DIGITAL SPECKLE CORRELATION METHOD IMPROVED BY GENETIC ALGORITHM

The digital speckle correlation method is an important optical metrology for sur- face displacement and strain measurement.With this technique,the whole field deformation in- formation can be obtained by tracking the geometric points on the speckle images based on a correlation-matching search technique.However,general search techniques suffer from great com- putational complexity in the processing of speckle images with large deformation and the large random errors in the processing of images of bad quality.In this paper,an advanced approach based on genetic algorithms (GA) for correlation-matching search is developed.Benefiting from the abilities of global optimum and parallelism searching of GA,this new approach can complete the correlation-matching search with less computational consumption and at high accuracy.Two experimental results from the simulated speckle images have proved the efficiency of the new approach.

Deformation Field around the Stress Induced Crack Area in Sandstone by the Digital Speckle Correlation Method

The deformation field around sub-cracks was calculated using the digital speckle correlation method. First, the uni-axial compression tests on sandstone samples containing a pre- fabricated fracture were made. Photomicrographs showing the characteristics of the sub-crack development were taken using a scanning electron microscope （SEM）. From these photomicrographs, the real-time images showing the initiation, growth and coalescence of sub-cracks and micro-cracks in the sandstone specimens were obtained and the effects of loading level as well as grain boundaries on the development of cracks were analyzed. Second, the intensity images of the sandstone specimen surface were captured from the observations of the SEM corresponding to different loading levels. Then correlation computation was carried out for the sequential pairs of intensity images to evaluate the displacement components, as well as the strain field. The results show that the deformation varies in different areas separated by sub-cracks during rock damage processes.

Experimental investigation of interface curing stresses between PMMA and composite using digital speckle correlation method

This paper studies the interface curing stresses between polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and composite by means of digital speckle correlation method (DSCM).A new method by combining DSCM with the marker points is developed to measure the interface curing stresses,and the measurement principle is introduced.The interface curing stresses between PMMA and composite with different curing bonding conditions are measured and analyzed,this indicates that the residual stress for furnace heating and furnace cooling is the smallest.Finally,the measurement error is discussed by means of finite element method,the influences of glass microsphere between adhesive and PMMA can be ignored.

Characterization for elastic constants of fused deposition modelling-fabricated materials based on the virtual fields method and digital image correlation

Fused deposition modelling(FDM), a widely used rapid prototyping process, is a promising technique in manufacturing engineering. In this work, a method for characterizing elastic constants of FDM-fabricated materials is proposed. First of all, according to the manufacturing process of FDM, orthotropic constitutive model is used to describe the mechanical behavior. Then the virtual fields method(VFM) is applied to characterize all the mechanical parameters(Q, Q, Q, Q) using the full-field strain,which is measured by digital image correlation(DIC). Since the principal axis of the FDM-fabricated structure is sometimes unknown due to the complexity of the manufacturing process, a disk in diametrical compression is used as the load configuration so that the loading angle can be changed conveniently. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, finite element method(FEM) simulation is conducted to obtain the strain field of the disk. The simulation results show that higher accuracy can be achieved when the loading angle is close to 30?. Finally, a disk fabricated by FDM was used for the experiment. By rotating the disk, several tests with different loading angles were conducted. To determine the position of the principal axis in each test, two groups of parameters(Q, Q, Q, Q) are calculated by two different groups of virtual fields. Then the corresponding loading angle can be determined by minimizing the deviation between two groups of the parameters. After that, the four constants(Q, Q, Q, Q) were determined from the test with an angle of 27?.

