Performance of digital data acquisition system in gamma-ray spectroscopy

A newly developed digital data acquisition system,which is based on the digital pulse processor Pixie-16 modules by XIA LLC,was tested with the c-ray detector array of the China Institute of Atomic Energy using the cray source and in-beam c-rays.A comparison between this digital data acquisition system and the conventional analog data acquisition system was made.At a low count rate,both systems exhibit good and comparable energy resolutions.At a high count rate above 8.8 k/s,while the energy resolution obtained by the analog system deteriorates significantly,the energy resolution obtained by the digital system is nearly unchanged.Meanwhile,experimental data with higher statistics can be collected by the digital system.The advantage of this digital system over the conventional analog system can be ascribed to its excellent capability of handling pile-up pulses at higher count rates,and the fact that it has nearly no dead time in data transmission and conversion.

On the origin of carrier localization in AlInAsSb digital alloy

We compared the photoluminescence(PL)properties of Al In As Sb digital alloy samples with different periods grown on Ga Sb(001)substrates by molecular beam epitaxy.Temperature-dependent S-shape behavior is observed and explained using a thermally activated redistribution model within a Gaussian distribution of localized states.There are two different mechanisms for the origin of the PL intensity quenching for the Al In As Sb digital alloy.The high-temperature activation energy E_(1)is positively correlated with the interface thickness,whereas the low-temperature activation energy E_(2)is negatively correlated with the interface thickness.A quantitative high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM)study shows that the interface quality improves as the interface thickness increases.Our results confirm that E_(1)comes from carrier trapping at a state in the In Sb interface layer,while E_(2)originates from the exciton binding energy due to the roughness of the Al As interface layer.

Digitally calibrated broadband dual-comb gases absorption spectral measurements

From the perspective of error compensation in the sampling process, a digital calibration algorithm was studied for the processing of spectral data in dual-comb spectroscopy. In this algorithm, dynamic adaptation to phase fluctuations maintained constant measurement results of spectral line positions and intensities. A mode-resolved broadband absorption spectrum was obtained over the full-spectral range of the comb with a Hertz linewidth of radio frequency comb mode.The measured spectrum spanned over 10 THz, which covered the multiplexed absorption regions of mixed gases, such as CO2 and N2 O. The calibrated interferograms were also capable of direct coherent averaging in the time domain. The transmittance obtained deviated from the theoretical calculation by no more than 2% in the whole spectral span.

用于单片机实验教学的红外激光气体检测仪

为了实现科研反哺教学、促进教学与科研的深度融合,研制了一种基于嵌入式多核处理器和数字信号处理器的实验教学用红外激光气体检测仪。该检测仪包括光学系统和电学系统,其中电学系统包含光谱信息感知模块和嵌入式控制模块。利用研制的检测仪开展了氨制冷冷库现场的泄漏氨气浓度的检测应用。结果表明,与传统气体检测仪相比,该检测仪实现了检测仪的网络化与智能化,而且性能满足实验教学要求。

傅里叶变换红外光谱自适应数字滤波算法研究

针对傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪在不同类型环境噪声下导致的仪器性能下降的问题,提出了一种根据不同环境噪声实时更新滤波参数的自适应滤波算法。对该算法的基本原理和实现过程进行了理论推导,分析了不同滤波参数设置下的滤波效果,进而利用设计的滤波算法对实测光谱数据进行了滤波处理,对比分析了不同滤波方法下的光谱信噪比(SNR)。研究结果表明:基于巴特沃斯滤波的自适应FTIR光谱滤波方法在2100~2200 cm^(-1)和2500~2600 cm^(-1)波段的SNR较传统硬件滤波分别提高了1.29倍和1.13倍,表明该算法可以有效提升FTIR光谱信噪比,改善FTIR仪器的性能指标。

