The appropriate temperature gradient is 5-40 K/cm. Under fixed bonding time, the thickness of diffusion layer increases with the increase of temperature gradient, and this tendency becomes more remarkable with the prolonging of bonding time.

Sodium Diffuses from Glass Substrates through P1 Lines and Passivates Defects in Perovskite Solar Modules

Most thin-film photovoltaic modules are constructed on soda-lime glass(SLG)substrates containing alkali oxides,such as Na_(2)O.Na may diffuse from SLG into a module's active layers through P1 lines,an area between a module's constituent cells where the substrate-side charge transport layer(CTL)is in direct contact with SLG.Na diffusion from SLG is known to cause several important effects inⅡ-Ⅵand chalcogenide solar modules,but it has not been studied in perovskite solar modules(PSMs).In this work,we use complementary microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to show that Na diffusion occurs in the fabrication process of PSMs.Na diffuses vertically inside P1 lines and then laterally from P1 lines into the active area for up to 360 pm.We propose that this process is driven by the high temperatures the devices are exposed to during CTL and perovskite annealing.The diffused Na preferentially binds with Br,forming Br-poor,l-rich perovskite and a species rich in Na and Br(Na-Br)close to P1 lines.Na-Br passivates defect sites,reducing non-radiative recombination in the perovskite and boosting its luminescence by up to 5×.Na-Br is observed to be stable after 12 weeks of device storage,suggesting long-lasting effects of Na diffusion.Our results not only point to a potential avenue to increase PSM performance but also highlight the possibility of unabated Na diffusion throughout a module's lifetime,especially if accelerated by the electric field and elevated temperatures achievable during device operation.

农村人情新民俗的制度实践、制度绩效与制度边界——以江西石城移风易俗为例

江西石城“请客不收礼”新民俗的移风易俗实践,促进了农村人情新民俗的诞生与扩散,对当地经济与社会发展产生显著正向影响。新民俗具有强大韧性和高度弹性的制度特性,具有差序执行赋予制度适应性以及非正式制度带来非正式约束的制度优势;新民俗具有助力乡村文化治理、推动乡风文明建设的文化绩效,并通过衔接精准脱贫效力和扩大农村内需市场的礼金治理方式,促进农民共同富裕的经济绩效。基于此,新民俗的扩散路径是基于人情往来地域多元化的现实基础,新民俗具有差序人情底层逻辑的总体特征和地方性仪式性人情的模式分类;基于新民俗创新扩散的时空性特征,需要因势利导的适时切入与因地制宜的本地化改造。

基于美学梯度法的人工智能风格化绘画系统

当前Stable diffusion等人工智能绘画模型在绘画时难以直接控制图像风格,同时风格模型训练仅针对单种风格。针对该问题,提出了一种基于美学梯度法的人工智能风格化绘画系统,以实现多种图像风格的控制和融合,并提供更加便捷的图像创作体验。收集并分析网络用户数据,结合问卷得到用户对图像风格的感性需求;根据感性需求收集各风格图像数据得到对应的风格图像训练集。使用梯度下降算法计算风格化文本编码器的权重,实现生成图像风格化的效果。通过可用性测试对比用户对该系统与传统人工智能绘画系统产出图像的风格满意程度,结果表明:人工智能风格化绘画系统的平均满意度相较传统人工智能绘画系统提升23%,表明人工智能风格化绘画系统在图像风格生成上具有更好的效果,可满足用户对图像风格的需求。该人工智能风格化绘画系统可以更便捷地实现图像风格调整,允许用户直观选择不同风格的权重,便捷使用一种或多种风格,能够有效满足用户对图像风格设计的需求。

数值研究太阳调制引发的银河宇宙线正电子的各向异性

能量低于30 GeV的银河宇宙线正电子进入日球层时会与太阳风以及冻结在其中的日球层磁场发生相互作用,太阳风对流、扩散、漂移的综合调制效应会导致银河宇宙线正电子通量出现各向异性.本研究利用帕克(Parker)传输方程描述正电子在日球层中的传输过程,将日球层顶(120 AU)的局地星际能谱作为边界条件,利用交替方向隐式方法(ADI)求解传输方程,计算银河宇宙线正电子的通量,接着计算银河宇宙线正电子的梯度,最后计算出0.01 GeV,0.1 GeV,1 GeV能量的正电子的极向各向异性和径向各向异性.研究发现:(1)由于低能量正电子的漂移几乎为0,因此极向各向异性仅由扩散决定,它的绝对值在日球层南北半球相同纬度上相等并且在黄道面处的值为0;高能量的正电子受到了漂移作用的影响,导致极向各向异性在黄道面处的值不为0,南北半球相同纬度上的绝对值也不相等.(2)低能量正电子的径向各向异性仅由扩散和对流决定;高能量正电子的径向各向异性由扩散、对流、漂移三者共同决定.另外,黄道面处正电子的极向梯度为0,因此任何能量的正电子在此处的径向各向异性也只由扩散和对流决定;正电子在日球层高纬度地区由于扩散和漂移较大,从而具有较大的径向各向异性.

南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中营养盐分布特征分析及释放风险评估

为了解决南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中磷酸盐、氨氮和硝态氮等营养盐释放风险控制缺乏科学依据的问题,利用薄膜扩散梯度技术、高分辨率孔隙水采样技术分析南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中营养盐浓度的垂直剖面分布特征,并根据有效态磷、有效态氨氮和有效态硝态氮的浓度,计算三者的净扩散通量,评估三者的释放风险。结果表明:非泄洪期南四湖出湖口上覆水中的溶解态磷浓度低于孔隙水中的,表明沉积物孔隙水中的溶解态磷可能会因浓度梯度的存在而向上覆水中扩散;根据连续分级提取法,钙结合态磷是南四湖出湖口沉积物中磷元素的主要赋存形态,表层沉积物中的不稳定磷元素含量高于深层沉积物中的;有效态磷与有效态铁呈显著正相关,说明南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中有效态磷的释放受铁氧化物还原释放影响;有效态磷、有效态氨氮和有效态硝态氮的净扩散通量分别为17.58、1.16、-40.72 ng/(cm^(2)·d),说明有效态磷和有效态氨氮有从沉积物向上覆水中释放的潜在风险。

社交网络议程“梯度扩散”效应与结构

议程设置研究受到广泛关注,但议程内部的传导结构仍缺乏深入探讨。本研究将微博帖子按照热度进行“等频分箱”,探索社交网络信息在不同热度的内容层级间的传导规律和议程“梯度扩散”效应与特征。本文对新浪微博中的20117408条样本帖子分析表明:(1)热度越接近的帖子层级之间,内容传导程度越高;(2)热度层级与其他层级距离越小的帖子层,向其他层级的内容传导程度越高;腰部热度层级比头部和底部层级具备更高的内容传导程度;(3)层间内容传导程度随着层级间热度差距变化而出现阶梯式递增或递减,可称为梯度传导性;(4)高热度层级之间内容传导程度高于低热度层级之间内容传导程度,且高热度层级与低热度层级之间呈现出传导阻滞、流通性较低的特征;(5)由各个热度层级的内容传导关系交错构成的内容传导网络,与层间热度差值网络存在同构性;(6)任意热度层级越是处于内容传导网络的中心层,在热度差值网络中的接近中心性越高;(7)全局的内容传导网络存在“核心-边缘”结构。本研究剖析议程设置中的内容扩散网络动力和约束,有助于思考在舆论、文化、社会、政治传播等领域的信息梯度扩散效应与特殊结构。