Tensile strength of sea ice using splitting tests based on the digital image correlation method

The splitting test is a competitive alternative method to study the tensile strength of sea ice owing to its suitability for sampling.However,the approach was questioned to the neglect of local plastic deformation during the tests.In this study,splitting tests were performed on sea ice,with 32 samples subjected to the regular procedure and 8 samples subjected to the digital image correlation method.The salinity,density,and temperature were measured to determine the total porosity.With the advantage of the digital image correlation method,the full-field deformation of the ice samples could be determined.In the loading direction,the samples mainly deformed at the ice-platen contact area.In the direction vertical to the loading,deformation appears along the central line where the splitting crack occurs.Based on the distribution of the sample deformation,a modified solution was derived to calculate the tensile strength with the maximum load.Based on the modified solution,the tensile strength was further calculated together with the splitting test results.The results show that the tensile strength has a negative correlation with the total porosity,which agrees with previous studies based on uniaxial tension tests.

Applications of Digital Correlation Method to Structure Inspection

In structure inspections, applications of optical techniques are rare, but the advantages of a noncontact, full field technique using a simple apparatus are attractive. The main requirements for structure inspection are the full-field strain measurement with the required precision and on-site measurement ability. The digital correlation method （DCM）, a new optical deformation measurement tool, can satisfy all of the requirements for structure inspection. A smoothing algorithm which can greatly improve the strain measurement precision, and a 3-D DCM have been developed in this paper. For verifying this improvement, a comparison of strain measurements by computer-simulated speckle images has been carried out. Additionally, three structure inspection examples that cover typical materials and structure styles are presented： the interface shear stress distribution for reinforced concrete piles bedded on rock, the 3-D strain distribution of a composite vessel structure, and stresses in a hookup that connects two steel bridge structures. All the examples show that the new structural inspection tool is exemplary and illustrates the obvious advantages of this optical non-destructive technique.

高温后混凝土单轴拉伸和压缩破坏规律及力学性能研究

本文对常温及高温作用后的混凝土进行单轴拉伸和压缩试验,同时使用数字图像相关方法(DIC)观测混凝土试件表面的变形演化过程,探究高温后混凝土拉伸和压缩过程中裂缝的变形演化及力学性能衰减规律。结果表明,随着温度升高,混凝土表面裂缝的萌生和扩展时间逐渐提前,破坏时表面应变集中区的宽度及相应的应变数值逐渐增大,裂缝扩展程度更加显著,当温度达到800℃时,甚至呈多裂缝扩展形态。裂缝的显著扩展增加了混凝土的耗能,使高温损伤后混凝土的延性增加。比较高温后混凝土拉伸和压缩应变云图可知,裂缝开裂引起的应变集中区宽度相近,但压缩试件的应变数值略高于拉伸试件。裂缝的萌生和扩展影响混凝土的力学性能,随着温度升高,混凝土抗拉强度、抗压强度及弹性模量不断下降,峰值应力处的应变逐渐增加;拉伸应力应变曲线由双阶段逐渐转变为三阶段,破坏特征由脆性转变为延性;而压缩应力应变曲线始终为三阶段,与单轴拉伸相比,压缩破坏的延性特征更加明显。

EH36钢焊接接头焊趾处应力集中对高低周复合疲劳的影响

为研究船舶结构用钢EH36钢焊接接头焊趾处应力集中对高低周复合疲劳的影响,对不同焊缝形貌20 mm厚EH36钢双面全熔透对接接头进行高低周复合疲劳试验.研究发现,高低周复合疲劳对接头寿命的降低幅度随着高周应力比的增大而增大;结合数字图像相关法测量结果分析,发现焊趾处应力集中系数越大,接头的高低周复合疲劳寿命越低,其降低幅度随着高周应力比的增大而增大.基于试验数据对模型进行验证,结果表明,应力集中系数高的接头疲劳寿命低且寿命预测结果分散性增大;Palmgren-Miner模型和Zhu模型由于未充分考虑高低周耦合损伤作用,导致寿命预测结果相对危险.修正后Zhu模型在充分考虑低周疲劳对高低周复合疲劳寿命的影响后,预测寿命大于实际寿命的预测点较少,预测结果相对安全,且分散性较小,误差也较小.