可编程门阵列WM-TDLAS气体检测系统设计及应用

本文基于可编程逻辑门阵列(field programmable gate array,FPGA)快速处理数字信号及多线程优势,结合波长调制可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(WM-TDLAS)技术,研制可编程门阵列WM-TDLAS二氧化碳浓度检测系统。根据应用功能需求,利用FPGA芯片的逻辑门阵列可编程特性,设计了具备信号采集及调制、谐波解调功能的数字化锁相放大器(digital lock-in amplifier,DLIA)。为验证其性能进行谐波提取测试、Q值、抗噪声实验,结果表明目标频率提取线性度达99.99%,Q值可达45。在对不同信噪比信号进行谐波提取实验中,当信噪比为43 dB时,均值最大相对误差仅为0.91%。采用中心波长1572 nm分布式反馈激光器作为光源,覆盖选定的6360 cm−1处吸收线,密集多通气体吸收池有效光程14 m,开展了气体浓度检测实验。系统检测浓度与二次谐波幅值拟合线性度为99.982%,通过提升扫描波长频率,系统可在0.1 s获取浓度值。艾伦(Allan)方差结果表明,当积分时间为44 s时,系统的检测下限为1.86 ppm。实验结果表明,该可编程门阵列WM-TDLAS检测系统具有检测精度高、响应速度快、稳定性强和小型化的特点,可用于实际应用中浓度实时监测。

基于下一代ODN网络技术方案的研究

ODN网络作为光接入网的关键基础设施面临着光纤连接复杂、装机难度大、网络质量难保证、哑资源管理困难等顽疾。下一代ODN网络解决方案主要借助于预连接技术和数智化技术,在庞大的存量网络基础上,分场景、分类别、分时序的合理发展和演进,可实现ODN网络资源数字化、管理可视化和运维智能化,有效解决其哑资源属性带来的诸多难题,从而有效提升光接入网覆盖能力和承载质量,完善我国信息基础设施,支撑“数字中国”建设和发展。

Apply X-Ray Fluorescence and γ-Ray Spectroscopy to Analyze Igneous and Sedimentary Environmental Samples of Al-Atawilah (Al-Baha), Saudi Arabia

Igneous and sedimentary rocks contain an amount of natural radioactivity (NORM). U-238, Th-232 and their decay products, and K-40 are important sources of gamma-radiation. Knowledge of the radionuclide content of rocks is necessary to estimate the exposure of the population to the radiation. Many types of rocks are used in building and industries, thus the radiation detection is important, it provides a baseline map of levels of the radioactivity in the study region. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides (U-238 (Ra-226), Th-232 and K-40) and the fallout nuclide (Cs-137) (if found) in thirty samples of igneous and sedimentary rocks of Al-Atawilah (Al-Baha). The samples were collected and prepared during 2018/2019, and analyzed with a good experimental instrument (High energy resolution γ-ray spectroscopy with HPGe detector), also these rock samples were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence to subdivided these rocks based on the major oxides proportions contained of each sample. The mean activity concentrations of naturally radionuclides were found in the igneous rock samples varied depending on the type of the igneous rock. For sedimentary rock samples, the activity concentrations were found high for quartz sandstone sample, which may be due to its high proportion of SiO2 and K2O. The estimated mean values of absorbed dose rate are within the permissible limit value. The findings indicate high dose level values in granite (rhyolite) and most of diorite (andesite) igneous rock samples while gabbro (basalt) igneous rock samples (except for one sample) record low levels of dose rate. All sedimentary rock samples have low dose rate (except for the quartz sand-stone sample).

Study of CdZnTeSe Gamma-Ray Detector under Various Bias Voltages

Cadmium zinc telluride selenide (CdZnTeSe) is a new semiconductor material for gamma-ray detection and spectroscopy applications at room temperature. It has very high crystal quality compared to similar materials such as cadmium telluride and cadmium zinc telluride. The consistency of peak position in radiation detection devices is important to practical applications. In this paper, we have characterized a CdZnTeSe planar detector for bias voltages in the range of -20 V to -200 V and amplifier shaping time of 2, 3 and 6 μs. The peak position of the 59.6-keV gamma line of 241Am becomes more stable as the absolute value of the applied voltage increases. The best energy resolution of 8.5% was obtained for the 59.6-keV gamma peak at -160 V bias voltage and 3-μs shaping time. The energy resolution was relatively stable in the -120 V to -200 V range for a 6-μs shaping time. Future work will be focused on the study of the peak position and energy resolution over time.

Near-infrared leaf reflectance modeling of Annona emarginata seedlings for early detection of variations in nitrogen concentration

Nitrogen(N)monitoring is essential in nurseries to ensure the production of high-quality seedlings.Nearinfrared spectroscopy(NIRS)is an instantaneous,nondestructive method to monitor N.Spectral data such as NIRS can also provide the basis for developing a new vegetation spectral index(VSI).Here,we evaluated whether NIRS combined with statistical modeling can accurately detect early variations in N concentration in leaves of young plants of Annona emargiaata and developed a new VSI for this task.Plants were grown in a hydroponics system with 0,2.75,5.5or 11 mM N for 45 days.Then we measured gas exchange,chlorophylla fluorescence,and pigments in leaves;analyzed complete leaf nutrients,and recorded spectral data for leaves at 966 to 1685 nm using NIRS.With a statistical learning approach,the dimensionality of the spectral data was reduced,then models were generated using two classes(N deficiency,N)or four classes(0,2.75,5.5,11 mM N).The best combination of techniques for dimensionality reduction and classification,respectively,was stepwise regression(PROC STEPDISC)and linear discriminant function.It was possible to detect N deficiency in seedlings leaves with 100%precision,and the four N concentrations with93.55%accuracy before photosynthetic damage to the plant occurred.Thereby,NIRS combined with statistical modeling of multidimensional data is effective for detecting N variations in seedlings leaves of A.emarginata.

A digital energy spectroscopy based on FIR filter

We designed a universal digital energy spectroscopy based on online digital signal processing. A prototype system was built and tested. Signals from radiation detectors were processed via a digital filter whose coefficients could be modified without changing the hardware. The paper introduces the hardware design of the digital energy spectroscopy system as well as the full set of software consisting of the selection of the coefficients of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter and the coding in the field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The system was tested with the high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The results showed that this prototype can achieve an energy resolution close to that of a traditional multi-channel analyzer (MCA) with a much higher counting rate.

A 5-bit time to digital converter using time to voltage conversion and integrating techniques for agricultural products analysis by Raman spectroscopy

Time to digital converter(TDC)is a key block for time-gated single photon avalanche diode(SPAD)arrays for Raman spectroscopy that applicable in the agricultural products and food analysis.In this paper a new dual slope time to digital converter that employs the time to voltage conversion and integrating techniques for digitizing the time interval input signals is presented.The reference clock frequency of the TDC is 100 MHz and the input range is theoretically unlimited.The proposed converter features high accuracy,very small average error and high linear range.Also this converter has some advantages such as low circuit complexity,low power consumption and low sensitive to the temperature,power supply and process changes(PVT)compared with the time to digital converters that used preceding conversion techniques.The proposed converter uses an indirect time to digital conversion method.Therefore,our converter has the appropriate linearity without extra elements.In order to evaluate the proposed idea,an integrating time to digital converter is designed in 0.18 lm CMOS technology and was simulated by Hspice.Comparison of the theoretical and simulation results confirms the proposed TDC operation;therefore,the proposed converter is very convenient for applications which have average speed and low variations in the signal amplitude such as biomedical signals.

基于TDLAS技术的一氧化碳检测系统设计

为满足工业生产过程中的一氧化碳检测需要,研制基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术的一氧化碳检测系统。通过分析近红外波段的一氧化碳吸收谱线,选取1567.3nm作为激光器的扫描中心波长,设计系统的气路控制、光学检测与声光报警模块,开发基于FPGA数字锁相放大器的二次谐波解调算法,并采用最小二乘法建立浓度特征值关系曲线,实现一氧化碳的高精度检测。实验表明:该系统检测速度快,抗干扰能力强,能在恶劣的环境中正常工作,检测下限可至10μL/L,与实际浓度的误差在2%左右,具有较高的实用价值。

数字正交锁相放大器的研制及其在甲烷检测中的应用

利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术检测气体浓度时,为了从红外传感信号中提取一次及二次谐波信号来表征气体浓度,研发了一种基于数字信号处理器的数字正交锁相放大器.介绍正交锁相放大原理,设计谐波提取算法,给出数字正交锁相放大器的软硬件实现方案.利用配备的浓度为1%~5%的甲烷样品以及研制的锁相放大器,开展气体实验.实验结果显示,当甲烷浓度为5%时,在二次谐波对应的频率点处,测得的系统信噪比为34dB,表明设计的锁相放大器具有较好的性能;测得的二次与一次谐波信号峰峰值的比值与气体浓度成线性关系;考虑动态配气以及气体沿管道传输的时间,检测系统的响应时间约为96~98s;气体浓度为20 000ppm时,测试浓度波动范围为-92ppm^+118ppm;根据Allan方差预测的系统检测下限为29.52ppm.与模拟锁相放大器以及商用锁相放大器相比,本文研制的数字正交锁相放大器硬件结构简单、体积小、成本低、易于集成,在红外气体检测领域具有很好的应用前景.