钢带嵌缝加固砌体结构抗剪性能试验研究

为提高砌体结构抗剪强度,同时保留原有风貌,采用“弓”字型钢带或钢筋对砌体试件进行嵌齿缝加固。利用数字图像相关方法对加固后的砌体结构进行沿通缝截面抗剪强度试验研究,并建立砌体抗剪试件有限元模型,分析钢带宽度对砌体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:嵌入钢筋或钢带,均能够有效限制层间分离,提高砌体完整性,破坏模式由单剪破坏转化为双剪破坏。承载能力大幅提高,单面钢带、双面钢带、双面钢筋加固的试件极限荷载分别提高了23.63%,61.18%,35.02%,极限荷载对应位移提高了16.38%,23.41%,16.95%。钢带或钢筋的拉结作用可以提高砌体结构的延性,改善砌体结构脆性破坏的特征。

Deformation field and crack analyses of concrete using digital image correlation method

The study on the deformation distribution and crack propagation of concrete under axial compression was conducted by the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The main parameter in this test is the water-cement (fT/C) ratio. The novel analysis process and numerical program for DIC method were established. The displacements and strains of coarse aggregate, and cement mortar and interface transition zone (ITZ) were obtained and verified by experimental results. It was found that the axial displacement distributed non-uniformly during the loading stage, and the axial displacements of ITZs and cement mortar were larger than that of coarse aggregates before the occurrence of macrocracks. The effect of W/C on the horizontal displacement was not obvious. Test results also showed that the transverse and shear deformation concentration areas (DCAs) were formed when stress reached 30%-40% of the peak stress. The transverse and shear DCAs crossed the cement mortar, and ITZs and coarse aggregates. However, the axial DCA mainly surrounded the coarse aggregate. Generally, the higher W/C was, the more size and number of DCAs were. The crack propagations of specimens varied with the variation of W/C. The micro-crack of concrete mainly initiated in the ITZs, irrespective of the W/C. The number and distribution range of cracks in concrete with high W/C were larger than those of cracks in specimen adopting low W/C. However, the value and width of eraeks in high W/C specimen were relatively small. The W/C had an obvious effect on the characteristics of concrete deterioration. Finally, the characteristics of crack was also evaluated by comparing the calculated results.

The improved genetic algorithms for digital image correlation method

We present a global optimization method, called the genetic algorithms (GAs), for digital image/speckle correlation (DISC). The new algorithms do not involve reasonable initial guess of displacement and deformation gradient and the calculation of second-order spatial derivatives of the digital images, which are important challenges in practical implementation of DISC. The performance of a GA depends largely on the selection of the genetic operators. We test various operators and propose optimal operators. The algorithms are then verified using simulated images and experimental speckle images.

基于数字图像技术的致密砂岩纯剪裂缝断裂过程实验

纯剪应力状态下致密砂岩断裂过程是理解致密砂岩破坏失效机理的关键,然而在纯剪应力状态下,初始裂缝是发育扩展为I型裂缝或II型裂缝却一直有所争议。本文基于新型光学测量技术数字图像相关法和双切边压缩实验理论方法,开展了双切边压缩实验并通过数字图像相关法得到了位移和应变场。实验结果表明:双边开槽压缩实验能在槽尖(预制裂缝尖端)产生纯剪应力状态;致密砂岩试件起裂过程包含2个阶段的I型裂缝,第一阶段裂缝从槽尖起裂,第二阶段裂缝从试件中心两槽尖相连区域起裂。本文研究成果为数字图像技术应用在岩石断裂力学领域提供了新思路,对分析水力压裂中致密砂岩纯剪裂缝的演化规律有一定参考价值。