数字技术在航空伽马能谱仪中的应用

基于峰值采样保持的模拟能谱仪无法满足大尺寸多晶体高计数率的航空能谱测量。本系统采用了Y/U双通道数控增益放大器实现了谱漂的双16位分辨率调节范围,通过高速ADC与CPLD实现数字化能谱仪,在CPLD内部用VHDL语言编程实现基线恢复与峰高数据采集,保证了能量分辨率。结果表明:计数最大通过率大于100k/s,1 024道分辨率137Cs峰谱漂±1道,能量起始阈20 keV。实验证明本系统功耗低,性能可靠,体积小,可应用于航空能谱测量的场合。

NaI谱仪数字稳谱方法设计

通常野外环境下使用γ谱仪的工作温度范围为-20～50℃。NaI谱仪易受温度变化影响，当成形窄脉冲时尤为显著。本文设计的一种数字稳谱新方法可对每个脉冲进行实时幅度校正，在不增加系统复杂度的同时利用^137Cs参考源的两个特征峰进行实时稳谱。实验结果表明，在-20～50℃温度范围内，该方法可有效改善NaI谱仪的温度稳定性。

数字滤波方法在TDLAS逃逸氨检测中的选用

介绍了可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)原理和实验系统,并对系统噪声进行了分析;以体积比浓度为90×10-6和30×10-6的NH3为例,利用TDLAS系统采集了该浓度气体的二次谐波原始光谱。为改善光谱信号,分别用五种数字滤波方法对原始光谱进行了滤波处理比较,做了NH3的浓度梯度实验并对浓度为20×10-6 NH3进行了长时间监测实验。实验结果表明,算术平均-小波变换滤波相比其他方法更有效地对原始光谱信号进行了改善,提高了系统信噪比和信号平滑度,使系统浓度检测限由原来的10×10-6降低到1.25×10-6,信噪比提高了约14倍,为逃逸氨极低浓度检测提供了一种较为有效的数据预处理方法。

电站锅炉炉膛温度分布测量仪的研制

本文阐述了在恶劣的工业生产环境中对温场分布监测时采用成象光谱法的理由;创造性地将成象光谱、数字图像处理方法和面阵CCD成象技术有机地结合在一起,通过合理的装置设计,研制出全炉膛火焰温度场分布监测装置;在对黑体的标定中得到预期结果,并在现场测量中取得满意的结果。

基于数字化技术的芪晶体探测器脉冲形状甄别方法研究

建立了一套基于芪晶体探测器和示波器的数字化中子谱仪,数据获取和处理由基于Lab-VIEWTM发展的软件完成。用电荷积分法、过零时间法、上升时间法和脉冲梯度法实现了对镅铍中子源测量的n/γ甄别。实验比较发现,电荷积分法效果最好且易于实现,具有较好抗噪能力的过零时间法也显示了较好的n/γ甄别能力。

工作记忆任务的近红外脑功能成像研究

目的通过功能近红外光谱技术研究健康青年人工作记忆脑神经机制。方法选取本校在校师生23例,男性10例,女性13例,年龄20~24(22.48±1.24)岁。实验组块设计,利用近红外光谱技术对23例健康青年人进行数字正序、倒序记忆的数据采集,采用LABNIRS软件进行数据分析,分别探讨数字记忆的编码期、维持期、检索期的前额叶皮层的HbO2相对含量及脑区激活。结果数字正序记忆平均反应时间低于倒序记忆,平均正确率高于倒序记忆,两组差异无统计学意义(t=0.402,P=0.696)。倒序任务诱发的双侧背外侧前额叶HbO2相对浓度高于正序。数字正序、倒序任务经单样本t检验,大脑激活模式显示编码期、检索期显著激活了大脑双侧的背外侧前额叶;两个任务相比,倒序任务右脑背外侧前额叶的激活更强;两个任务在维持期脑区激活均明显下降(P<0.05)。结论功能近红外光谱技术能够实时监测脑活动,倒序任务比正序任务激活更多的脑区,双侧的背外侧前额叶共同参与完成信息编码、检索信息处理。