数字经济对京津冀地区经济高质量发展的影响研究

目前,大力发展数字经济已成为国家重要战略,数字经济对经济高质量发展发挥了推动作用。在从理论层面对数字经济与经济高质量发展耦合协调关系进行阐释的基础上,构建了数字经济与经济高质量发展的综合指标体系,用熵权法对2013—2022年度京津冀地区两系统的发展水平进行了测度,并基于耦合协调模型、灰色关联度模型分别对两系统之间协调关系、协同作用大小进行了进一步探讨。京津冀地区数字经济发展水平提高,京津冀经济高质量发展状况整体向好,京津冀地区内部发展趋势和程度有差异,但发展水平均呈上升趋势,京津冀地区数字经济与经济高质量发展的耦合协调关系持续上升,其中数字科教和数字人力支撑的影响最为显著。未来京津冀地区应把握数字经济发展的机遇,贯彻新发展理念,实现数字经济与经济高质量发展的持续良性互动。

基于数字图像相关法的轮轨力测量研究

针对应变计式轮轨力测量方法的不足,研究一种基于数字图像相关法的非接触式轮轨力测量方法。通过受力分析以及有限元计算,确定钢轨表面非接触测点区域位置。根据轨旁检测的特点设计测量系统的整体方案并分析了其测量原理,对相机进行了分析选型,以实现轮轨力作用下钢轨表面测点区域变形散斑图像的高质量采集。基于数字图像相关法对所采集的变形散斑图像进行分析,采用1阶形函数描述钢轨的变形,并使用零均值归一化差值平方和函数作为相似度的度量指标;为了提高系统的测量分辨精度,在整像素匹配算法的基础上,通过对位移初值进行迭代计算进一步得到亚像素级位移,并使用最小二乘法拟合位移场结果得到相应的应变场。在实验室设计并搭建了具有移动加载功能的轮轨力测量试验系统;通过静态标定试验准确建立了反映钢轨应变和轮轨垂向力大小数学关系的线性标定曲线,并分析讨论了相机工作距离和光照强度等因素对轮轨力测量的影响;在移动载荷作用下进行了轮轨力动态测量试验,与接触式应变计法测量结果进行比较,非接触式数字图像相关法在跨中位置的最大轮轨力测量误差不超过0.3%。动静态测量试验结果表明,数字图像相关法能够实现轮轨力的精确测量,是一种有效的非接触式轮轨力测量方法。

数字经济与实体经济融合协调发展水平统计测度

文章基于2012—2021年中国30个省份的面板数据,运用熵值法与耦合协调度模型测度数字经济与实体经济协调发展水平,并进一步借助灰色关联度模型筛选影响数字经济与实体经济协调发展水平的内部因素。结果显示:数字经济综合发展水平与实体经济综合发展水平均随时间推移而持续提高;数字经济与实体经济融合协调发展水平呈上升趋势;数字经济与实体经济协调发展水平整体偏低,且呈现东部沿海>北部沿海>南部沿海>长江中游>黄河中游>东北>大西南>大西北的空间分异特征;数字创新与实体创新是影响数字经济与实体经济协调发展水平的关键因素。

钢筋混凝土的负泊松比设计与抗高速冲击性能

为增强钢筋混凝土的抗高速冲击性能,对钢筋混凝土的内部骨架进行负泊松比设计,得到两种内凹角数量不同的六肋及星型钢筋混凝土。利用霍普金森压杆试验对不同类型的钢筋混凝土进行抗高速冲击性能测试,并结合数字散斑相关方法对其场变化及微观泊松比进行分析,得到内凹角数量对钢筋混凝土破坏形态、承载力及耗能能力的影响规律和机理。结果表明:六肋和星型钢筋混凝土在抗高速冲击作用下出现了负泊松比,分别为-0.50和-1.00;从应变场来看,六肋和星型钢筋混凝土的最大应变均出现在内凹角附近,且以内凹角为中心向四周逐渐减小;随着钢筋结构内凹角数量的增加,钢筋混凝土的变形能力和能量耗散能力显著增强。单位体积内六肋和星型钢筋混凝土的耗能分别为1.76×10^(5)和1.86×10^(5) J/m^(3),是方形钢筋混凝土的1.17倍和1.23倍,表明负泊松比钢筋混凝土的耗能能力随钢筋内凹角数量的增多而增强。

碳酸钙晶须对水泥砂浆单轴压缩特性的影响

为了解碳酸钙晶须对水泥砂浆单轴压缩特性的影响,分别对不同碳酸钙晶须掺量的水泥砂浆进行了单轴压缩试验,研究了单轴压缩全过程荷载-位移曲线的特征及其影响因素,基于数字图像相关法研究了单轴压缩下砂浆的变形特征,并借助扫描电镜对试样进行了断面微观分析。结果表明:砂浆的抗压强度在碳酸钙晶须掺量0~3%时逐渐提高,继续增大碳酸钙晶须掺量到5%时,抗压强度降低;砂浆的应变场显示,掺加适量的碳酸钙晶须可延缓局部裂缝扩展,砂浆内部结构受晶须掺量的增加会从“桥连强化”转为“团聚弱化”负向作用。研究结果可为碳酸钙晶须在水泥基材料中应用提供一定参考。

基于应变的应变硬化指数演化行为研究

为准确描述变形过程中双相高强钢板的应力应变关系,针对3种双相高强钢板应变硬化指数的演化行为进行了试验研究与理论模型预测。借助单向拉伸试验机和自主研发的DIC应变测量系统,获得了3种材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线,基于经典的Hollomon流动应力模型,得到了其应变硬化指数的演化历程,发现3种材料应变硬化指数与真实应变呈非线性变化关系。为了更好地预测应变硬化指数的演化行为,提出了可以描述其值变化的非线性数学模型,并结合经典的Hollomon流动应力模型,提出了基于n值变化的修正的Hollomon-n流动应力模型,最后通过3种材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线验证了所提出模型的有效性。

岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN方法

岩石变形局部化的识别对于岩石破坏机理、岩土工程灾害预测预警有着重要的意义。本文将数字散斑相关方法(digital speckle correlation methods,DSCM)与卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)相结合,提出了一种用于岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN模型。通过DSCM获取岩石试件在单轴压缩实验过程中的最大剪应变场云图,根据变形局部化带位置进行标注,完成数据集的构建;利用训练数据集对DSCM-CNN智能识别模型进行训练。通过红砂岩单轴压缩实验对该方法进行验证,结果表明:DSCM-CNN模型可以实现岩石变形局部化带位置的自动识别,子集准确率、精确度、召回率等指标分别达到94.19%,97.21%和96.41%,证明了岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN模型的可行性,为岩石变形局部化智能监测提供了一种新的思路。

冲刷作用下砂岩宏观力学特性及微观结构

水流环境下库岸边坡岩石劣化会严重危害坡体稳定性,如何精细化揭示动水冲刷作用下岩石宏观力学特性及微观结构对库区灾害防治具有重要意义。为模拟库岸边坡所处的水流环境,设计了一套岩石抗冲刷试验装置。以砂岩为研究对象,考虑自然、静水浸泡和动水冲刷3种工况。结合室内试验、数字图像相关方法、扫描电镜和分形理论,从宏观力学参数、应变场分布特征、微观结构等角度系统探讨了不同水环境对岩石力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)动水冲刷后的岩石抗压强度和弹性模量软化系数比饱水试件分别降低了0.07和0.06;(2)应变场分异速率-轴向应变曲线在峰值应力前出现拐点P,与断裂过程区的集聚相关,可作为岩石破裂的前兆信号;相较于饱水作用,冲刷作用使得破裂前兆点出现变早,这是因为冲刷作用加剧了岩石内部缺陷的发育,更易形成裂纹;(3)相较于饱水试件,动水冲刷后砂岩内部矿物颗粒和胶结物流失程度加大,微观结构劣化更为显著,这种变化在扫描电镜图像的分形维数计算结果中得到了印证,冲刷试件的分形维数最大。